Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141413
Yodi Satya
Among many discussions on effective response strategies during oil spill response operations at sea, this paper elaborates comprehensive information on oil spill combat strategy and lesson learnt from Balikpapan Spill incident. The author tries to shown the effectiveness of assessment and surveillance prior to oil spill response operation, oil spill response strategies and monitoring after oil spill response operation. The paper point out strategies used by OSCT Indonesia as National Oil Spill Response Organization on responding the oil spill incident. Focusing on taking tactical response according to experience gained from previous oil spill incident, the paper also mentions the importance of unified command between local authorities and company for easier coordination. Other than strategies and effective response, wildlife response become one of the difficulties faced onsite the field due to diverse wildlife and lack of wildlife response knowledge and trained experts. Learn from this recent oil spill experience, may enrich the knowledge on responding to such oil spill incident at similar condition and area.
{"title":"Oil Spill Combat Strategy & Lesson Learnt of Balikpapan Spill","authors":"Yodi Satya","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141413","url":null,"abstract":"Among many discussions on effective response strategies during oil spill response operations at sea, this paper elaborates comprehensive information on oil spill combat strategy and lesson learnt from Balikpapan Spill incident. The author tries to shown the effectiveness of assessment and surveillance prior to oil spill response operation, oil spill response strategies and monitoring after oil spill response operation. The paper point out strategies used by OSCT Indonesia as National Oil Spill Response Organization on responding the oil spill incident. Focusing on taking tactical response according to experience gained from previous oil spill incident, the paper also mentions the importance of unified command between local authorities and company for easier coordination. Other than strategies and effective response, wildlife response become one of the difficulties faced onsite the field due to diverse wildlife and lack of wildlife response knowledge and trained experts. Learn from this recent oil spill experience, may enrich the knowledge on responding to such oil spill incident at similar condition and area.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78452580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688626
E. Overton, Deepa Pangeni, Mark J Wilson, J. Wickliffe, Ahmad Y. Alqassim, Charles A Miller
Crude oil is a complex mixture that includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as one of its major components. The toxicity of some chemically substituted PAHs found in oil, such as the methylated species, are relatively understudied. A combination of chemical fractionation and analysis coupled with a bioassay was used to identify a subset of oil PAHs that activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Silica gel chromatography was used for primary and secondary oil fractionation, and standard and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the final fractionation steps. Both gas chromatography (GC-) and HPLC-coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) were used to separate and identify compounds present in the petroleum fractions. Bioactivity of the individual fractions was identified and measured using a recombinant yeast strain that expressed the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex (AHRC) transcription factor that is composed of human AHR and the ARNT proteins. AHRC activation by oil components results in expression of β-galactosidase, and readout from this enzymatic activity is proportional to the amount and potency of the compounds that activated the system. Silica gel separations produced 25–29 fractions that were assessed for bioactivity using the AHRC reporter system. Bioactivity peaked with the fractions that contained larger PAHs that included four ring compounds such as the triphenylenes, benzanthracenes, and chrysenes (MW 228 + additional methyl groups). When tested as individual compounds, the triphenylenes and benzanthracenes were less potent than the chrysenes, so the latter constituted more of the AHRC signaling activity in the oil fractions. The chrysenes in bioactive fractions were mixtures of the parent compound along with mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-methyl derivatives and other PAHs. The six possible mono-methylchrysenes were obtained and tested for AHRC activity and for their concentrations in oil. Chrysene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-methylchrysene were present, but 4- and 5-methylchrysene were not detected in the bioactive fractions of oil that were resolved by HPLC. When tested individually in the AHRC bioassay, 4-methylchrysene was the most potent ligand, and 5-methylchrysene was the least potent. Synthetic mixtures of PAHs were reconstructed based upon the chemical composition of one fraction with the high AHRC activity. Collectively, these data show that: 1) the six methylchrysene isomers are within an order of magnitude of chrysene in their ability to activate the AHRC bioassay; 2) although they are a minor group, the chrysene compounds in oil potently activate AHRC signaling; 3) chrysenes diminish as oil weathers, while triphenylenes of identical molecular weight persist, 4) this methodology can be useful for identification and characterization of the bioactivity of sub-fractions and individual compounds found in oil.
