International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences最新文献_第7页

Crisis behaviors as drivers of value co-creation transformation 危机行为是价值共创转型的驱动因素

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-01-2021-0001

B. Edvardsson, B. Tronvoll

PurposeThe paper aims to conceptualize how behavioral shifts in times of crisis drive the transformation of value co-creation.Design/methodology/approachReferencing two empirical contexts, the paper explores how digital service platforms facilitate changes in actors’ mental models and institutional arrangements (legal, social, technological) that drive transformation of value co-creation in service ecosystems.FindingsThe proposed conceptual framework contributes to existing research by identifying micro-level changes in actors’ mental models and macro-level changes in institutional arrangements enabled by digital service platforms in service ecosystems. In particular, the framework identifies motivation, agility and resistance as moderators of behavioral shifts in times of crisis. This account offers a finer-grained theorization of the moderating factors and underlying mechanisms of service ecosystem transformation but does not extend to the ensuing “new normal.”Practical implicationsThe proposed framework indicates how digital platforms support shifts in actors’ behavior and contribute to the transformation of value co-creation. While the enablers are situation-specific and may therefore vary according to the prevailing conditions, the actor-related concepts advanced here seem likely to remain relevant when analyzing the transformation of value co-creation in other crisis situations.Originality/valueThe new conceptual framework advanced here clarifies how behavioral shifts during a crisis drive the transformation of value co-creation and suggests directions for future research.

目的本文旨在概念化危机时期的行为转变如何驱动价值共创的转变。设计/方法/方法参考两个经验背景，本文探讨了数字服务平台如何促进行动者心理模式和制度安排（法律、社会、技术）的改变，从而推动服务生态系统中价值共创的转变。发现所提出的概念框架通过识别参与者心理模型的微观层面变化和服务生态系统中数字服务平台促成的制度安排的宏观层面变化，为现有研究做出了贡献。特别是，该框架将动机、灵活性和抵抗力确定为危机时期行为转变的调节因素。该账户对服务生态系统转型的调节因素和潜在机制提供了更精细的理论化，但没有扩展到随后的“新常态”。实际含义所提出的框架表明了数字平台如何支持参与者行为的转变，并有助于价值共创的转型。虽然促成因素是针对具体情况的，因此可能会根据当时的情况而有所不同，但在分析其他危机情况下价值共同创造的转变时，这里提出的与行为者相关的概念似乎仍然具有相关性。独创性/价值本文提出的新概念框架阐明了危机期间的行为转变如何推动价值共创的转变，并为未来的研究提出了方向。

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引用次数: 1

Exploring perceived innovation in building customers’ patronizing behavior in the food delivery service context 探索在送餐服务环境中构建顾客光顾行为的感知创新

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-08-2021-0114

Jiseon Ahn

PurposeIn the food delivery industry, mobile applications have become an important platform for providing services and interacting with customers. Thus, this study aims to examine whether customers’ perceived innovation changes their patronizing behavior intention toward the brand’s application.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from food delivery customers in the USA, this study identifies the relative impact of multidimensional innovation (i.e. service concept innovation, service process innovation and customer experience innovation) on customers’ behavior. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses.FindingsResults show that customers’ perceived service process and experience innovation increase commitment, which turns into reuse intention of the delivery application. Commitment also increases the impact of customers’ perceived innovation on loyalty. However, in this study, service concept innovation is insufficient to solely create positive behavioral intention.Practical implicationsFindings suggest that a food delivery application that continues to innovate to improve the service process and experience can be an effective marketing tool because they increase bonding with customers. This study recommends that food delivery companies manage their relationship with customers to achieve sustainable growth.Originality/valueDespite the growing attention in the mobile service industry, limited studies have examined the effects of innovations of food delivery application on customers’ behavior. Thus, this study provides useful guidelines that advance mobile commerce research, especially in the food delivery industry.

