Previous studies showed that chemical modified Bacillus subtilis biomass possessed the high potential for recovery rare-earth elements, and, in this study, mathematical models were applied to explain the B. subtilis biomass La3+ and Sm3+ ions sorption capacity. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and DRK equations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models that fit the equilibrium data. Temkin model showed that it occurs physisorption. In more dilute solutions, the adsorption preference follows the order La3+ > Sm3+. With the increase in the concentration of rare-earth elements, there is an inversion in the preference for Sm3+ > La3+. The results demonstrate that the optimum model for describing the kinetics of the biosorption of both rare-earth elements is the pseudo-second-order model as well as the viability of recovering lanthanum using bacterial biomass sorbents, a practical technique.
{"title":"Competitive biosorption of rare-earth elements on bacterial biomass: equilibrium and kinetic studies","authors":"Jordão C.S, G. E.C","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2244","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies showed that chemical modified Bacillus subtilis biomass possessed the high potential for recovery rare-earth elements, and, in this study, mathematical models were applied to explain the B. subtilis biomass La3+ and Sm3+ ions sorption capacity. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and DRK equations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models that fit the equilibrium data. Temkin model showed that it occurs physisorption. In more dilute solutions, the adsorption preference follows the order La3+ > Sm3+. With the increase in the concentration of rare-earth elements, there is an inversion in the preference for Sm3+ > La3+. The results demonstrate that the optimum model for describing the kinetics of the biosorption of both rare-earth elements is the pseudo-second-order model as well as the viability of recovering lanthanum using bacterial biomass sorbents, a practical technique.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80648035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a model for calculating the optimum dry film thickness of corrosion protective Coatings. It was assumed that the graph of coating thickness against corrosion rate is a parabola whose coordinates at turning point consists of optimum thickness and minimum corrosion rate. On this basis, equation of parabola was formed. Three equations of parabola were also formed with three assumed thicknesses, taking arbitrarily with their corresponding corrosion rates of the coated metals. From the equations, a 3x3 matrix was derived. From the solution of the matrix, equations for optimum thickness, minimum corrosion rates and corrosion rate of uncoated specimen were obtained. It is assumed that with this model a technical ground shall be established, upon which the optimum thicknesses of corrosion protective coatings shall be recommended.
{"title":"Parabolic Model for Optimum Dry Film Thickness (DFT) of Corrosion Protective Coatings","authors":"Anyanwu K.O","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2242","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a model for calculating the optimum dry film thickness of corrosion protective Coatings. It was assumed that the graph of coating thickness against corrosion rate is a parabola whose coordinates at turning point consists of optimum thickness and minimum corrosion rate. On this basis, equation of parabola was formed. Three equations of parabola were also formed with three assumed thicknesses, taking arbitrarily with their corresponding corrosion rates of the coated metals. From the equations, a 3x3 matrix was derived. From the solution of the matrix, equations for optimum thickness, minimum corrosion rates and corrosion rate of uncoated specimen were obtained. It is assumed that with this model a technical ground shall be established, upon which the optimum thicknesses of corrosion protective coatings shall be recommended.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89286150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdelkarim D. Elfadil, O. Abbas, Adil Bashir Karar, H. I. Mohammed
This work was excuted during seasons 2018/2019, and 2019/2020, in Tayba Block-the Sudan - Gezira central clay plains, to evaluate the field operation performance of four land preparation methods using three tillage equipment: chisel plow "intensive tillage", disc harrow "medium tillage", ridger "minimum or reduced tillage" and no tillage machine. An overall operation index is estimated from four measured machine operating characteristics. Diagnosis of land preparation methods was made using analytical hierarchy method for weight assignment for assignment of relative weights for the operating parameters, and compromise programming technique for ranking of tillage methods. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment with RCBD, the LSD test at 1%and 5 % was used to compare between means. Results indicate that no significant differences (P<0.05) in field efficiency between Chisel plow and ridger and harrow showed the least efficiency value. There is significant differences in fuel consumption rate between all treatments with highest consumption is by Chisel plow and lowest is by ridger. The significantly highest rear wheel slippage is attained by ridger while there is no significant differences in that resulted from chisel or disc harrow. The significantly highest field capacity (P<0.05) is attained by ridger followed by harrow and then chisel plow. The analytical hierarchy procedure ranked the machines operation indicators in descending order by weight values of 1.02, 0.62, 0.29 and 0.12 for. Multi-criteria analysis by compromise programming technique results in overall indices of tillage equipments: ridger, chisel plow, disc harrow in descending values of 67.53, 61.00, and 57.29 respectively. The overall performance index (OPI) for the operation of the agricultural equipment could be used to take the tillage decision-making process by selecting the most effective machinery to give optimum seed bed with minimum energy input. However, it is not possible to calculate the overall index for no tillage method because without using a machine there is no fuel consumption, no field efficiency, no field capacity, and no wheel slippage. This imply that for heavy clay soils of Gezira Scheme and in other similar environments it is recommended to use reduced tillage "ridging only" as the most technically feasible tillage method, other wise use chisel plowing if funds are available.