{"title":"Fractionation, Chemical Analysis, and In Vitro Testing Identify Bioactive Components in MC252 Crude Oil","authors":"E. Overton, Deepa Pangeni, Mark J Wilson, J. Wickliffe, Ahmad Y. Alqassim, Charles A Miller","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.688626","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Crude oil is a complex mixture that includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as one of its major components. The toxicity of some chemically substituted PAHs found in oil, such as the methylated species, are relatively understudied. A combination of chemical fractionation and analysis coupled with a bioassay was used to identify a subset of oil PAHs that activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Silica gel chromatography was used for primary and secondary oil fractionation, and standard and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for the final fractionation steps. Both gas chromatography (GC-) and HPLC-coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) were used to separate and identify compounds present in the petroleum fractions. Bioactivity of the individual fractions was identified and measured using a recombinant yeast strain that expressed the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex (AHRC) transcription factor that is composed of human AHR and the ARNT proteins. AHRC activation by oil components results in expression of β-galactosidase, and readout from this enzymatic activity is proportional to the amount and potency of the compounds that activated the system. Silica gel separations produced 25–29 fractions that were assessed for bioactivity using the AHRC reporter system. Bioactivity peaked with the fractions that contained larger PAHs that included four ring compounds such as the triphenylenes, benzanthracenes, and chrysenes (MW 228 + additional methyl groups). When tested as individual compounds, the triphenylenes and benzanthracenes were less potent than the chrysenes, so the latter constituted more of the AHRC signaling activity in the oil fractions. The chrysenes in bioactive fractions were mixtures of the parent compound along with mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-methyl derivatives and other PAHs. The six possible mono-methylchrysenes were obtained and tested for AHRC activity and for their concentrations in oil. Chrysene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-methylchrysene were present, but 4- and 5-methylchrysene were not detected in the bioactive fractions of oil that were resolved by HPLC. When tested individually in the AHRC bioassay, 4-methylchrysene was the most potent ligand, and 5-methylchrysene was the least potent. Synthetic mixtures of PAHs were reconstructed based upon the chemical composition of one fraction with the high AHRC activity. Collectively, these data show that: 1) the six methylchrysene isomers are within an order of magnitude of chrysene in their ability to activate the AHRC bioassay; 2) although they are a minor group, the chrysene compounds in oil potently activate AHRC signaling; 3) chrysenes diminish as oil weathers, while triphenylenes of identical molecular weight persist, 4) this methodology can be useful for identification and characterization of the bioactivity of sub-fractions and individual compounds found in oil.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80071706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141661
O. Iroakasi, E. Gundlach, Kabari Visigah, M. Bonte, F. Giadom, Sola Oladipo, Peter Lenu, P. Shekwolo, Vincent Nwabueze
The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) was effectively applied from 2015 to 2019 during the first stage (Phase 1) of assessment and cleanup of 1000 ha (2471 acres) of intertidal dead mangroves and oiled shorelines in Bodo, Eastern Niger Delta. New SCAT methods and Phase 1 cleanup criteria were developed to delineate oil levels very soft intertidal mud and to monitor clean up efforts. The end goal of Phase 1 was to reduce subsurface oiling less than 35% as visually observed on the water infilling a pit 25–40 cm deep. Oiling levels and cleanup status were documented at 1065 locations with heaviest oil concentrations found in soft muds lining the intertidal channels (2 m tide range). A large-scale chemical sampling program provided contemporaneous pit observations and measured hydrocarbons at 0–5 cm and 15–25 cm depths at 322 sites. There was poor conformance between hydrocarbon analyses and SCAT observations for surface sediments, but better conformance with subsurface chemistry as black and / or brown oil was clearly visible in the pits. Results of SCAT observations and chemical sampling show very high variations throughout the spill affected area and over short distances (5–10 m). A coring study at 30 sites to 2–3 m depths with chemical sampling indicated that oiling is primarily restricted to the upper 40 cm due to water saturated compact deeper sediments inhibiting oil penetration with depth. Lastly, SCAT developed and monitored a mangrove planting program. In spite of high oil levels (TPH over 40,000 at 6 of 7 sites), results from the first year show plant survival at 82% with 46% height growth of the surviving plants. The SCAT Phase 1 findings enabled the definition of the wider scope for remediation and revegetation of the former mangrove areas and will run through the life-cycle of the clean-up project. However, re-pollution remains a challenge to be managed to achieve success.