目的在送餐行业，移动应用程序已成为提供服务和与客户互动的重要平台。因此，本研究旨在检验顾客感知的创新是否会改变他们对品牌应用的光顾行为意图。设计/方法论/方法利用来自美国送餐客户的数据，本研究确定了多维创新（即服务理念创新、服务流程创新和客户体验创新）对客户行为的相对影响。偏最小二乘结构方程模型用于检验假设。结果表明，客户感知的服务流程和体验创新增加了承诺，转化为交付应用程序的重用意图。承诺也会增加客户感知创新对忠诚度的影响。然而，在本研究中，服务理念创新不足以单独创造积极的行为意向。实际意义研究结果表明，不断创新以改善服务流程和体验的送餐应用程序可以成为有效的营销工具，因为它们可以增加与客户的联系。这项研究建议食品配送公司管理与客户的关系，以实现可持续增长。创意/价值尽管移动服务行业越来越受到关注，但有限的研究考察了送餐应用创新对顾客行为的影响。因此，这项研究为推进移动商务研究提供了有用的指导，尤其是在食品配送行业。

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引用次数: 6

Barriers to bank customers’ intention to fully adopt digital payment methods 阻碍银行客户全面采用数字支付方式的障碍

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-12-20 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-03-2021-0045

I. Dimitrova, Peter Öhman, Darush Yazdanfar

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the relationship between a set of functional and social–psychological barriers and bank customers’ intention to fully adopt digital payment methods (DPMs).Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected via an online questionnaire sent to two samples of Swedish bank customers, namely, adopters-accepters (i.e. young bank customers) and adopters-resisters (i.e. a group opposing a cashless society). Hypotheses were tested by applying an ordinal regression model.FindingsRegarding the adopters-accepters, privacy and access barriers can be obstacles to the full adoption of DPMs. The adopters-resisters perceived all five studied barriers as significant, though only the impersonalisation barrier seemed to matter when the barriers were related to their intention to fully adopt DPMs. Moreover, the results suggest that barriers have a stronger negative effect on the intention to fully adopt among those with extensive experience of DPMs.Practical implicationsBased on the barriers affecting the intention of particular groups of bank customers to adopt DPMs, banks could implement customised measures to promote the ongoing development of digital financial services.Originality/valueIn this under-researched area, this study provides empirical knowledge of the influence of various barriers on the intention of bank customers characterised as adopters-accepters and adopters-resisters to fully adopt DPMs.

本研究的目的是实证研究一系列功能障碍和社会心理障碍与银行客户完全采用数字支付方式(dpm)的意愿之间的关系。设计/方法/方法通过发送给瑞典银行客户的两个样本的在线问卷收集数据，即采用者-接受者(即年轻的银行客户)和采用者-抵抗者(即反对无现金社会的群体)。采用有序回归模型对假设进行检验。关于采用者和接受者，隐私和访问障碍可能成为全面采用dpm的障碍。采纳者-抗拒者认为所有五个研究障碍都是重要的，尽管只有非人格化障碍似乎与他们完全采用dpm的意图有关。此外，研究结果表明，障碍对具有丰富的dpm经验的人完全采用的意愿有更强的负面影响。基于影响特定银行客户群体采用数字资产管理意愿的障碍，银行可以实施定制措施来促进数字金融服务的持续发展。在这个研究不足的领域，本研究提供了各种障碍对银行客户完全采用dpm的意图的影响的实证知识，这些客户被描述为采用-接受和采用-抗拒。

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引用次数: 8

Deming’s tampering revisited: definition and future research agenda 重新审视戴明的篡改:定义和未来的研究议程

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-03-2021-0041

Magdalena Smeds

PurposeHow do organisations know which problems are worthy of their attention? Despite good intentions, many attempts to solve problems fail. One reason for this failure might be because of attempts to solve non-problems or to solve problems with insufficient means, a concept proposed by Deming as tampering. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a definition of tampering, outline what is currently known about possible practical implications of tampering and to suggest how to extend this knowledge by proposing an agenda for future research.Design/methodology/approachTo fulfil the purpose, a narrative literature review was conducted.FindingsThrough this review, common aspects of what constitutes tampering are identified and the following definition is proposed: Tampering is a response to a perceived problem in the form of an action that is not directed at the fundamental cause of the problem, which leads to a deterioration of the process or the process output. In addition, recommendations are generated regarding how tampering manifests itself in practice and why tampering occurs. These recommendations could be studied in future research.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper that suggests a revitalisation of tampering. The results presented in this paper form the basis for continued studies on how tampering in organisations can be understood, managed and prevented.