{"title":"Evaluation of Four Tillage Methods Operating parameters by Overall index using Analytical Hierarchy Procedure and Compromise Programming Technique in the Gezira Heavy Clay Soils","authors":"Abdelkarim D. Elfadil, O. Abbas, Adil Bashir Karar, H. I. Mohammed","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2243","url":null,"abstract":"This work was excuted during seasons 2018/2019, and 2019/2020, in Tayba Block-the Sudan - Gezira central clay plains, to evaluate the field operation performance of four land preparation methods using three tillage equipment: chisel plow \"intensive tillage\", disc harrow \"medium tillage\", ridger \"minimum or reduced tillage\" and no tillage machine. An overall operation index is estimated from four measured machine operating characteristics. Diagnosis of land preparation methods was made using analytical hierarchy method for weight assignment for assignment of relative weights for the operating parameters, and compromise programming technique for ranking of tillage methods. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment with RCBD, the LSD test at 1%and 5 % was used to compare between means. Results indicate that no significant differences (P<0.05) in field efficiency between Chisel plow and ridger and harrow showed the least efficiency value. There is significant differences in fuel consumption rate between all treatments with highest consumption is by Chisel plow and lowest is by ridger. The significantly highest rear wheel slippage is attained by ridger while there is no significant differences in that resulted from chisel or disc harrow. The significantly highest field capacity (P<0.05) is attained by ridger followed by harrow and then chisel plow. The analytical hierarchy procedure ranked the machines operation indicators in descending order by weight values of 1.02, 0.62, 0.29 and 0.12 for. Multi-criteria analysis by compromise programming technique results in overall indices of tillage equipments: ridger, chisel plow, disc harrow in descending values of 67.53, 61.00, and 57.29 respectively. The overall performance index (OPI) for the operation of the agricultural equipment could be used to take the tillage decision-making process by selecting the most effective machinery to give optimum seed bed with minimum energy input. However, it is not possible to calculate the overall index for no tillage method because without using a machine there is no fuel consumption, no field efficiency, no field capacity, and no wheel slippage. This imply that for heavy clay soils of Gezira Scheme and in other similar environments it is recommended to use reduced tillage \"ridging only\" as the most technically feasible tillage method, other wise use chisel plowing if funds are available.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81098874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avinash Varma K, Kaushik S Chundury, Narendra Kumar B
As 3D printing emerging to be a much-matured technology, its range of uses are now seemed to be infinite. 3D printing is now beyond the stage where it was only observed as a prototyping solution. From a simple artwork and playing toys to ready to live in buildings and also transplantable organs, the technology could potentially last until our imaginations die. From automobile to consumer goods manufacturing industries, organizations across various industries are trying to observe the advantages 3D printing has got to offer for production. With such acknowledgements, organizations are now trying to find their ways to incorporate this technology in their respective industries, whose applications could potentially extend from tooling to spare/replacement parts and sometimes till a full-fledged end-use ready product. While 3D printing looks like a most exciting new normal for organizations who are planning to streamline their prototyping technology, its prospects for the non-tech consumer world is also evolving rapidly. Additive Manufacturing in construction can be seen as an option that could contribute towards complete automation in the infrastructure industry. The method offers advantages in the aspects of design, sustainability and also efficiency. This work scopes for a comprehensive approach to advance the technology in construction and proposes research potentials, challenges, and future scope. The potential of 3dcp for automation advances all other practices in prospects like exclusion of form work, precise design execution, waste reduction and extremely low consumption of time. The real-time status and futuristic approaches to be adopted are briefed in the paper and also the scope for sustainability over other practices are detailed in the paper.
