Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687648
Emilie Canova, J. Favier, Nai Ming Lee, P. Taylor
Governments and industry have been cooperating in the development of oil spill preparedness for more than 30 years. This has included support to the ratification and implementation of instruments such as the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC 90), which provides the basis for collaborative efforts between governments and industry to prepare for and respond to marine oil pollutions. Joint activities implemented in this framework represent a major investment and it is important to measure and track the extent to which they have led to sustained improvements. This paper examines the challenges of measuring progress in oil spill preparedness that have emerged over time, leading to the development of different tools and systems to monitor long-term developments. It will first review the metrics and tools used to assess the key elements of preparedness, focused on regions where the International Maritime Organization (IMO) - industry Global Initiative has been active since 1996. The challenges of ascribing and assessing the indicators will be highlighted. Whilst a quantitative method, such as the IPIECA Global Risk Analysis, is useful regarding technical aspects and to compare progress in time and between different regions, it does have a number of caveats, including the verification of data and the need to ensure that preparedness frameworks described in national strategy are translated into credible response capability. There is thus a need for more refined metrics and a complementary qualitative approach. Moreover, the difficulty to catalyse lasting change without sustained efforts was recognized. This paper will discuss why the measures should apply both for evaluation and decision-making and explain why it is key to build more comprehensive (from legal basis to implementation processes and equipment) and sustainable national preparedness systems. The indicators cover a range of aspects of oil spill readiness and should enable a picture of both national and regional preparedness to be constructed, which inform decisions on future actions and activities. The benefits of a step based approach and the potential for tools such as the Readiness Evaluation Tool for Oil Spills (RETOSTM) to underpin broader evaluations will be highlighted. The need for an enhanced methodology to measure progress in preparedness and its consistency with the risk exposure is finally discussed.
{"title":"Measuring Progress in Oil Spill Preparedness","authors":"Emilie Canova, J. Favier, Nai Ming Lee, P. Taylor","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687648","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Governments and industry have been cooperating in the development of oil spill preparedness for more than 30 years. This has included support to the ratification and implementation of instruments such as the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC 90), which provides the basis for collaborative efforts between governments and industry to prepare for and respond to marine oil pollutions. Joint activities implemented in this framework represent a major investment and it is important to measure and track the extent to which they have led to sustained improvements.\u0000 This paper examines the challenges of measuring progress in oil spill preparedness that have emerged over time, leading to the development of different tools and systems to monitor long-term developments.\u0000 It will first review the metrics and tools used to assess the key elements of preparedness, focused on regions where the International Maritime Organization (IMO) - industry Global Initiative has been active since 1996. The challenges of ascribing and assessing the indicators will be highlighted. Whilst a quantitative method, such as the IPIECA Global Risk Analysis, is useful regarding technical aspects and to compare progress in time and between different regions, it does have a number of caveats, including the verification of data and the need to ensure that preparedness frameworks described in national strategy are translated into credible response capability. There is thus a need for more refined metrics and a complementary qualitative approach. Moreover, the difficulty to catalyse lasting change without sustained efforts was recognized. This paper will discuss why the measures should apply both for evaluation and decision-making and explain why it is key to build more comprehensive (from legal basis to implementation processes and equipment) and sustainable national preparedness systems. The indicators cover a range of aspects of oil spill readiness and should enable a picture of both national and regional preparedness to be constructed, which inform decisions on future actions and activities. The benefits of a step based approach and the potential for tools such as the Readiness Evaluation Tool for Oil Spills (RETOSTM) to underpin broader evaluations will be highlighted. The need for an enhanced methodology to measure progress in preparedness and its consistency with the risk exposure is finally discussed.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84582298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687340
Cassidee Shinn
California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) - Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), working with the United States Coast Guard (USCG), and Area Committee members, made significant strides to streamline the Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) for improved efficiency and statewide consistency to adhere to new USCG guidance. Beginning with Sector San Diego's ACP, which underwent major revision in 2018, and Sector Los Angeles/Long Beach in 2019, OSPR worked closely with USCG to ensure that there is comparable information statewide, improved maps and GIS compatibility, and updated environmentally and economically sensitive site information. OSPR created a new environmental sensitive site database, including more user-friendly Geographic Response Strategy pages for those identified sites. OSPR also revised the content of Section 9800, which describes the environmental, cultural, historic, and economic sensitivities of a given ACP area, and includes the Geographic Response Strategies. This paper describes in detail the contributions and changes that OSPR has made to California ACPs since 2018. It highlights its approaches to streamlining for efficiency and statewide consistency and lessons learned from the new revision and approval processes.