目的组织如何知道哪些问题值得关注？尽管意图良好，但许多解决问题的尝试都失败了。失败的一个原因可能是试图解决非问题或解决手段不足的问题，德明提出了篡改的概念。本文的目的是提出篡改的定义，概述目前已知的篡改可能的实际影响，并建议如何通过提出未来研究议程来扩展这一知识。设计/方法/方法为了达到目的，进行了叙事文献综述。发现通过这篇综述，确定了构成篡改的常见方面，并提出了以下定义：篡改是对感知问题的回应，其形式是不针对问题的根本原因的行动，从而导致过程或过程输出的恶化。此外，还就篡改在实践中如何表现以及为什么会发生篡改提出了建议。这些建议可以在今后的研究中加以研究。原创性/价值据作者所知，这是第一篇提出篡改复活的论文。本文的研究结果为继续研究如何理解、管理和预防组织中的篡改奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 2

Customer reciprocity in greening: the role of service quality 绿化中的顾客互惠：服务质量的作用

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-12-14 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-08-2021-0116

Debarati Basu, Kamalika Chakraborty, S. Mitra, Nishant Kumar Verma

PurposeFirms are increasingly making customers key stakeholders in their greening processes, requiring them to voluntarily use their resources to benefit the firm. In this context, this paper develops a new construct – tangible customer citizenship behaviour (CCB), i.e. voluntary participation of customer in operational processes of the company beyond normal requirements of exchange. This requires more involvement than the already documented intangible CCB. The purpose of the paper is to then explore whether service quality (SQ) (online and offline) influences such voluntary customer reciprocity in greening.Design/methodology/approachThis study used a virtual survey among 400 customers of e-commerce firms that have adopted greening practices requiring customer engagement and regressions were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe authors find that both online and offline SQ positively impact intangible CCB but have no impact on customer greening reciprocity (tangible CCB). Additionally, the authors find that offline SQ positively impacts customer greening awareness. However, in spite of the presence of greening awareness and display of intangible CCB, SQ does not have any impact on greening reciprocity.Originality/valueThis study introduces to literature a more tangible form of voluntary behaviour on the part of the customer, i.e. tangible CCB or reciprocity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is also one of the first to study the customer as an important stakeholder and participant in a business-to-consumer firm’s operating processes, particularly in greening which has no direct impact on the firm’s core offering. The focus on greening in the Indian context is also novel given the greening costs and requirements and the price competition are very different in emerging market contexts where e-commerce firms are experiencing the maximum growth.

目的公司越来越多地让客户成为绿化过程中的关键利益相关者，要求他们自愿使用自己的资源来造福公司。在这种背景下，本文提出了一种新的结构——有形客户公民行为（CCB），即客户在正常交换要求之外自愿参与公司的运营过程。这需要比已经形成文件的无形CCB更多的参与。然后，本文的目的是探讨服务质量（在线和离线）是否会影响绿化中的这种自愿客户互惠。设计/方法/方法这项研究对400名电子商务公司的客户进行了虚拟调查，这些公司采用了要求客户参与的绿色实践，并使用回归来检验假设。研究发现，线上和线下的SQ都对无形CCB产生了积极影响，但对客户绿色互惠（有形CCB）没有影响。此外，作者发现离线SQ对客户的绿化意识有积极影响。然而，尽管存在绿化意识和无形CCB的展示，但SQ对绿化互惠没有任何影响。独创性/价值这项研究向文献介绍了客户自愿行为的一种更具体的形式，即有形的CCB或互惠。据作者所知，它也是第一批将客户作为企业对消费者公司运营流程的重要利益相关者和参与者进行研究的公司之一，尤其是在对公司核心产品没有直接影响的绿化方面。考虑到绿色成本和要求以及价格竞争在电子商务公司增长最大的新兴市场环境中非常不同，印度对绿色的关注也是新颖的。