{"title":"A Review on Application of 3D Printing Principles in Infrastructure Industry and its Impact on Evolution of the Industry","authors":"Avinash Varma K, Kaushik S Chundury, Narendra Kumar B","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2241","url":null,"abstract":"As 3D printing emerging to be a much-matured technology, its range of uses are now seemed to be infinite. 3D printing is now beyond the stage where it was only observed as a prototyping solution. From a simple artwork and playing toys to ready to live in buildings and also transplantable organs, the technology could potentially last until our imaginations die. From automobile to consumer goods manufacturing industries, organizations across various industries are trying to observe the advantages 3D printing has got to offer for production. With such acknowledgements, organizations are now trying to find their ways to incorporate this technology in their respective industries, whose applications could potentially extend from tooling to spare/replacement parts and sometimes till a full-fledged end-use ready product. While 3D printing looks like a most exciting new normal for organizations who are planning to streamline their prototyping technology, its prospects for the non-tech consumer world is also evolving rapidly. Additive Manufacturing in construction can be seen as an option that could contribute towards complete automation in the infrastructure industry. The method offers advantages in the aspects of design, sustainability and also efficiency. This work scopes for a comprehensive approach to advance the technology in construction and proposes research potentials, challenges, and future scope. The potential of 3dcp for automation advances all other practices in prospects like exclusion of form work, precise design execution, waste reduction and extremely low consumption of time. The real-time status and futuristic approaches to be adopted are briefed in the paper and also the scope for sustainability over other practices are detailed in the paper.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75305272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carcinogenic as well as chemotherapeutic waste is potential hazard to the environment because it is a type of toxic waste according by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The procedure of disposal of carcinogenic waste inside hospital, chemical industry and pharmaceutical industry is important concern for our society. The contribution from the Indian Judiciary in its own way to bring effective legal control of these hazardous substances and waste. Moreover, the problems related to judicial issues in tackling the technical issues and the executive inaction make it inevitable to have a separate system of administration of environmental justice and supervisory system so that our environment will be protected. The present paper investigates the treatability study of carcinogenic waste and its assessment of associated environmental risk according to the Indian hazardous substances and waste laws.
{"title":"Treatability study of Carcinogenic Waste and its Assessment of Environmental Risk","authors":"S. Roy, U. Roy","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2233","url":null,"abstract":"Carcinogenic as well as chemotherapeutic waste is potential hazard to the environment because it is a type of toxic waste according by EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The procedure of disposal of carcinogenic waste inside hospital, chemical industry and pharmaceutical industry is important concern for our society. The contribution from the Indian Judiciary in its own way to bring effective legal control of these hazardous substances and waste. Moreover, the problems related to judicial issues in tackling the technical issues and the executive inaction make it inevitable to have a separate system of administration of environmental justice and supervisory system so that our environment will be protected. The present paper investigates the treatability study of carcinogenic waste and its assessment of associated environmental risk according to the Indian hazardous substances and waste laws.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76459838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anyanwu K.O, Anyakwo A.N, Ndukwe A.I, C. O., C. A.P.
In this paper, effort has been made to determine the durability of polyurethane coating on mild steel in acid, alkaline and neutral soil. A total of 42 mild steel coupons were used. Out of the 42 coupons, 21 were coated with polyurethane and the remaining 21 were left uncoated. Acid soil (pH = 4.5), Alkaline soil (pH =13.5) and neutral soil (pH = 6.8) were used as the test media. Seven each of the coated and uncoated coupons were buried in each soil media. On weekly basis, one coated and one uncoated coupon were withdrawn from each of the soil media and reweighed. The durability of the coating in each soil media was calculated using a proposed model. From the results obtained, the durability of polyurethane coating was found to be 7.0yrs, 4.5yrs and 2.9yrs in neutral, acid and alkaline soil respectively.