{"title":"SCAT Delineation of Oiling, Cleanup Verification, Chemical Sampling, Coring, and Mangrove Test Planting, Bodo, Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria","authors":"O. Iroakasi, E. Gundlach, Kabari Visigah, M. Bonte, F. Giadom, Sola Oladipo, Peter Lenu, P. Shekwolo, Vincent Nwabueze","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141661","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) was effectively applied from 2015 to 2019 during the first stage (Phase 1) of assessment and cleanup of 1000 ha (2471 acres) of intertidal dead mangroves and oiled shorelines in Bodo, Eastern Niger Delta.\u0000 New SCAT methods and Phase 1 cleanup criteria were developed to delineate oil levels very soft intertidal mud and to monitor clean up efforts. The end goal of Phase 1 was to reduce subsurface oiling less than 35% as visually observed on the water infilling a pit 25–40 cm deep. Oiling levels and cleanup status were documented at 1065 locations with heaviest oil concentrations found in soft muds lining the intertidal channels (2 m tide range).\u0000 A large-scale chemical sampling program provided contemporaneous pit observations and measured hydrocarbons at 0–5 cm and 15–25 cm depths at 322 sites. There was poor conformance between hydrocarbon analyses and SCAT observations for surface sediments, but better conformance with subsurface chemistry as black and / or brown oil was clearly visible in the pits. Results of SCAT observations and chemical sampling show very high variations throughout the spill affected area and over short distances (5–10 m).\u0000 A coring study at 30 sites to 2–3 m depths with chemical sampling indicated that oiling is primarily restricted to the upper 40 cm due to water saturated compact deeper sediments inhibiting oil penetration with depth.\u0000 Lastly, SCAT developed and monitored a mangrove planting program. In spite of high oil levels (TPH over 40,000 at 6 of 7 sites), results from the first year show plant survival at 82% with 46% height growth of the surviving plants. The SCAT Phase 1 findings enabled the definition of the wider scope for remediation and revegetation of the former mangrove areas and will run through the life-cycle of the clean-up project. However, re-pollution remains a challenge to be managed to achieve success.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80413835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.685724
P. J. Brandvik, Jørgen Skancke, R. Daae, K. Sørheim, P. Daling, K. H. Hofstad, Øystein Rantrud, T. McKeever
The low oil recovery rates reported during Macondo (3–5% of the released oil) have caused discussions regarding the efficiency of mechanical recovery compared to other oil spill response options. These low recovery rates have unfortunately been used as reference recovery rates in several later modelling studies and oil spill response analysis. Multiple factors could explain these low rates, such as operational priorities, where dispersants and/or in situ burning are given priority before mechanical recovery; extended safety zones; availability of adequate equipment and storage capacity of collected oil; the number of units available; the level of training and the available remote sensing support to guide operations. This study uses the OSCAR oil spill model to simulate a deep-water oil release to evaluate the effect of different response options both separately and in combination. The evaluated response options are subsea dispersant injection, mechanical recovery, and a combination of these. As expected, Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) was highly effective and resulted in a significant reduction in residual surface oil (8% of released oil volume, versus 28% for the non-response option, NR). However, using large offshore oil recovery systems also reduced residual surface oil with a similar amount (9% of released oil volume). These results deviate significantly from the efficiency numbers reported after the Macondo incident and from later modelling studies scaled after the Macondo recovery rates. The increased efficiency of mechanical reported in this study is mainly due to inclusion of updated descriptions of response capabilities, reduced exclusion zone, a more realistic representation of surface oil distribution and modelling of response units' interactions with oil, (efficient oil recovery only on thick parts of the oil slick). The response capabilities and efficiency numbers for the different response options used in this study are based on equipment specifications from multiple response providers and authorities (Norwegian Clean Seas organisation (NOFO), Oil Spill Response (OSRL), Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA), US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and others). These capabilities are justified by well-established contingency plans, offshore exercises and annual equipment performance testing with oil.
{"title":"Deepwater Response Options - a Modelling Study Comparing Subsea Dispersant Injection and Mechanical Recovery using residual surface oil as a simplified effectiveness indicator.","authors":"P. J. Brandvik, Jørgen Skancke, R. Daae, K. Sørheim, P. Daling, K. H. Hofstad, Øystein Rantrud, T. McKeever","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.685724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.685724","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The low oil recovery rates reported during Macondo (3–5% of the released oil) have caused discussions regarding the efficiency of mechanical recovery compared to other oil spill response options. These low recovery rates have unfortunately been used as reference recovery rates in several later modelling studies and oil spill response analysis. Multiple factors could explain these low rates, such as operational priorities, where dispersants and/or in situ burning are given priority before mechanical recovery; extended safety zones; availability of adequate equipment and storage capacity of collected oil; the number of units available; the level of training and the available remote sensing support to guide operations.\u0000 This study uses the OSCAR oil spill model to simulate a deep-water oil release to evaluate the effect of different response options both separately and in combination. The evaluated response options are subsea dispersant injection, mechanical recovery, and a combination of these.\u0000 As expected, Subsea Dispersant Injection (SSDI) was highly effective and resulted in a significant reduction in residual surface oil (8% of released oil volume, versus 28% for the non-response option, NR). However, using large offshore oil recovery systems also reduced residual surface oil with a similar amount (9% of released oil volume).\u0000 These results deviate significantly from the efficiency numbers reported after the Macondo incident and from later modelling studies scaled after the Macondo recovery rates. The increased efficiency of mechanical reported in this study is mainly due to inclusion of updated descriptions of response capabilities, reduced exclusion zone, a more realistic representation of surface oil distribution and modelling of response units' interactions with oil, (efficient oil recovery only on thick parts of the oil slick).\u0000 The response capabilities and efficiency numbers for the different response options used in this study are based on equipment specifications from multiple response providers and authorities (Norwegian Clean Seas organisation (NOFO), Oil Spill Response (OSRL), Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA), US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and others). These capabilities are justified by well-established contingency plans, offshore exercises and annual equipment performance testing with oil.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"335 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91420824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141234