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引用次数: 3

Frontline nurses’ appraisal of organizational attractiveness and the role of management support, interdepartmental collaboration climate and service quality of care 一线护士对组织吸引力的评价及管理支持、跨部门协作氛围和护理服务质量的作用

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-11-23 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-02-2021-0028

Terje Slåtten, Gudbrand Lien

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the factors related to organizational attractiveness (OA), a concept originating in the strategy of employer branding. Previous research on OA has predominantly adopted the perspective of external applicants. In contrast, the present study takes the perspective of internal and current employees, extending further the scope of studies on OA.

Design/methodology/approach

Quantitative data were collected from a survey consisting of a sample of 164 nurses, all employees of public hospitals. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. Furthermore, the indirect effects were tested by mediator analysis.

Findings

Interdepartmental collaboration climate, management support and service quality of care were shown to have a positive effect on OA, with the three factors explaining 45% (R² = 0.45) of OA. The relationship between management support and OA was found to be mediated through the interdepartmental collaboration climate, and that between the interdepartmental collaboration climate and OA was found to be mediated through the service quality of care.

Originality/value

This study contributes to an understanding of OA from a current employee perspective. Specifically, it reveals how the three factors of interdepartmental collaboration climate, management support and service quality of care influence and shape the perception of current employees (nurses) toward the attractiveness of their organization.

本文旨在研究组织吸引力(OA)的相关因素，OA是一个起源于雇主品牌战略的概念。以往对OA的研究主要采用外部申请人的视角。相比之下，本研究从内部和在职员工的角度出发，进一步扩展了OA的研究范围。设计/方法/方法对164名公立医院的护士进行抽样调查，收集定量数据。采用验证性因子分析和结构方程模型对数据进行分析。此外，通过中介分析检验了间接效应。发现部门协作氛围、管理支持和护理服务质量对OA有正向影响，这三个因素对OA的解释为45% (R2 = 0.45)。发现管理支持与OA之间的关系通过部门间协作氛围起到中介作用，部门间协作氛围与OA之间的关系通过护理服务质量起到中介作用。原创性/价值本研究有助于从当前员工的角度理解OA。具体而言，它揭示了部门间协作氛围、管理支持和护理服务质量这三个因素如何影响和塑造当前员工(护士)对其组织吸引力的感知。

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引用次数: 0

Knowledge has no value until it is shared: an empowering leadership perceptive 知识只有被分享才有价值：一个有能力的领导洞察力

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-04-2021-0064

Misbah Hayat Bhatti, U. Akram, Muhammad Hasnat Bhatti, Tabassum Riaz, Nausheen Syed

PurposeThe effect of empowering leadership on knowledge sharing is well defined, but factors that stimulate employees for knowledge sharing are still limited. Therefore, this study aims to address to what extent empowering leadership is desirable to create a trustful and fair environment that is conducive for an employee’s knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approachThrough integration of social exchange, equity and uncertainty management theories develop a moderating mediating model that links empowering leadership to knowledge sharing. Three-wave data collection from the sample of 375 managers–subordinates’ dyads was done in Pakistan textile industries.FindingsHierarchal regression analysis and bootstrapping method were applied to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that affective trust partially mediates the relationship between empowering leadership and knowledge sharing. More especially, the findings demonstrate that the relationship between empowering leadership and knowledge sharing becomes strong with high level of distributive and procedural justices.Practical implicationsThis research study uses empowering leadership as a proposed motivational pathway for stimulating employee’s knowledge sharing through development of affective trust and buffering effect of distributive and procedural justices.Originality/valueMost of previous research in knowledge sharing just cynosure organizational-level elements like leadership and organizational justices but deteriorate individual factors like trust. Therefore, this study will combine both organizational- and individual-level factors for urging employees for knowledge sharing.