{"title":"California's Response to USCG Nationwide Standardization of Area Contingency Plans","authors":"Cassidee Shinn","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687340","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) - Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), working with the United States Coast Guard (USCG), and Area Committee members, made significant strides to streamline the Area Contingency Plans (ACPs) for improved efficiency and statewide consistency to adhere to new USCG guidance. Beginning with Sector San Diego's ACP, which underwent major revision in 2018, and Sector Los Angeles/Long Beach in 2019, OSPR worked closely with USCG to ensure that there is comparable information statewide, improved maps and GIS compatibility, and updated environmentally and economically sensitive site information. OSPR created a new environmental sensitive site database, including more user-friendly Geographic Response Strategy pages for those identified sites. OSPR also revised the content of Section 9800, which describes the environmental, cultural, historic, and economic sensitivities of a given ACP area, and includes the Geographic Response Strategies. This paper describes in detail the contributions and changes that OSPR has made to California ACPs since 2018. It highlights its approaches to streamlining for efficiency and statewide consistency and lessons learned from the new revision and approval processes.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85028601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689545
P. J. Brandvik, D. Krause, Frode Leirvik, P. Daling, Z. Owens, L. Gilman, B. M. Yun, A. Ahnell, Torleif Carlsen, Michal Koranek
The size distribution of oil droplets formed in subsea oil and gas blowouts is known to have a strong impact on their subsequent fate in the environment. Small droplets have low rising velocities, are more influenced by oceanographic turbulence and have larger potential for natural biodegradation. Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) is an established method for achieving this goal, lowering the interfacial tension between the oil and water and significantly reducing oil droplet size. However, despite its many advantages, the use of SSDI could be limited both by logistical constraints and legislative restrictions. Adding to the toolkit a method to achieve subsea dispersion, without the use of chemicals, would therefore enhance oil spill response capability. This option is called Subsea Mechanical Dispersion (SSMD). An extensive feasibility study on SSMD has been performed and the main findings are reported in this paper. The work was initiated by BP in 2015 and later followed up by a consortium of Equinor, Total Norge, Aker BP and Lundin. The first phase explored multiple principles of generating subsea dispersions (ultrasonic, mechanical shear forces and water jetting) through both laboratory experiments and modelling. These studies clearly indicate that SSMD has an operational potential to significantly reduce oil droplet sizes from a subsea release and influence the fate and behaviour of the released oil volume. The recent work reported in this paper on operationalisation, upscaling and large-scale testing of subsea water jetting. This work is performed by SINTEF in close cooperation with Exponent (computational fluid dynamics and shear stress modelling) and Oceaneering (operationalisation and full-scale prototyping).
{"title":"Subsea Mechanical Dispersion (SSMD) a Possible New Option for the Oil Spill Response Toolbox?","authors":"P. J. Brandvik, D. Krause, Frode Leirvik, P. Daling, Z. Owens, L. Gilman, B. M. Yun, A. Ahnell, Torleif Carlsen, Michal Koranek","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689545","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The size distribution of oil droplets formed in subsea oil and gas blowouts is known to have a strong impact on their subsequent fate in the environment. Small droplets have low rising velocities, are more influenced by oceanographic turbulence and have larger potential for natural biodegradation. Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) is an established method for achieving this goal, lowering the interfacial tension between the oil and water and significantly reducing oil droplet size. However, despite its many advantages, the use of SSDI could be limited both by logistical constraints and legislative restrictions. Adding to the toolkit a method to achieve subsea dispersion, without the use of chemicals, would therefore enhance oil spill response capability. This option is called Subsea Mechanical Dispersion (SSMD).\u0000 An extensive feasibility study on SSMD has been performed and the main findings are reported in this paper. The work was initiated by BP in 2015 and later followed up by a consortium of Equinor, Total Norge, Aker BP and Lundin. The first phase explored multiple principles of generating subsea dispersions (ultrasonic, mechanical shear forces and water jetting) through both laboratory experiments and modelling. These studies clearly indicate that SSMD has an operational potential to significantly reduce oil droplet sizes from a subsea release and influence the fate and behaviour of the released oil volume.\u0000 The recent work reported in this paper on operationalisation, upscaling and large-scale testing of subsea water jetting. This work is performed by SINTEF in close cooperation with Exponent (computational fluid dynamics and shear stress modelling) and Oceaneering (operationalisation and full-scale prototyping).","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80162843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689019
La Fear, D. Soares
For over 50 years, ITOPF has attended on-site at marine spills worldwide on behalf of the shipping industry. ITOPF staff have provided objective technical advice at over 800 incidents in 100 countries, gaining unparalleled insight into changing trends in ship-source pollution. Spills of oil were originally the focus of ITOPF's activities, initially from tankers and later from a wide range of ships. Over time, there has been a dramatic and sustained reduction in both the number of oil spills and the quantity of oil spilt from tankers, as ITOPF's statistics demonstrate. Though spills of oil cargoes and bunker fuel remain at the core of ITOPF's work, its activities have expanded in recent years to include other pollutants, such as vegetable oils, hazardous and non-hazardous chemicals, coal, foodstuffs, plastics and the myriad of other products transported in container ships. Almost two thirds of the incidents ITOPF attends now involve non-tankers and in the past 20 years, 14% of all attended incident involved products or substances other than, or in addition to, oil. Oil spill events can cause environmental damage and typically attract considerable media attention. However, other marine pollutants also have the potential to cause environmental damage and pose significant challenges for responders. This paper draws on ITOPF's first-hand experience to examine some of the recent trends in spill response, using case histories to highlight key issues involved with the response of spills of assorted oils and cargoes at sea.