{"title":"Determination of the Durability of Polyurethane Coating on Mild Steel in Various Soil Media","authors":"Anyanwu K.O, Anyakwo A.N, Ndukwe A.I, C. O., C. A.P.","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2232","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, effort has been made to determine the durability of polyurethane coating on mild steel in acid, alkaline and neutral soil. A total of 42 mild steel coupons were used. Out of the 42 coupons, 21 were coated with polyurethane and the remaining 21 were left uncoated. Acid soil (pH = 4.5), Alkaline soil (pH =13.5) and neutral soil (pH = 6.8) were used as the test media. Seven each of the coated and uncoated coupons were buried in each soil media. On weekly basis, one coated and one uncoated coupon were withdrawn from each of the soil media and reweighed. The durability of the coating in each soil media was calculated using a proposed model. From the results obtained, the durability of polyurethane coating was found to be 7.0yrs, 4.5yrs and 2.9yrs in neutral, acid and alkaline soil respectively.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87311471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The quality of the public transport system is an important factor in determining passenger travel satisfaction and it leads to a better quality of life. Quality of life depends on the quality of services provided in the city. Satisfaction is strongly related to the perception of the users. Many people use public transport on their everyday trips and this paper investigates how road users perceive the public transportation system and the place of the stress factor in this perception. Furthermore, willingness to pay analysis was also carried out, and the amount of additional charge for a less stressful trip was included as a new variable in the model. The binomial logit model is used as a method in this study. As a result, the trip time and the home-based work trips increase the stress level in travel rises. Stress level affects the perception of public transport users, and therefore, users tend to stay away from the stress.
{"title":"Modelling of Stress in Public Transport","authors":"M. E. Ergin","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2231","url":null,"abstract":"The quality of the public transport system is an important factor in determining passenger travel satisfaction and it leads to a better quality of life. Quality of life depends on the quality of services provided in the city. Satisfaction is strongly related to the perception of the users. Many people use public transport on their everyday trips and this paper investigates how road users perceive the public transportation system and the place of the stress factor in this perception. Furthermore, willingness to pay analysis was also carried out, and the amount of additional charge for a less stressful trip was included as a new variable in the model. The binomial logit model is used as a method in this study. As a result, the trip time and the home-based work trips increase the stress level in travel rises. Stress level affects the perception of public transport users, and therefore, users tend to stay away from the stress.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74557062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes one of the optimization methods based on atmospheric motion. It is a global optimization nature-inspired method such as Wind Driven Optimization (WDO) approach to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) and Emission Index (EI) in electric power systems. Our main aim is to minimize an objective function necessary for a best balance between the energy production and its consumption, which is presented as a nonlinear function, taking into account of the equality and inequality constraints. The WDO approach is nature-inspired, population based iterative heuristic optimization algorithm for multi-dimensional and multi-modal problems. WDO method have been examined and tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system with different objectives that reflect total active power generation cost, the active power losses and the emission index. The results of used method have been compared and validated with known references published recently. The results are promising and show the effectiveness and robustness of proposed approach.
{"title":"Wind Driven Optimization Approach based Multi-objective Optimal Power Flow and Emission Index Optimization","authors":"Nabil Mezhoud, B. Ayachi, Ahmed Bahri","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2223","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes one of the optimization methods based on atmospheric motion. It is a global optimization nature-inspired method such as Wind Driven Optimization (WDO) approach to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) and Emission Index (EI) in electric power systems. Our main aim is to minimize an objective function necessary for a best balance between the energy production and its consumption, which is presented as a nonlinear function, taking into account of the equality and inequality constraints. The WDO approach is nature-inspired, population based iterative heuristic optimization algorithm for multi-dimensional and multi-modal problems. WDO method have been examined and tested on the standard IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system with different objectives that reflect total active power generation cost, the active power losses and the emission index. The results of used method have been compared and validated with known references published recently. The results are promising and show the effectiveness and robustness of proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79817339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rabah, Omaima A El Qady, Shaimaa A Abou El Kassem
The input waste was KanthalA4 grade alloy spired in 8-25 mm outer diameter. A sample weighing ≈250 g was leached in HCl or aqua regia at room temperature. The acidic leachate was filtered and the pH value was increased to 4.0 -9.2 with the addition of 3 M ammonia solution. The leachate was freed from iron by H2O2 addition. Chromium ions were separated from nickel ions by pH adjustment and solvent extraction using Lewatite MP 600 ionic exchanger. Ammonium hydroxide gave insoluble hydroxide ppt that was filtered and washed. Different organic salts of acetate Ni(OCOCH3)2, oxalate C2O4, citrate C6H6O5 with ∆E of 74.16 KJ/ mol with Ni and 139.33 KJ/ mol with Cr. Inorganic salts were also prepared like Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, dichloride NiCl2, basic carbonate NiCO3.2Ni(OH)2 as well as free metals of nickel and chromium. The effect of the process parameters was studied. The time of synthesis decreased by stirring at 300 rpm by about 11 %. Ascorbic acid solution reduces the Ni and Cr hydroxide to their respective free metal to give spherical nanoparticles having the molecular size of 15-35 nanometer. SEM showed that Ni particles are spherical in morphology. XRD and XDS showed Ni and Cr are pure.
