Thermodynamic calculations were performed to determine the optimal conditions for the growth of germanium epitaxial layers from a Ge-Sn solution (system) to a germanium substrate. The determination of the optimal conditions was based on the change in the Gibbs energy values of the system during the crystallization process and the size of the crystal-forming nanoclusters. Based on the results obtained, we determined the optimal conditions for obtaining low-dislocation, crystalline perfect germanium epitaxial layers from a liquid tin solution, and recommended starting the crystallization process at 923 K and finishing at 800 K. When the temperature drops below 800 K, the formation of Ge1-xSnx epitaxial layers from the Ge-Sn solution was observed.
{"title":"Optimal Regime for Growth of Epitaxial Germanium Layers from the Liquid Phase Based on Thermodynamic Calculations","authors":"Alijon Razzokov, Khushnudbek Eshchanov","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1102511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1102511","url":null,"abstract":"Thermodynamic calculations were performed to determine the optimal conditions for the growth of germanium epitaxial layers from a Ge-Sn solution (system) to a germanium substrate. The determination of the optimal conditions was based on the change in the Gibbs energy values of the system during the crystallization process and the size of the crystal-forming nanoclusters. Based on the results obtained, we determined the optimal conditions for obtaining low-dislocation, crystalline perfect germanium epitaxial layers from a liquid tin solution, and recommended starting the crystallization process at 923 K and finishing at 800 K. When the temperature drops below 800 K, the formation of Ge1-xSnx epitaxial layers from the Ge-Sn solution was observed.","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48877781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Experimental dielectric constants at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15) K, densities and refractive indices at 293.15 K are reported for water- ethanol and water- n-butanol binary mixture systems over the entire volume fraction range and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental dielectric data, the excess dielectric constant, effective Kirkwood correlation factor, Bruggeman factor and from density and refractive index data various parameters and their excess properties like excess density, excess refractive index, excess molar polarization, and excess molar volume were estimated and reported in the study. The static dielectric constant of the studied binary mixtures decreases with increase in temperature and volume fraction of the solutes. The density values are decreasing and refractive indices are increasing with increasing volume fraction of ethanol and n-butanol in water. Excess molar volumes values of ethanol and n-butanol are negative over the entire volume fraction range shows the presence of intermolecular interaction and hydrogen bonding in both the binary mixtures.
{"title":"Static Dielectric Constants, Densities, Refractive Indices and Related Properties of Binary Mixtures at Various Temperatures Under Atmospheric Pressure","authors":"Vaijanath Navarkhele, A. Navarkhele","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1017174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1017174","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental dielectric constants at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15) K, densities and refractive indices at 293.15 K are reported for water- ethanol and water- n-butanol binary mixture systems over the entire volume fraction range and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental dielectric data, the excess dielectric constant, effective Kirkwood correlation factor, Bruggeman factor and from density and refractive index data various parameters and their excess properties like excess density, excess refractive index, excess molar polarization, and excess molar volume were estimated and reported in the study. The static dielectric constant of the studied binary mixtures decreases with increase in temperature and volume fraction of the solutes. The density values are decreasing and refractive indices are increasing with increasing volume fraction of ethanol and n-butanol in water. Excess molar volumes values of ethanol and n-butanol are negative over the entire volume fraction range shows the presence of intermolecular interaction and hydrogen bonding in both the binary mixtures.","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41849059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temperature dependences of the free energy (F), entropy (S) and the heat capacity (C_v) are calculated (P=0) for the organic compounds (solid benzene, naphthalene and anthracene) by using the quasiharmonic approximation. Contributions to those thermodynamic functions due to the Raman frequencies of lattice modes (solid benzene), librational modes (naphthalene), phonons and vibrons (anthracene) are taken into account in our calculations. We obtain that similar linear increase of F and nonlinear increase of S and C_v, occur with the increasing temperature in benzene and naphthalene. This linear (F) and nonlinear (S, C_v) increase is rather different for anthracene as the molecular structure becomes complex (benzene-naphthalene-anthracene), as expected. Our calculations by the quasiharmonic approximation can be compared with the experiments for those organic compounds.