{"title":"Ship-Source Spills – it's More Than Just Oil","authors":"La Fear, D. Soares","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For over 50 years, ITOPF has attended on-site at marine spills worldwide on behalf of the shipping industry. ITOPF staff have provided objective technical advice at over 800 incidents in 100 countries, gaining unparalleled insight into changing trends in ship-source pollution. Spills of oil were originally the focus of ITOPF's activities, initially from tankers and later from a wide range of ships. Over time, there has been a dramatic and sustained reduction in both the number of oil spills and the quantity of oil spilt from tankers, as ITOPF's statistics demonstrate. Though spills of oil cargoes and bunker fuel remain at the core of ITOPF's work, its activities have expanded in recent years to include other pollutants, such as vegetable oils, hazardous and non-hazardous chemicals, coal, foodstuffs, plastics and the myriad of other products transported in container ships. Almost two thirds of the incidents ITOPF attends now involve non-tankers and in the past 20 years, 14% of all attended incident involved products or substances other than, or in addition to, oil.\u0000 Oil spill events can cause environmental damage and typically attract considerable media attention. However, other marine pollutants also have the potential to cause environmental damage and pose significant challenges for responders. This paper draws on ITOPF's first-hand experience to examine some of the recent trends in spill response, using case histories to highlight key issues involved with the response of spills of assorted oils and cargoes at sea.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82413343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687930
Gabrielle G. McGrath, Tony Woolridge, K. Dodge, M. Mahdianpari
In recent years, access to freely available and commercial satellite imagery, such as Sentinel-1, RADARSAT-2, COSMO-SkyMed, and TerrsSAR-X, increased to the level where most global waters are observed at least once per day by one of these satellite platforms. The availability of this data combined with technological advancements in machine-learning and smart image segmentation allows for the potential to automatically detect oil spills and reduce the likelihood of false alarms. This improved satellite monitoring could result in early discovery of releases and the ability to launch a quicker response to mitigate potential damages. Numerical modeling will be used in combination with the detection results to determine the fate and trajectory of the oil as well as to hindcast where the oil was released. Implementing models into the process facilitates an effective response and incident investigation by determining where the oil is spreading and discovering where the oil originated. In 2019, Petroleum Research Newfoundland and Labrador (PRNL) launched a project led by C-CORE and RPS titled SpillSight to conduct a study into this technology for automatically detecting spills by satellite and modelling the outputs.
