Pub Date : 2020-11-06DOI: 10.23937/2469-567x/1510070
V. Alice, Singh Naveen Kumar, Chattopadhyay Debasish
Background: Tuberculin skin testing (TST) response as a predictive tool for development of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected subjects, is likely to be more valuable at early stage of illness in order to adapt timely management strategy. Earlier reports on HIV-1 infected blood donors with history of oral iron intake and biochemical evidence of iron overload documented development of high incidence of PT on follow up. Methods: A group of HIV-1 infected asymptomatic blood donors, belonging to replacement or voluntary categories, were subjected to TST and anergy testing using a commercial panel of recall antigens along with estimation of serum iron parameters, peripheral CD4+ T cell count, plasma viral load and assessment of in vitro production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to PHA, BCG and PPD. Results: The replacement category of donors showed biochemical evidence of iron overload with high proportion (60%) demonstrating negative TST response on initial testing at enrollment but positive response on repeat testing after 2-3 weeks (boosting) or after 1 year (conversion) consequent to normalization of iron parameters. However, such initial negative TST response at enrollment in donors showing boosting or conversion was not associated with evidence of anergy to recall antigens but corroborated with impaired IFN-γ production by PBMC to PPD challenge that could be reversed on addition of exogeneous recombinant interleukin 12 (rIL-12). Majority (63.6%) of replacement donors showing boosting reaction or conversion developed PT on follow up. Conclusion: Subclinical iron overload may mask TST response due to impaired production of IFN-γ by PBMC to M. tuberculosis specific antigens that could be related to inadequate cooperation of IL-12 from macrophages. Such masking of TST associated with iron overload may hamper predictive value of TST for future development of PT.
背景:结核菌素皮肤试验(TST)反应作为人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)感染者肺结核(PT)发展的预测工具，在疾病早期可能更有价值，以便及时采取管理策略。早期关于有口服铁摄入史和铁超载生化证据的HIV-1感染献血者的报告在随访中记录了PT的高发。方法:一组HIV-1感染的无症状供血者，属于替代或自愿类别，接受TST和能量测试，使用商业召回抗原，同时估计血清铁参数，外周血CD4+ T细胞计数，血浆病毒载量和评估外周血单核细胞(PBMC)对PHA, BCG和PPD的反应体外产生干扰素γ (IFN-γ)。结果:替代供体类别显示铁超载的生化证据，高比例(60%)的供体在入组时首次检测TST呈阴性反应，但在2-3周(增强)或1年后(转换)的铁参数正常化后重复检测呈阳性反应。然而，在供体入组时，这种最初的TST阴性反应显示出增强或转化，与回忆抗原的能力无关，但证实了PBMC对PPD攻击产生的IFN-γ受损，这可以通过添加外源性重组白细胞介素12 (il -12)来逆转。大多数(63.6%)替代供者在随访中表现出增强反应或转化为PT。结论:亚临床铁超载可能掩盖TST反应，这是由于PBMC对结核杆菌特异性抗原IFN-γ的产生受损，这可能与巨噬细胞IL-12的不充分合作有关。这种与铁超载相关的TST掩盖可能会妨碍TST对未来PT发展的预测价值。
{"title":"False Negative Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) Response in Asymptomatic HIV-1 Infected Blood Donors with Subclinical Iron Overload Developing High Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis on Follow Up","authors":"V. Alice, Singh Naveen Kumar, Chattopadhyay Debasish","doi":"10.23937/2469-567x/1510070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-567x/1510070","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculin skin testing (TST) response as a predictive tool for development of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) infected subjects, is likely to be more valuable at early stage of illness in order to adapt timely management strategy. Earlier reports on HIV-1 infected blood donors with history of oral iron intake and biochemical evidence of iron overload documented development of high incidence of PT on follow up. Methods: A group of HIV-1 infected asymptomatic blood donors, belonging to replacement or voluntary categories, were subjected to TST and anergy testing using a commercial panel of recall antigens along with estimation of serum iron parameters, peripheral CD4+ T cell count, plasma viral load and assessment of in vitro production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to PHA, BCG and PPD. Results: The replacement category of donors showed biochemical evidence of iron overload with high proportion (60%) demonstrating negative TST response on initial testing at enrollment but positive response on repeat testing after 2-3 weeks (boosting) or after 1 year (conversion) consequent to normalization of iron parameters. However, such initial negative TST response at enrollment in donors showing boosting or conversion was not associated with evidence of anergy to recall antigens but corroborated with impaired IFN-γ production by PBMC to PPD challenge that could be reversed on addition of exogeneous recombinant interleukin 12 (rIL-12). Majority (63.6%) of replacement donors showing boosting reaction or conversion developed PT on follow up. Conclusion: Subclinical iron overload may mask TST response due to impaired production of IFN-γ by PBMC to M. tuberculosis specific antigens that could be related to inadequate cooperation of IL-12 from macrophages. Such masking of TST associated with iron overload may hamper predictive value of TST for future development of PT.","PeriodicalId":14458,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virology and AIDS","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78790273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-05DOI: 10.23937/2469-567x/1510069
Katbi Moses, O. AdedoyinAdefisayo, Bello Maryam, Adegboye Adeoye, A. Oluwatosin, Kalaiwo Abiye, K. Kent, F. Iyiola, Alamu Tolu, Swomen Homsuk, O. Bartholomew, R. Michele, Abubakar Abdulmalik
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.23937/2469-567x/1510067
Abebe Gedif Meseret