授权型领导对知识共享的影响是明确的，但激励员工进行知识共享的因素仍然有限。因此，本研究旨在解决授权领导在多大程度上是理想的，以创造一个信任和公平的环境，有利于员工的知识共享。设计/方法/途径通过整合社会交换、公平和不确定性管理理论，建立了一个将授权领导与知识共享联系起来的调节中介模型。本文对巴基斯坦纺织行业的375名管理者和下属进行了三波数据收集。研究结果:采用回归分析法和自举法对假设进行检验。结果表明，情感信任在授权型领导与知识共享的关系中起部分中介作用。更特别的是，研究结果表明，授权型领导与知识共享之间的关系随着分配和程序公正程度的提高而变得更加强烈。本研究以授权型领导为激励路径，透过发展情感信任及分配公平与程序公平的缓冲效应，来激发员工的知识分享。原创性/价值以往关于知识共享的研究大多只关注组织层面的因素，如领导力和组织公正，而忽视了信任等个人因素。因此，本研究将结合组织层面和个人层面的因素，促使员工进行知识共享。

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引用次数: 6

Social commerce isn’t the cherry on the cake, its the new cake! How consumers’ attitudes and eWOM influence online purchase intention in China 社交商业不是蛋糕上的樱桃，而是新蛋糕！消费者的态度和口碑如何影响中国的网上购买意愿

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-01-2021-0016

Muhammad Bilal, U. Akram, Hassan Rasool, Xiaoyang Yang, Yasir Tanveer

PurposeIn the recent decade, social media popularity and growth have boosted the development of social commerce (SC). This study aims to explore the significant impact of guanxi (关系) elements (ganqing 感情, renqing 人情 and xinren 信任) on online purchase intentions. Furthermore, this study investigated the moderating role of social support between electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) and online purchase intentions.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was conducted on 309 consumers who had online purchasing experience through WeChat, a famous social media application in China. Structural equational modeling was used to test all hypotheses.FindingsThe results indicate that guanxi elements are positively related to eWOM, affective attitude and online purchase intentions in SC. Additionally, social support has a significant moderating role between eWOM intention and online purchase intention.Practical implicationsConsidering the effects of guanxi elements on eWOM affective attitude and online purchase intention in Chinese SC, online retailers are advised to carefully develop their marketing strategies to retain and attract new consumers. Furthermore, online retailers can use the findings from this study to understand the consequences when online purchase intention is strongly influenced by guanxi elements.Originality/valueThis research extends the current literature by applying the notion of guanxi components to the sense of SC and relating the notion of guanxi components and consumer decisions. The results show an understanding of the reality by which guanxi elements may affect the intention of eWOM sharing and boost online purchase intention.

近十年来，社交媒体的普及和增长推动了社交商务的发展。本研究旨在探讨“关系”要素(“情”、“情”、“心”)对网络购买意愿的显著影响。此外，本研究还探讨了社会支持在电子口碑与网络购买意愿之间的调节作用。设计/方法/方法对309名在中国著名社交媒体应用b微信上有过网购经历的消费者进行了在线调查。采用结构方程模型对所有假设进行检验。结果表明:关系因素与网络口碑、情感态度和网络购买意愿呈正相关，社会支持在网络口碑和网络购买意愿之间具有显著的调节作用。考虑到关系因素对中国网购者情感态度和网上购买意愿的影响，建议网络零售商仔细制定营销策略，以保留和吸引新消费者。此外，在线零售商可以利用本研究的结果来理解当关系因素强烈影响在线购买意愿时的后果。原创性/价值本研究在现有文献的基础上，将“关系成分”的概念应用于供应链的意义，并将“关系成分”的概念与消费者决策联系起来。研究结果揭示了关系因素影响网络口碑分享意愿、促进网络购买意愿的现实机制。

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引用次数: 9

Collaborating in a health-care process: partner, not customer 在医疗保健过程中进行协作:合作伙伴，而不是客户