{"title":"Temperature Dependence of the Entropy and the Heat Capacity Calculated from the Raman Frequency Shifts for Solid Benzene, Naphthalene and Anthracene","authors":"H. Yurtseven, Hilal Özdemi̇r","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1108782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1108782","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature dependences of the free energy (F), entropy (S) and the heat capacity (C_v) are calculated (P=0) for the organic compounds (solid benzene, naphthalene and anthracene) by using the quasiharmonic approximation. Contributions to those thermodynamic functions due to the Raman frequencies of lattice modes (solid benzene), librational modes (naphthalene), phonons and vibrons (anthracene) are taken into account in our calculations. We obtain that similar linear increase of F and nonlinear increase of S and C_v, occur with the increasing temperature in benzene and naphthalene. This linear (F) and nonlinear (S, C_v) increase is rather different for anthracene as the molecular structure becomes complex (benzene-naphthalene-anthracene), as expected. Our calculations by the quasiharmonic approximation can be compared with the experiments for those organic compounds.","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44966364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the literature longevity and comfort are evaluated in terms of entropy generation and export rates. When people cannot export entropy, they experience discomfort. Effect of bedding, pajamas and levels of body coverage have been assessed in 270 cases by referring to body weight and height of 25 years old women. By 160 cm tall and 50 kg women, at 0 °C of room temperature, entropy export rates were 6.0x10--3 and 7.4x10--3 W/kg K, while they were sleeping on their back and on the side, respectively. The results showed that entropy export became more difficult as the body temperature approached the room temperature. Textile properties, including heat transfer and wicking rates of sweat removal were also important while exporting the entropy. The results of this study may be employed while designing beds or beddings, pajamas and comforters to achieve a more comfortable sleeping environment.
{"title":"Entropic Assessment of Sleeping Comfort","authors":"M. Özilgen, Deniz Kayali, B. Yılmaz, Yavuz Yavuz","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1108911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1108911","url":null,"abstract":"In the literature longevity and comfort are evaluated in terms of entropy generation and export rates. When people cannot export entropy, they experience discomfort. Effect of bedding, pajamas and levels of body coverage have been assessed in 270 cases by referring to body weight and height of 25 years old women. By 160 cm tall and 50 kg women, at 0 °C of room temperature, entropy export rates were 6.0x10--3 and 7.4x10--3 W/kg K, while they were sleeping on their back and on the side, respectively. The results showed that entropy export became more difficult as the body temperature approached the room temperature. Textile properties, including heat transfer and wicking rates of sweat removal were also important while exporting the entropy. The results of this study may be employed while designing beds or beddings, pajamas and comforters to achieve a more comfortable sleeping environment.","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47465743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy budget of open system is a critical aspect of its existence. Traditionally, at applying of energy continuity equation (ECE) for description of a system, ECE is considered as a declaration of local balance in the mathematical (infinitesimal) vicinity for the only point of interest and as such it does not contribute to entropy. In this paper, we consider transformation of ECE to account the effects in the physical (finite) vicinity with infinite number of energy links with environment. We define parameters of appropriate phase space and calculate Shannon’s, differential, and thermodynamic entropy. Shannon’s and differential entropies look sufficiently close while thermodynamic entropy demonstrates close character of variation in its functionality being different in its mathematical form. Physical applications to confirm contribution of a new concept to the real-world processes are also discussed.
{"title":"Entropy of Open System with Infinite Number of Conserved Links","authors":"A. Moldavanov","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1105040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1105040","url":null,"abstract":"Energy budget of open system is a critical aspect of its existence. Traditionally, at applying of energy continuity equation (ECE) for description of a system, ECE is considered as a declaration of local balance in the mathematical (infinitesimal) vicinity for the only point of interest and as such it does not contribute to entropy. In this paper, we consider transformation of ECE to account the effects in the physical (finite) vicinity with infinite number of energy links with environment. We define parameters of appropriate phase space and calculate Shannon’s, differential, and thermodynamic entropy. Shannon’s and differential entropies look sufficiently close while thermodynamic entropy demonstrates close character of variation in its functionality being different in its mathematical form. Physical applications to confirm contribution of a new concept to the real-world processes are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47590880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work aims to investigate the thermodynamic properties of the cubic gauge nitrogen (cg-N) by calculating the relevant thermodynamic quantities as a functions of temperature and pressure. The thermodynamic quantities of volume (V), thermal expansion (αp), isothermal compressibility (κT), bulk modulus(B), and the heat capacity (Cp) are calculated as a function of temperature at constants pressures (0, 35, 125, 250 GPa) for the cg-N structure. Also, the pressure dependences of V, κT, αp, Cp and γ (macroscopic Grüneisen parameter) are predicted at T= 295 K for this structure. This calculation is caried out by the thermodynamic relations using some literature data. From our calculations, we find that the κT, αp and also B exhibit anomalous behavior as the temperature lowers below about 100 K at constant pressures studied. This is an indication that cg-N transforms to a solid phase at low temperatures (below about 100 K). Experimental measurements can examine this prediction when available in the literature for the cg-N phase. Also, our predictions of the κT, αp, Cp and γ at various pressures (T= 295 K) can be examined experimentally for the cg-N phase. This calculation method can be applied to some other structures.