Infectious viral diseases are the never-ending challenge that can emerge or re-emerge in unpredictable regions and at unpredictable times. Human beings are facing an intractable problem in unexpected time and place due to these viral diseases. Human, ecological, and viral related factors are the contributing factors in the emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. Travel, mass gathering, urbanization, fragile or deteriorated health systems, weak disease surveillance system, limited laboratory diagnostic capacity, war, migration, poor hygienic practice, illegal animal trade, hunting and eating infected animals are among human-re-lated factors that contribute in emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. Deforestation, climate change, invasion of animal habitats, the building of dams and intensive agricultural practice are contributing factors to the emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. The last but not least risk factor for emergence or re-emergence of infectious viral disease is the virus-related factors. RNA viruses are deadly pathogens since they are evolving rapidly in any hostile conditions and exhibit error-prone gene replication. Mutation, reassortment, and recombination at-tributed to high evolution rate. Among many RNA viruses, coronaviruses are enveloped, helical with large, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome, and contain club-shaped surface proteins called spikes. Among many coronaviruses, the current temerged coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can be considered as an “inferno” which aims to damage human beings irrespective of wealth, education-al status, color, race, gender, religion, and class. This newly emerged virus has a detrimental impact on the economy, health, tourism, social interaction, education, religion, labor, markets, transportation, and human freedom, and in general, every sector is disrupted by COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, contributing factors, and a brief overview is also given to coronaviruses with especial emphasis to COVID-19.
{"title":"Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases: The Case of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19)","authors":"Abebe Gedif Meseret","doi":"10.23937/2469-567x/1510067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-567x/1510067","url":null,"abstract":"Infectious viral diseases are the never-ending challenge that can emerge or re-emerge in unpredictable regions and at unpredictable times. Human beings are facing an intractable problem in unexpected time and place due to these viral diseases. Human, ecological, and viral related factors are the contributing factors in the emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. Travel, mass gathering, urbanization, fragile or deteriorated health systems, weak disease surveillance system, limited laboratory diagnostic capacity, war, migration, poor hygienic practice, illegal animal trade, hunting and eating infected animals are among human-re-lated factors that contribute in emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. Deforestation, climate change, invasion of animal habitats, the building of dams and intensive agricultural practice are contributing factors to the emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious disease. The last but not least risk factor for emergence or re-emergence of infectious viral disease is the virus-related factors. RNA viruses are deadly pathogens since they are evolving rapidly in any hostile conditions and exhibit error-prone gene replication. Mutation, reassortment, and recombination at-tributed to high evolution rate. Among many RNA viruses, coronaviruses are enveloped, helical with large, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome, and contain club-shaped surface proteins called spikes. Among many coronaviruses, the current temerged coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can be considered as an “inferno” which aims to damage human beings irrespective of wealth, education-al status, color, race, gender, religion, and class. This newly emerged virus has a detrimental impact on the economy, health, tourism, social interaction, education, religion, labor, markets, transportation, and human freedom, and in general, every sector is disrupted by COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, contributing factors, and a brief overview is also given to coronaviruses with especial emphasis to COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":14458,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virology and AIDS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84134849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-20DOI: 10.23937/2469-567x/1510065
S. Nimesh, S. Bharat, Mehta Abhay, S. Sandeep, P. Archna
A coronavirus infection that was discovered in early 2019 has already hampered the world’s purpose so far. The number of infectious cases has grown worldwide to 35 lakhs and so the outbreak has been described as a pandemic by the planet’s health organization, but there have not been any “specific drugs” or vaccines available to date. Relevant reports have identified a novel coronavirus with 80% homology with SARS. So there are few indications available when other countries are using the antiviral drug Remdesivir. The specific antiviral drug regimen for the treatment of patients with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been proven. Remdecivir (GS-5734), a nucleoside analog product, has inhibitory effects on pathogenic animal and human coronaviruses including acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro , and Middle East respiratory syndrome, NiR. -1, and SARS-CoV-2 replication in animal models.