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-10-27 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-09-2021-0126

Margareta Karlsson

PurposeThe internal customer concept is used with different definitions and purposes in research and in practice – an ambiguity with implications for both scholars and practitioners. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to explore the representation of the internal customer concept in quality management literature and reflect on how the user may affect collaboration in health-care processes, in particular between a service function and health-care staff.Design/methodology/approachA review of the internal customer concept in the literature, followed by a conceptual discussion based on previous studies and theories of organizational discourse.FindingsThree predominant types of relationships related to the internal customer concept were found. The study shows that the ambiguity in the use of the concept may have consequences for the interpretation and application of research results. Potential undesirable consequences with regard to collaboration in processes are discussed.Originality/valueThis study contributes to a new understanding of the internal customer concept in research and practice. As collaboration within and between organizations is increasingly required in many parts of health care, careful considerations become necessary regarding concepts used for relationships to avoid sub-optimization and “us-versus-them” thinking and to strengthen trust-based relationships.

在研究和实践中，内部顾客的概念有着不同的定义和目的，这种模糊性对学者和实践者都有影响。因此，本研究的目的是探讨内部顾客概念在质量管理文献中的表现，并反思用户如何影响保健过程中的协作，特别是服务职能部门与保健工作人员之间的协作。设计/方法论/方法回顾文献中的内部客户概念，然后根据先前的研究和组织话语理论进行概念性讨论。发现与内部客户概念相关的关系主要有三种类型。研究表明，概念使用中的歧义可能会对研究结果的解释和应用产生影响。讨论了过程中协作的潜在不良后果。原创性/价值本研究有助于在研究和实践中对内部顾客概念有一个新的理解。由于在医疗保健的许多方面越来越需要组织内部和组织之间的协作，因此有必要仔细考虑用于关系的概念，以避免次优化和“我们对他们”的思维，并加强基于信任的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Service recovery in unaffected consumers: evidence of a recovery paradox 未受影响消费者的服务恢复:恢复悖论的证据

IF 2.6

International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences

Pub Date : 2021-10-25 DOI: 10.1108/ijqss-03-2021-0038

Marcus Wardley

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the effects of a general service recovery effort in consumers who were not victims of the service failure.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a 2 × 2 between-subjects design comparing a service failure announcement with apology and an anniversary event announcement, either with a 15% discount or no discount on purchase intentions.FindingsA service recovery effort involving an apology and 15% discount leads to higher purchase intention in consumers who were not victims of the service failure in comparison to a control. The unexpected apology generates surprise, which amplifies the effect of the discount, leading to higher purchase intention.Practical implicationsThe results of this study suggest that apologizing and offering a discount for a minor service failure can have positive effects on consumers who were not victims of the service failure. Thus, if a company is unsure which consumers have been affected by a service failure, this study shows that issuing a general apology for the failure does not have negative effects in unaffected consumers.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper is the first to examine the effects of a service recovery effort in consumers who were not victims of the service failure and the first to find evidence of a service recovery paradox in unaffected consumers.

目的本文旨在检验一般服务恢复工作对非服务失败受害者的消费者的影响。设计/方法/方法本研究使用了2×2的受试者间设计，比较了带有道歉的服务失败公告和周年纪念活动公告，无论是在购买意向上有15%的折扣还是没有折扣。发现与对照相比，包括道歉和15%折扣的服务恢复工作会导致非服务失败受害者的消费者有更高的购买意愿。意外的道歉产生了惊喜，这放大了折扣的效果，导致了更高的购买意愿。实际含义本研究的结果表明，为轻微的服务失误道歉和提供折扣可以对非服务失误受害者的消费者产生积极影响。因此，如果一家公司不确定哪些消费者受到了服务故障的影响，本研究表明，对故障进行全面道歉不会对未受影响的消费者产生负面影响。独创性/价值据作者所知，本文首次研究了服务恢复努力对非服务失败受害者的影响，并首次在未受影响的消费者中发现了服务恢复悖论的证据。

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引用次数: 0