E. Owens, E. Taylor, C. An, Zhi Chen, G. Danner, Stephan Gmur, Kenneth Lee
The coastal waters of Canada embrace a wide range of physical environments and ecosystems from the warm, sediment-rich waters of the Bay of Fundy to the nutrient-limited cold waters of the high Arctic. This range of biophysical characteristics impacts natural attenuation and weathering processes for oil stranded on shorelines. This study was conducted to: 1) identify and quantify the primary regional parameters that control shoreline oil translocation (removal) processes and pathways and 2) define the effectiveness and environmental consequences of current and potential oiled shoreline treatment strategies and tactics. A specific knowledge gap, here and elsewhere in the world, has been in understanding how the distribution and character of fine-grained sediments affect stranded oil attenuation. Fine-grained sediments (<1mm) can play a critical role in natural or induced (that is, shoreline treatment) oil dispersal. Shoreline sediment samples were collected and analyzed from representative locations on Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Ocean beaches to provide a broad geographic characterization of mineral fines at the regional level. This knowledge is the basis for an “Oiled Shoreline Response Program (SRP) Decision Support Tool” to aid spill scientists, students, environmental resource managers, spill responders and the public in understanding the response methods and the ramifications and consequences of their shoreline treatment options without the need to digest technical papers, large reports, or data bases. This MPRI SRP Decision Support Tool is intended to be a dynamic, interactive, multi-layered, geographically and seasonally-based model for shoreline oil spill response decision analyses. A goal of this interactive model is to move away from the traditional static format of learning from explanations in text reports and publications to an interactive tool that encourages its users to explore and fully understand the significance of the different environmental factors outlined in publications and data bases. Recent advances in web technology make this possible. The development of user interface platforms such as React, libraries such as D3, and notebook forms like Observable has created a palette of technologies that together make web application patterns such as Documodels a much more streamlined development process. The power of this medium is to convey a complex subject and to enable a user to grasp keen insights and so understand the consequences of intervention decisions.
{"title":"A Shoreline Response Program (SRP) Decision Support Tool based on the Geographic Variability in Attenuation and Weathering of Stranded Oil.","authors":"E. Owens, E. Taylor, C. An, Zhi Chen, G. Danner, Stephan Gmur, Kenneth Lee","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141234","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The coastal waters of Canada embrace a wide range of physical environments and ecosystems from the warm, sediment-rich waters of the Bay of Fundy to the nutrient-limited cold waters of the high Arctic. This range of biophysical characteristics impacts natural attenuation and weathering processes for oil stranded on shorelines. This study was conducted to: 1) identify and quantify the primary regional parameters that control shoreline oil translocation (removal) processes and pathways and 2) define the effectiveness and environmental consequences of current and potential oiled shoreline treatment strategies and tactics. A specific knowledge gap, here and elsewhere in the world, has been in understanding how the distribution and character of fine-grained sediments affect stranded oil attenuation. Fine-grained sediments (<1mm) can play a critical role in natural or induced (that is, shoreline treatment) oil dispersal. Shoreline sediment samples were collected and analyzed from representative locations on Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Ocean beaches to provide a broad geographic characterization of mineral fines at the regional level. This knowledge is the basis for an “Oiled Shoreline Response Program (SRP) Decision Support Tool” to aid spill scientists, students, environmental resource managers, spill responders and the public in understanding the response methods and the ramifications and consequences of their shoreline treatment options without the need to digest technical papers, large reports, or data bases. This MPRI SRP Decision Support Tool is intended to be a dynamic, interactive, multi-layered, geographically and seasonally-based model for shoreline oil spill response decision analyses. A goal of this interactive model is to move away from the traditional static format of learning from explanations in text reports and publications to an interactive tool that encourages its users to explore and fully understand the significance of the different environmental factors outlined in publications and data bases. Recent advances in web technology make this possible. The development of user interface platforms such as React, libraries such as D3, and notebook forms like Observable has created a palette of technologies that together make web application patterns such as Documodels a much more streamlined development process. The power of this medium is to convey a complex subject and to enable a user to grasp keen insights and so understand the consequences of intervention decisions.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"47 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89192564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141675
Nickolas Dyer
Advances in technology and a sustained demand for oil mean exploration is being driven into more remote, fragile environments (Ivshina et al, 2015). Therefore, the number of drilling campaigns in remote inland locations is set to increase, so we should be prepared for a corresponding increase in the number of spills. This changing risk profile should in-turn be reflected in the oil spill response organisation (OSRO) community. Whilst advances in offshore techniques and specialist equipment are plentiful, there appears to be scope for greater innovation in inland response. It is not uncommon for response plans to bear a close resemblance to those written in excess of 10 years ago, when the Macondo blow-out stimulated investment and a subsequent increase in offshore response capabilities. This apparent disparity is surprising given offshore responses tend to orientate round either traditional containment and recovery measures or the use of dispersants, in contrast with inland response tactics which are often subject to a higher degree of site specificity. There is a real appetite to add to the range of tactics available to OSROs. Precursors to change might include one or more of the following; field trials, better information sharing between response organisations and impressing upon manufacturers the potential value of developing proprietary inland spill equipment. This poster will explore some of the areas in inland response where there is scope for innovation.