{"title":"Incorporating Automatic Satellite Detections of Oil Spills with Numerical Fate and Trajectory Modeling","authors":"Gabrielle G. McGrath, Tony Woolridge, K. Dodge, M. Mahdianpari","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687930","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In recent years, access to freely available and commercial satellite imagery, such as Sentinel-1, RADARSAT-2, COSMO-SkyMed, and TerrsSAR-X, increased to the level where most global waters are observed at least once per day by one of these satellite platforms. The availability of this data combined with technological advancements in machine-learning and smart image segmentation allows for the potential to automatically detect oil spills and reduce the likelihood of false alarms. This improved satellite monitoring could result in early discovery of releases and the ability to launch a quicker response to mitigate potential damages. Numerical modeling will be used in combination with the detection results to determine the fate and trajectory of the oil as well as to hindcast where the oil was released. Implementing models into the process facilitates an effective response and incident investigation by determining where the oil is spreading and discovering where the oil originated. In 2019, Petroleum Research Newfoundland and Labrador (PRNL) launched a project led by C-CORE and RPS titled SpillSight to conduct a study into this technology for automatically detecting spills by satellite and modelling the outputs.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87782973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684986
R. Holland, T. Coolbaugh, Paul Schuler
Often technical advances are made through key industry-academic alliances in a diverse range of engineering, medical and scientific disciplines. Oil spill response studies are no stranger to research programmes within the academic / R&D community and have advanced our knowledge, understanding and capability significantly over the last 50 years. For example, following the use of industrial detergents during Torrey Canyon in 1967, the research, development and scientific rigour behind the latest marine dispersants is testament to the value in investment of resources to develop and deliver solutions to new and emerging risks. Typically, spill responders are focussed on operational issues and seeking maximum reward when selecting a response technique(s) as part of a given spill scenario. Research scientists conversely may be focussed on a more detailed aspect of the spill such as a sub-cellular, non-lethal biological effect which may have limited relevance to the immediate clean-up effort. Having a spill response organisation intrinsically involved with academic response research ensures that an element of “operational realism” is injected into the programmes to produce outputs with more direct relevance and application to advance the boundaries of future spill response techniques and capability. The paper discusses the merits and leverage potential of “Bridging Research to Response” and offers suggestions for future collaborations potentially adding value to all spill stakeholders.
{"title":"Bridging research to response – how the spill response community benefits from academic engagement","authors":"R. Holland, T. Coolbaugh, Paul Schuler","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.684986","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Often technical advances are made through key industry-academic alliances in a diverse range of engineering, medical and scientific disciplines. Oil spill response studies are no stranger to research programmes within the academic / R&D community and have advanced our knowledge, understanding and capability significantly over the last 50 years. For example, following the use of industrial detergents during Torrey Canyon in 1967, the research, development and scientific rigour behind the latest marine dispersants is testament to the value in investment of resources to develop and deliver solutions to new and emerging risks.\u0000 Typically, spill responders are focussed on operational issues and seeking maximum reward when selecting a response technique(s) as part of a given spill scenario. Research scientists conversely may be focussed on a more detailed aspect of the spill such as a sub-cellular, non-lethal biological effect which may have limited relevance to the immediate clean-up effort. Having a spill response organisation intrinsically involved with academic response research ensures that an element of “operational realism” is injected into the programmes to produce outputs with more direct relevance and application to advance the boundaries of future spill response techniques and capability.\u0000 The paper discusses the merits and leverage potential of “Bridging Research to Response” and offers suggestions for future collaborations potentially adding value to all spill stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88011084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141223
B. Gullett, J. Aurell, A. Holder, N. Lamie, K. Arsava, R. Conmy, D. Sundaravadivelu, Karen Stone
Simulated in situ oil burning tests were conducted in a 14 m × 2.4 m × 2.4 m tank to characterize variations in boom length/width aspect ratios, the use of injection air, nozzle angle, and presence or absence of waves on combustion efficiency. Tests were done with approximately 35 L of unweathered Alaska North Slope oil within an outdoor, fresh water, 63 m3 tank. The combustion plume was sampled with a crane-suspended instrument system. Emission measurements quantified carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and total carbon. Post-burn residue samples were collected with pre-weight oil absorbent to determining oil mass loss and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the residue. Plume measurements of modified combustion efficiencies (MCET) ranged from 85% to 93%. Measurement of residual, unburnt oil showed that the oil mass loss ranged from 89% to 99%. A three-fold variation in PM2.5 emission factors was observed from the test conditions where the emission factors decreased with increased MCE. The TPH in the residue were found to decrease with increased oil mass loss percentage. In terms of combustion efficiency and oil consumption, results suggest that the most effective burns were those that have high length to width boom aspect ratios and added injection air.