{"title":"Recovery of Metal Values from Secondary Resource","authors":"M. Rabah, Omaima A El Qady, Shaimaa A Abou El Kassem","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2222","url":null,"abstract":"The input waste was KanthalA4 grade alloy spired in 8-25 mm outer diameter. A sample weighing ≈250 g was leached in HCl or aqua regia at room temperature. The acidic leachate was filtered and the pH value was increased to 4.0 -9.2 with the addition of 3 M ammonia solution. The leachate was freed from iron by H2O2 addition. Chromium ions were separated from nickel ions by pH adjustment and solvent extraction using Lewatite MP 600 ionic exchanger. Ammonium hydroxide gave insoluble hydroxide ppt that was filtered and washed. Different organic salts of acetate Ni(OCOCH3)2, oxalate C2O4, citrate C6H6O5 with ∆E of 74.16 KJ/ mol with Ni and 139.33 KJ/ mol with Cr. Inorganic salts were also prepared like Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, dichloride NiCl2, basic carbonate NiCO3.2Ni(OH)2 as well as free metals of nickel and chromium. The effect of the process parameters was studied. The time of synthesis decreased by stirring at 300 rpm by about 11 %. Ascorbic acid solution reduces the Ni and Cr hydroxide to their respective free metal to give spherical nanoparticles having the molecular size of 15-35 nanometer. SEM showed that Ni particles are spherical in morphology. XRD and XDS showed Ni and Cr are pure.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73146505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quality strongly depends on good mechanical properties of any manufacturing material. Similarly, quality of Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding of Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) depends on good mechanical properties like percentage of elongation, ultimate tensile strength etc. Better Percentage of Elongation (PE) is produced using proper welding parameters and their values at the time of TIG welding. In this study, TIG welding has been done on ASTM/UNS 2205 duplex stainless steel materials. A new mathematical model is developed using non-linear regression analysis for the prediction of percentage of elongation. The variables used in the prediction models are selected welding parameters like welding current, gas flow rate and speed of welding. A residual plot for PE has been developed to validate the mathematical model. Calculation of percentage deviation for PE has been made. Comparison of measured and predicted PE value has been done by graphical representation. The relationship between percentage of elongation and the welding parameters has been illustrated graphically by surface plots and contour plots as well. Combined effects of any pair of input parameters on PE are represented graphically with the help of three-dimensional surface plots. According to this analysis, the models provide good PE with the data used in this study.
{"title":"Development of Mathematical Model for Percentage of Elongation of TIG Welded Duplex Stainless Steel","authors":"Sandip Mondal, G. Nandi, P. K. Pal","doi":"10.54392/irjmt2221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54392/irjmt2221","url":null,"abstract":"Quality strongly depends on good mechanical properties of any manufacturing material. Similarly, quality of Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding of Duplex Stainless Steel (DSS) depends on good mechanical properties like percentage of elongation, ultimate tensile strength etc. Better Percentage of Elongation (PE) is produced using proper welding parameters and their values at the time of TIG welding. In this study, TIG welding has been done on ASTM/UNS 2205 duplex stainless steel materials. A new mathematical model is developed using non-linear regression analysis for the prediction of percentage of elongation. The variables used in the prediction models are selected welding parameters like welding current, gas flow rate and speed of welding. A residual plot for PE has been developed to validate the mathematical model. Calculation of percentage deviation for PE has been made. Comparison of measured and predicted PE value has been done by graphical representation. The relationship between percentage of elongation and the welding parameters has been illustrated graphically by surface plots and contour plots as well. Combined effects of any pair of input parameters on PE are represented graphically with the help of three-dimensional surface plots. According to this analysis, the models provide good PE with the data used in this study.","PeriodicalId":14412,"journal":{"name":"International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89470597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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