技术的进步和对石油的持续需求意味着勘探正被推向更偏远、更脆弱的环境(Ivshina et al, 2015)。因此，偏远内陆地区的钻井活动数量将会增加，因此我们应该为泄漏数量的相应增加做好准备。这种不断变化的风险状况应该反过来反映在溢油应急组织(OSRO)社区中。虽然海上技术和专业设备的进步很多，但在内陆响应方面似乎还有更大的创新空间。响应计划与十多年前制定的计划非常相似，这并不罕见，当时Macondo井喷刺激了投资，随后增加了海上响应能力。这种明显的差异是令人惊讶的，因为海上的反应往往是围绕传统的遏制和恢复措施或分散剂的使用，而内陆的反应策略往往受到更高程度的现场特异性的影响。人们确实希望增加osro可用的战术范围。变更的前体可能包括以下一项或多项:现场试验，响应组织之间更好的信息共享，以及向制造商展示开发专有内陆泄漏设备的潜在价值。这张海报将探讨内陆响应中存在创新空间的一些领域。
{"title":"Innovation and Inland Oil Spill Response","authors":"Nickolas Dyer","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141675","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Advances in technology and a sustained demand for oil mean exploration is being driven into more remote, fragile environments (Ivshina et al, 2015). Therefore, the number of drilling campaigns in remote inland locations is set to increase, so we should be prepared for a corresponding increase in the number of spills. This changing risk profile should in-turn be reflected in the oil spill response organisation (OSRO) community.\u0000 Whilst advances in offshore techniques and specialist equipment are plentiful, there appears to be scope for greater innovation in inland response. It is not uncommon for response plans to bear a close resemblance to those written in excess of 10 years ago, when the Macondo blow-out stimulated investment and a subsequent increase in offshore response capabilities.\u0000 This apparent disparity is surprising given offshore responses tend to orientate round either traditional containment and recovery measures or the use of dispersants, in contrast with inland response tactics which are often subject to a higher degree of site specificity.\u0000 There is a real appetite to add to the range of tactics available to OSROs. Precursors to change might include one or more of the following; field trials, better information sharing between response organisations and impressing upon manufacturers the potential value of developing proprietary inland spill equipment. This poster will explore some of the areas in inland response where there is scope for innovation.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76942850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141655
Sarah Hall, David L. Rouse, Paul G. Foley, A. Montgomery
The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) response was unprecedented in scale and complexity. In addition to testing the limits of Industry's technical knowledge, it required a sustained response of personnel effort over several years. At the peak of the response, some 47,000+ responders were deployed across five states. For any future incident of similar scale the challenges of resourcing must be considered now, to ensure a timely, efficient and effective response can be achieved. Whilst the contribution of every responder is important, it is clear that some command and field roles are more critical than others. For these key roles there are a limited number of individuals with the knowledge, experience, credibility and personality to successfully take them on. Furthermore, accessing these individuals - having up-to-date contact details, maintaining business continuity and assuring their competency - is a challenge. Another common preparedness gap is that most exercises do not test the process for mobilising people past the first few days (thereby not learning lessons about the time it takes) or consider the challenge of putting people in place with the right skill set during a prolonged response. DWH was resourced using the ‘little black book' of contacts from oil spill response organisations (OSROs), Oil and Gas operators, scientific experts and the local communities. Whilst successful, there were lessons to learn from the approach. In the last 10 years the expectations from regulators, public and other stakeholders on the speed, transparency and effectiveness of response have multiplied. To meet these growing expectations a more robust and efficient way of putting the right people, in the right place at the right time is required. This poster discusses the merits and suggests a potential mechanism for a globally aligned mutual response network. Oil spill response cooperatives are ideally positioned to identify key roles, the people who could fill them, assure their capability and readiness, and address the barriers which slow down mobilisation such as agreeing contracting terms and rates. This poster will lay out the challenges that both Industry and OSROs face in resourcing the next industry defining spill. It will set out how an oil spill mutual response network answers these questions. It will also reinforce why collaboration and cooperation, key principles of Tiered Preparedness and Response, will continue to be the most efficient and effective way of accessing capability and maximising Industry's preparedness to respond to the next big incident.