{"title":"Characterization of Emissions and Residue from Measures to Improve Efficiency of In Situ Oil Burns","authors":"B. Gullett, J. Aurell, A. Holder, N. Lamie, K. Arsava, R. Conmy, D. Sundaravadivelu, Karen Stone","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141223","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Simulated in situ oil burning tests were conducted in a 14 m × 2.4 m × 2.4 m tank to characterize variations in boom length/width aspect ratios, the use of injection air, nozzle angle, and presence or absence of waves on combustion efficiency. Tests were done with approximately 35 L of unweathered Alaska North Slope oil within an outdoor, fresh water, 63 m3 tank. The combustion plume was sampled with a crane-suspended instrument system. Emission measurements quantified carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and total carbon. Post-burn residue samples were collected with pre-weight oil absorbent to determining oil mass loss and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the residue.\u0000 Plume measurements of modified combustion efficiencies (MCET) ranged from 85% to 93%. Measurement of residual, unburnt oil showed that the oil mass loss ranged from 89% to 99%. A three-fold variation in PM2.5 emission factors was observed from the test conditions where the emission factors decreased with increased MCE. The TPH in the residue were found to decrease with increased oil mass loss percentage. In terms of combustion efficiency and oil consumption, results suggest that the most effective burns were those that have high length to width boom aspect ratios and added injection air.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86590965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141466
Nathaniel G. Sauer, Xiaoyue Pi, K. Arsava, A. Rangwala
The focus of this study is to quantify the controlling mechanisms, which increases the burning rate of a pool fire using a Flame RefluxerTM. Part of the Flame RefluxerTM, is exposed to the fire and is heated up transferring heat to the fuel pool layer to which it extends. This enhances the conventional heat transfer that occurs only through the pool surface by transferring the heat from a fire to an in-depth layer of the liquid. Both sensible heat and heat of vaporization are supplied at increased rates by the submerged material. As an additional important effect, nucleate boiling onsets at the surface of the inserted material that generates bubbles of fuel vapor. These bubbles are transported to the surface of the pool, where they burst and release the v0061por to the gas-phase. While doing so, additional processes such as formation of micron-sized droplets or small jets of liquid fuel from the break point occur. This phenomenon causes additional fuel in liquid phase transported to the gas-phase, where they vaporize, ignite and burn in heterogeneous mode. Therefore, the processes involved in FR occur in three steps; enhancement of heat transfer to the liquid causing nucleate boiling, formation of bubbles and their transport, and dynamics of bubble breakage at the pool surface causing transfer of liquid fuel in the form of tiny droplets or jets towards the gas-phase. This study analyzes the influence of bubbles on the burning behavior of a pool fire using a simple experiment involving burning ethanol as a fuel. Ethanol is used due to its transparency and hence bubble behavior is easily observable on the heater surface. A 5cm x 5cm glass enclosure constantly replenished with ethanol serves as the burning pool. A solid aluminum block (8.8 cm tall x 3.6 cm wide x 1.2 cm thick) is placed in the flame to act as the Flame RefluxerTM. Bubble counts and burning rate measurements indicate the influence of the bubbles on the overall burning rate of the liquid pool.
{"title":"Controlling mechanisms of burning rate enhancement while using Flame Refluxer technology during in situ burning of crude oil spills","authors":"Nathaniel G. Sauer, Xiaoyue Pi, K. Arsava, A. Rangwala","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141466","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The focus of this study is to quantify the controlling mechanisms, which increases the burning rate of a pool fire using a Flame RefluxerTM. Part of the Flame RefluxerTM, is exposed to the fire and is heated up transferring heat to the fuel pool layer to which it extends. This enhances the conventional heat transfer that occurs only through the pool surface by transferring the heat from a fire to an in-depth layer of the liquid. Both sensible heat and heat of vaporization are supplied at increased rates by the submerged material. As an additional important effect, nucleate boiling onsets at the surface of the inserted material that generates bubbles of fuel vapor. These bubbles are transported to the surface of the pool, where they burst and release the v0061por to the gas-phase. While doing so, additional processes such as formation of micron-sized droplets or small jets of liquid fuel from the break point occur. This phenomenon causes additional fuel in liquid phase transported to the gas-phase, where they vaporize, ignite and burn in heterogeneous mode. Therefore, the processes involved in FR occur in three steps; enhancement of heat transfer to the liquid causing nucleate boiling, formation of bubbles and their transport, and dynamics of bubble breakage at the pool surface causing transfer of liquid fuel in the form of tiny droplets or jets towards the gas-phase. This study analyzes the influence of bubbles on the burning behavior of a pool fire using a simple experiment involving burning ethanol as a fuel. Ethanol is used due to its transparency and hence bubble behavior is easily observable on the heater surface. A 5cm x 5cm glass enclosure constantly replenished with ethanol serves as the burning pool. A solid aluminum block (8.8 cm tall x 3.6 cm wide x 1.2 cm thick) is placed in the flame to act as the Flame RefluxerTM. Bubble counts and burning rate measurements indicate the influence of the bubbles on the overall burning rate of the liquid pool.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87430040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689143
Wen Ji, Lin Zhao, Kenneth Lee, Thomas King, B. Robinson, M. Boufadel
Oil droplets in marine environment interact with particles to form oil particle aggregates (OPA). As it was argued that the hydrophobicity of particles impacts the formation of OPA and subsequently the entrapment of oil and the transport of OPA, this study altered the hydrophobicity of kaolinite through the addition of chitosan and the contact angle was increased from 28.8° to 57.3°. Modified kaolinite was mixed with 500 mg/L crude oil in 200 rpm for 3 hours, then bottom layer was separated and extracted. Observations of the settled OPA microscale structure and calculations of oil trapping efficiency (OTE) were accomplished. Results indicated that with higher hydrophobicity of kaolinite, oil droplets were maintained in larger sizes in OPAs. This could increase the buoyancy of formed OPAs, thus decrease the amount of settled OPAs.