{"title":"Calculation of the Thermodynamic Quantities for Cubic Gauche Nitrogen (cg-N)","authors":"H. Yurtseven, Ö. Akay","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1085553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1085553","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to investigate the thermodynamic properties of the cubic gauge nitrogen (cg-N) by calculating the relevant thermodynamic quantities as a functions of temperature and pressure. The thermodynamic quantities of volume (V), thermal expansion (αp), isothermal compressibility (κT), bulk modulus(B), and the heat capacity (Cp) are calculated as a function of temperature at constants pressures (0, 35, 125, 250 GPa) for the cg-N structure. Also, the pressure dependences of V, κT, αp, Cp and γ (macroscopic Grüneisen parameter) are predicted at T= 295 K for this structure. This calculation is caried out by the thermodynamic relations using some literature data. From our calculations, we find that the κT, αp and also B exhibit anomalous behavior as the temperature lowers below about 100 K at constant pressures studied. This is an indication that cg-N transforms to a solid phase at low temperatures (below about 100 K). Experimental measurements can examine this prediction when available in the literature for the cg-N phase. Also, our predictions of the κT, αp, Cp and γ at various pressures (T= 295 K) can be examined experimentally for the cg-N phase. This calculation method can be applied to some other structures.","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49488574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the preliminary evidence of volcanoes, hot springs, and Geysers in parts of Nigeria, it is proposed that deep geothermal wells can be found in Nigeria. This research uses thermal anomalies zones to identify types of geothermal wells in Nigeria, i.e., using remote sensing and modified thermal equations. The remote sensing dataset includes the ground heat flux (GHF) dataset from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) of 28 years; sediment thickness dataset from EarthData; and surface geology from LANDSAT. The thermal transport model was used to narrow potential locations across Nigeria using the ground heat flux and sediment thickness, while the surface geology was used to confirm the deep geothermal zones. Four GHF patterns were discovered in Nigeria. The research shows that the deep geothermal wells might be located in Plateau, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Ekiti, Kogi, Benue, Nassarawa, and Taraba. Also, the medium-depth geothermal wells may be located in Sokoto, Zamfara, Kastina, Kwara, Oyo, and Jigawa States. It was revealed that the southern parts of Nigeria have lots of shallow geothermal wells. The deep geothermal wells can be found in the Chad Basin and Benue trough, while the medium-depth geothermal wells can be found in the Sokoto basin, Bida basin, and parts of the lower Benue trough. It is recommended that further ground trotting exploration be carried out in the identified geographical locations.
{"title":"Geothermal Well Exploration in Nigeria Using Remote Sensing and Modified Thermal Equations","authors":"Moses Emetere","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1077697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1077697","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the preliminary evidence of volcanoes, hot springs, and Geysers in parts of Nigeria, it is proposed that deep geothermal wells can be found in Nigeria. This research uses thermal anomalies zones to identify types of geothermal wells in Nigeria, i.e., using remote sensing and modified thermal equations. The remote sensing dataset includes the ground heat flux (GHF) dataset from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) of 28 years; sediment thickness dataset from EarthData; and surface geology from LANDSAT. The thermal transport model was used to narrow potential locations across Nigeria using the ground heat flux and sediment thickness, while the surface geology was used to confirm the deep geothermal zones. Four GHF patterns were discovered in Nigeria. The research shows that the deep geothermal wells might be located in Plateau, Bauchi, Gombe, Taraba, Ekiti, Kogi, Benue, Nassarawa, and Taraba. Also, the medium-depth geothermal wells may be located in Sokoto, Zamfara, Kastina, Kwara, Oyo, and Jigawa States. It was revealed that the southern parts of Nigeria have lots of shallow geothermal wells. The deep geothermal wells can be found in the Chad Basin and Benue trough, while the medium-depth geothermal wells can be found in the Sokoto basin, Bida basin, and parts of the lower Benue trough. It is recommended that further ground trotting exploration be carried out in the identified geographical locations.","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43762262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Two-Stage ORC Integration to an Existing Fluidized Bed Sewage Sludge Incineration Plant for Power Production in the Scope of Waste-to-Energy","authors":"A. Abusoglu, A. Tozlu, A. Anvari‐Moghaddam","doi":"10.5541/ijot.994813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.994813","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48972585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Njock PAUL JULBİN, Koumi Ngoh Simon, Ndame Ngangue MAX KELLER, Sosso Mayi Olivier Thierry, Nzengwa Robert
{"title":"Computer Subroutines for Rapid Calculation of the Liquid Entropies of Ammonia/NaSCN and Ammonia/LiNO3 Solutions","authors":"Njock PAUL JULBİN, Koumi Ngoh Simon, Ndame Ngangue MAX KELLER, Sosso Mayi Olivier Thierry, Nzengwa Robert","doi":"10.5541/ijot.1034035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.1034035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43440846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Free Volume and Internal Pressure of Binary Liquid Mixtures from Ultrasonic Velocity at 303.15 K","authors":"D. Sharma, S. Agarwal","doi":"10.5541/ijot.991645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.991645","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14438,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermodynamics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41562882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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