{"title":"Resourcing the next industry defining spill","authors":"Sarah Hall, David L. Rouse, Paul G. Foley, A. Montgomery","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.1141655","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Deepwater Horizon (DWH) response was unprecedented in scale and complexity. In addition to testing the limits of Industry's technical knowledge, it required a sustained response of personnel effort over several years. At the peak of the response, some 47,000+ responders were deployed across five states. For any future incident of similar scale the challenges of resourcing must be considered now, to ensure a timely, efficient and effective response can be achieved.\u0000 Whilst the contribution of every responder is important, it is clear that some command and field roles are more critical than others. For these key roles there are a limited number of individuals with the knowledge, experience, credibility and personality to successfully take them on. Furthermore, accessing these individuals - having up-to-date contact details, maintaining business continuity and assuring their competency - is a challenge.\u0000 Another common preparedness gap is that most exercises do not test the process for mobilising people past the first few days (thereby not learning lessons about the time it takes) or consider the challenge of putting people in place with the right skill set during a prolonged response. DWH was resourced using the ‘little black book' of contacts from oil spill response organisations (OSROs), Oil and Gas operators, scientific experts and the local communities. Whilst successful, there were lessons to learn from the approach.\u0000 In the last 10 years the expectations from regulators, public and other stakeholders on the speed, transparency and effectiveness of response have multiplied. To meet these growing expectations a more robust and efficient way of putting the right people, in the right place at the right time is required. This poster discusses the merits and suggests a potential mechanism for a globally aligned mutual response network.\u0000 Oil spill response cooperatives are ideally positioned to identify key roles, the people who could fill them, assure their capability and readiness, and address the barriers which slow down mobilisation such as agreeing contracting terms and rates. This poster will lay out the challenges that both Industry and OSROs face in resourcing the next industry defining spill. It will set out how an oil spill mutual response network answers these questions. It will also reinforce why collaboration and cooperation, key principles of Tiered Preparedness and Response, will continue to be the most efficient and effective way of accessing capability and maximising Industry's preparedness to respond to the next big incident.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78902215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689320
Rebecca J. Brooks
The U.S. National Response Team promulgated an interagency guidance document entitled “Abandoned Vessel Authorities and Best Practices Guidance” (AVG) in 2014 to address a myriad of questions that the Federal On-Scene Coordinators and broader response community tend to face when mitigating threats caused by abandoned or derelict vessels. This document compiles information surrounding existing laws, policies, and best practices to inform and advise responders without bogging them down in “legalese” or forcing them to search from document to document to find all the relevant information. In the aftermath of the 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season and associated responses, the National Response Team tasked its Preparedness Committee to reopen the 2014 AVG to ensure the document addressed the challenges that were brought to light amid the responses. The Committee chartered a working group to systematically review and update this document and incorporate the latest pertinent policy changes, including those from Federal Emergency Management Agency to ensure that it most thoroughly addressed the gamut of issues a responder may come up against in the arena of abandoned (or derelict, or displaced) vessel management. The updated AVG was completed and approved by the NRT in 2020 and is posted to the NRT website. Major updates include: Considerations for long-term storage and disposal;Clarification on foreign-flagged vessel nuances;Information for responders to consider regarding contaminants other than those covered under NCP/ESF constructs (e.g. if typical response authorities do not cover a scenario, what options might the responder still leverage);An additional section addressing nuances of managing multiple vessel casualties at once, either due to a natural disaster or an act or omission from a third party; andImportant differences between National Contingency Plan and Stafford Act funded/organized responses. This paper dives into the rationale for making changes, the benefits of additions made, the processes and methodologies for undertaking updates, and major elements of the AVG to provide a snapshot of the guidance it affords the reader.