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Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686200
J. M. Ly, L. de la Torre, R. Schallier
In 2019, the BONN Agreement celebrated 50 years of continuous cooperation in dealing with marine pollution in Europe. This makes the Bonn Agreement the oldest regional agreement in the world established by governments for jointly dealing with and responding to pollution incidents. The first “Agreement for Cooperation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil” was signed in 1969 by the eight states bordering the North Sea: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. This was shortly after the oil tanker “Torrey Canyon” broke up off Cornwall in 1967 spilling 117 000 tonnes of oil in the first major pollution disaster affecting Western Europe. In 1983 the agreement was expanded to include “other harmful substances” as well as oil and the European Union became a Contracting Party. In 1989 the agreement was amended to include aerial surveillance. In 2010, Ireland was included and in 2019, at the 50'th anniversary, a new enlargement of the geographical scope was approved by including the Bay of Biscay through Spain's accession and a new task related to the monitoring of air pollution from ships was incorporated. The area of the Bonn Agreement now covers the Greater North Sea and its approaches, comprising most of the heavy density traffic area and oil fields in Western Europe. During these 50 years, the cooperation has resulted in a number of achievements on different topics. Some of these are: - aerial surveillance and detection of marine pollution,- harmonized pollution reporting format,- common quantification of oil spills through the Bonn Agreement Oil Appearance Code,- systems for reimbursement of costs when rendering assistance as the Bonn Agreement provides for mutual assistance between Contracting Parties,- joint exercises,- information sharing on experiences and on research & development findings,- Bonn Agreement region-wide risk assessment through the BE-AWARE project. In October 2019, the agreement's 50th anniversary was celebrated and a ministerial meeting was held. This paper will give an overview of the history, the achievements and the future for the Bonn Agreement.
{"title":"BONN Agreement – More Than 50 Years of Spill Response Cooperation","authors":"J. M. Ly, L. de la Torre, R. Schallier","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.686200","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In 2019, the BONN Agreement celebrated 50 years of continuous cooperation in dealing with marine pollution in Europe. This makes the Bonn Agreement the oldest regional agreement in the world established by governments for jointly dealing with and responding to pollution incidents.\u0000 The first “Agreement for Cooperation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil” was signed in 1969 by the eight states bordering the North Sea: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. This was shortly after the oil tanker “Torrey Canyon” broke up off Cornwall in 1967 spilling 117 000 tonnes of oil in the first major pollution disaster affecting Western Europe. In 1983 the agreement was expanded to include “other harmful substances” as well as oil and the European Union became a Contracting Party. In 1989 the agreement was amended to include aerial surveillance. In 2010, Ireland was included and in 2019, at the 50'th anniversary, a new enlargement of the geographical scope was approved by including the Bay of Biscay through Spain's accession and a new task related to the monitoring of air pollution from ships was incorporated. The area of the Bonn Agreement now covers the Greater North Sea and its approaches, comprising most of the heavy density traffic area and oil fields in Western Europe.\u0000 During these 50 years, the cooperation has resulted in a number of achievements on different topics. Some of these are: - aerial surveillance and detection of marine pollution,- harmonized pollution reporting format,- common quantification of oil spills through the Bonn Agreement Oil Appearance Code,- systems for reimbursement of costs when rendering assistance as the Bonn Agreement provides for mutual assistance between Contracting Parties,- joint exercises,- information sharing on experiences and on research & development findings,- Bonn Agreement region-wide risk assessment through the BE-AWARE project.\u0000 In October 2019, the agreement's 50th anniversary was celebrated and a ministerial meeting was held. This paper will give an overview of the history, the achievements and the future for the Bonn Agreement.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79213759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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