{"title":"Update to U.S. National Response Team's Abandoned Vessels Authorities and Best Practices Guidance","authors":"Rebecca J. Brooks","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.689320","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The U.S. National Response Team promulgated an interagency guidance document entitled “Abandoned Vessel Authorities and Best Practices Guidance” (AVG) in 2014 to address a myriad of questions that the Federal On-Scene Coordinators and broader response community tend to face when mitigating threats caused by abandoned or derelict vessels. This document compiles information surrounding existing laws, policies, and best practices to inform and advise responders without bogging them down in “legalese” or forcing them to search from document to document to find all the relevant information. In the aftermath of the 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season and associated responses, the National Response Team tasked its Preparedness Committee to reopen the 2014 AVG to ensure the document addressed the challenges that were brought to light amid the responses. The Committee chartered a working group to systematically review and update this document and incorporate the latest pertinent policy changes, including those from Federal Emergency Management Agency to ensure that it most thoroughly addressed the gamut of issues a responder may come up against in the arena of abandoned (or derelict, or displaced) vessel management. The updated AVG was completed and approved by the NRT in 2020 and is posted to the NRT website. Major updates include: Considerations for long-term storage and disposal;Clarification on foreign-flagged vessel nuances;Information for responders to consider regarding contaminants other than those covered under NCP/ESF constructs (e.g. if typical response authorities do not cover a scenario, what options might the responder still leverage);An additional section addressing nuances of managing multiple vessel casualties at once, either due to a natural disaster or an act or omission from a third party; andImportant differences between National Contingency Plan and Stafford Act funded/organized responses.\u0000 This paper dives into the rationale for making changes, the benefits of additions made, the processes and methodologies for undertaking updates, and major elements of the AVG to provide a snapshot of the guidance it affords the reader.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81468411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.690419
Sebay Janet Bintu Momoh, B. Bassey
The demand for crude oil and petroleum products have subsequently led to an increase in the likelihood of occurrence of oil spills. It is therefore imperative to understand the impacts of these spills on humans and the environment. Developing appropriate oil spill response and remediation techniques can be achieved by understanding the fate and likely trajectory of different types of oils, once they come in contact with the sea surface. Though still at the nascent stage of oil and gas exploration, the Sierra Leone basin is known to hold large undeveloped hydrocarbon reserves which are being exploited with the aim of contributing to national development. With the availability of oil spill modelling tools, and owing to the fact that environmental conditions vary over time, there is the need to carry out routine studies on the likely behavior of a spill offshore Sierra Leone. This study aims to develop a prediction model that would aid in understanding the fate, trajectory and uncertainties of oil spilled on Sierra Leone waters in the dry, rainy, and harmattan seasons. In order to analyze the trajectory of a spill in the Sierra Leone basin, the GNOME software was used. Furthermore, ADIOS2 was also employed to analyze the weathering processes of the spill. The results obtained from GNOME showed that during the dry and rainy seasons, approximately 15% of oil would be stranded on the shores of Sierra Leone, within three – five days. Owing to the permanently warm water temperatures in the Gulf of Guinea basin, a high percentage of the oil is expected to evaporate and disperse within few days of the spill. The weathering models from ADIOS2 reveal that 34% of oil would be lost to evaporation in the dry season, and 36% and 38% will be lost in the rainy and harmattan seasons respectively. Furthermore, it can be seen that dispersion accounts for 2.5% of oil lost in the dry season, 7.8% during the rainy season and 6.2% in the harmattan period. Within 5-days, ADIOS2 reveals a stable water-in-oil emulsion, leading to an increase in viscosity and density. Airborne benzene concentration is expected to be high on the first day of the spill, but would decrease as the days go by. Based on these results, it is recommended that oil spill response personnel are professionally trained, and equipment must be available to respond to spills in a timely and efficient manner.
{"title":"Oil Spill Fate and Trajectory Simulation for Sierra Leone's Offshore Exploration Basin, Using the Savanah-1X Well as the Focal Point","authors":"Sebay Janet Bintu Momoh, B. Bassey","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.690419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.690419","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The demand for crude oil and petroleum products have subsequently led to an increase in the likelihood of occurrence of oil spills. It is therefore imperative to understand the impacts of these spills on humans and the environment. Developing appropriate oil spill response and remediation techniques can be achieved by understanding the fate and likely trajectory of different types of oils, once they come in contact with the sea surface. Though still at the nascent stage of oil and gas exploration, the Sierra Leone basin is known to hold large undeveloped hydrocarbon reserves which are being exploited with the aim of contributing to national development. With the availability of oil spill modelling tools, and owing to the fact that environmental conditions vary over time, there is the need to carry out routine studies on the likely behavior of a spill offshore Sierra Leone. This study aims to develop a prediction model that would aid in understanding the fate, trajectory and uncertainties of oil spilled on Sierra Leone waters in the dry, rainy, and harmattan seasons. In order to analyze the trajectory of a spill in the Sierra Leone basin, the GNOME software was used. Furthermore, ADIOS2 was also employed to analyze the weathering processes of the spill. The results obtained from GNOME showed that during the dry and rainy seasons, approximately 15% of oil would be stranded on the shores of Sierra Leone, within three – five days. Owing to the permanently warm water temperatures in the Gulf of Guinea basin, a high percentage of the oil is expected to evaporate and disperse within few days of the spill. The weathering models from ADIOS2 reveal that 34% of oil would be lost to evaporation in the dry season, and 36% and 38% will be lost in the rainy and harmattan seasons respectively. Furthermore, it can be seen that dispersion accounts for 2.5% of oil lost in the dry season, 7.8% during the rainy season and 6.2% in the harmattan period. Within 5-days, ADIOS2 reveals a stable water-in-oil emulsion, leading to an increase in viscosity and density. Airborne benzene concentration is expected to be high on the first day of the spill, but would decrease as the days go by. Based on these results, it is recommended that oil spill response personnel are professionally trained, and equipment must be available to respond to spills in a timely and efficient manner.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81478912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687506
James D. Burroughs, A. Myers
Responding to a Source Control event requires a significant amount of resources, both in terms of engineering complexity and skilled personnel. The pool of available hardware is ever increasing, not only in quantity but in operational complexity. Service providers store and maintain a range of equipment, including capping stacks, subsea dispersant application tooling, technology to allow landing of capping stacks in shallow water and flowback systems. To mount a response, it is highly likely that these assets would be mobilised from various global locations. It would also require the support from many organisations with expertise in various fields. Industry has invested significantly in workshops and exercises to test and continuously improve the service provisions in place. This paper aims to: Re-visit industry led source control exercises completed to date and identify the impact they have had on preparednessDiscuss key developments industry is taking to tackle complex planning activity, including regional expertise forumsWork through the core subjects that require industry collaboration to develop a successful Source Control Emergency Response Plan (SCERP - detailed below) Industry led exercises & workshops have identified several key items that require detailed analysis to develop a successful SCERP: Response Time Modelling – understanding and planning complex supply chain requirementsResource mapping – identifying global experts who can provide engineering, modelling and operational supportMutual aid – in the event of a mobilisation, how can industry work together to ensure the most experienced people can work collaborativelyEquipment fabrication – whilst there is a range of hardware available, certain scenarios will require the fabrication of specific equipment. How can this be managed and pre-planned?Exercising and testing – how can the above subjects be effectively tested, with industry maximising experience and ensuring continuous development of lessons learned This paper will explore the steps industry has taken to methodically work through these challenges to ensure that preparedness remains a high priority. The range of industry developed guidelines that have also been developed to act as a handrail for planning purposes will be discussed. Whilst planning and executing Source Control exercises can take a significant amount of time and investment, the lessons learned, and experience gained is invaluable not only directly to industry, but wider support organisations (i.e. logistics providers). It is paramount that these lessons are built on and the experience gained is maintained for the future.
{"title":"How Industry Collaboration Can Manage an Effective Source Control Emergency Response","authors":"James D. Burroughs, A. Myers","doi":"10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2021.1.687506","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Responding to a Source Control event requires a significant amount of resources, both in terms of engineering complexity and skilled personnel. The pool of available hardware is ever increasing, not only in quantity but in operational complexity. Service providers store and maintain a range of equipment, including capping stacks, subsea dispersant application tooling, technology to allow landing of capping stacks in shallow water and flowback systems. To mount a response, it is highly likely that these assets would be mobilised from various global locations. It would also require the support from many organisations with expertise in various fields. Industry has invested significantly in workshops and exercises to test and continuously improve the service provisions in place. This paper aims to: Re-visit industry led source control exercises completed to date and identify the impact they have had on preparednessDiscuss key developments industry is taking to tackle complex planning activity, including regional expertise forumsWork through the core subjects that require industry collaboration to develop a successful Source Control Emergency Response Plan (SCERP - detailed below)\u0000 Industry led exercises & workshops have identified several key items that require detailed analysis to develop a successful SCERP: Response Time Modelling – understanding and planning complex supply chain requirementsResource mapping – identifying global experts who can provide engineering, modelling and operational supportMutual aid – in the event of a mobilisation, how can industry work together to ensure the most experienced people can work collaborativelyEquipment fabrication – whilst there is a range of hardware available, certain scenarios will require the fabrication of specific equipment. How can this be managed and pre-planned?Exercising and testing – how can the above subjects be effectively tested, with industry maximising experience and ensuring continuous development of lessons learned\u0000 This paper will explore the steps industry has taken to methodically work through these challenges to ensure that preparedness remains a high priority. The range of industry developed guidelines that have also been developed to act as a handrail for planning purposes will be discussed.\u0000 Whilst planning and executing Source Control exercises can take a significant amount of time and investment, the lessons learned, and experience gained is invaluable not only directly to industry, but wider support organisations (i.e. logistics providers). It is paramount that these lessons are built on and the experience gained is maintained for the future.","PeriodicalId":14447,"journal":{"name":"International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85999116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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