{"title":"A Review on Remdesivir: An Alternative Antiviral Drug to Fight against COVID-19","authors":"S. Nimesh, S. Bharat, Mehta Abhay, S. Sandeep, P. Archna","doi":"10.23937/2469-567x/1510065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-567x/1510065","url":null,"abstract":"A coronavirus infection that was discovered in early 2019 has already hampered the world’s purpose so far. The number of infectious cases has grown worldwide to 35 lakhs and so the outbreak has been described as a pandemic by the planet’s health organization, but there have not been any “specific drugs” or vaccines available to date. Relevant reports have identified a novel coronavirus with 80% homology with SARS. So there are few indications available when other countries are using the antiviral drug Remdesivir. The specific antiviral drug regimen for the treatment of patients with acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been proven. Remdecivir (GS-5734), a nucleoside analog product, has inhibitory effects on pathogenic animal and human coronaviruses including acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro , and Middle East respiratory syndrome, NiR. -1, and SARS-CoV-2 replication in animal models.","PeriodicalId":14458,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virology and AIDS","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80789657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-20DOI: 10.23937/2469-567x/1510064
S. Nimesh, S. Bharat, Mehta Abhay, S. Sandeep, P. Archna
WHO declared SARS-CoV-2 a worldwide pandemic. The ambitions of this paper are to assess if there is any affiliation between mean levels of diet D in various countries and cases respectively mortality because of COVID-19. Low vitamin d repute in winter allows viral epidemics. During iciness, those who do not take nutrition d supplements are possibly to have low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH)D] concentrations. Nutrition D can reduce the chance of viral epidemics and pandemics in numerous approaches. First, better 25 (OH)D concentrations lessen the chance of many continual illnesses, together with cancers, cardiovascular sickness, continual Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs), diabetes mellitus, and high blood pressure. Patients with continual sicknesses have a drastically higher threat of dying from RTIs than otherwise wholesome human beings. In the 2D, nutrition D reduces the risk of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTIs) through three mechanisms: keeping tight junctions, killing enveloped viruses through induction of cathelicidin and defensins, and reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines by means of the innate immune machine, thereby decreasing the hazard of a cytokine hurricane leading to pneumonia. Observational and supplementation trials have pronounced higher 25 (OH)D concentrations associated with decreased threat of dengue, hepatitis, herpes virus, hepatitis b, and c viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, breathing syncytial virus infections, and pneumonia. Effects of a community discipline trial pronounced herein indicated that 25 (OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/ml (125 nmol/l) vs. <20 ng/ml have been associated with a 27% discount in influenza- like ailments. From the available evidence, we hypothesize that raising serum 25 (OH)D concentrations through nutrition d supplementation may want to lessen the occurrence, severity, and chance of dying from influenza, pneumonia, and the cutting-edge COVID-19 epidemic.
{"title":"Vitamin D: A Review and Proposed Evidence for Treatment or Prevention in COVID-19","authors":"S. Nimesh, S. Bharat, Mehta Abhay, S. Sandeep, P. Archna","doi":"10.23937/2469-567x/1510064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-567x/1510064","url":null,"abstract":"WHO declared SARS-CoV-2 a worldwide pandemic. The ambitions of this paper are to assess if there is any affiliation between mean levels of \u0000diet D in various countries and cases respectively mortality because of COVID-19. Low vitamin d repute in winter allows viral epidemics. During \u0000iciness, those who do not take nutrition d supplements are possibly to have low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH)D] concentrations. Nutrition \u0000D can reduce the chance of viral epidemics and pandemics in numerous approaches. First, better 25 (OH)D concentrations lessen the chance of \u0000many continual illnesses, together with cancers, cardiovascular sickness, continual Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs), diabetes mellitus, and high \u0000blood pressure. Patients with continual sicknesses have a drastically higher threat of dying from RTIs than otherwise wholesome human beings. \u0000In the 2D, nutrition D reduces the risk of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTIs) through three mechanisms: keeping tight junctions, killing \u0000enveloped viruses through induction of cathelicidin and defensins, and reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines by means of the \u0000innate immune machine, thereby decreasing the hazard of a cytokine hurricane leading to pneumonia. Observational and supplementation trials \u0000have pronounced higher 25 (OH)D concentrations associated with decreased threat of dengue, hepatitis, herpes virus, hepatitis b, and c viruses, \u0000human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, breathing syncytial virus infections, and pneumonia. Effects of a community discipline trial pronounced \u0000herein indicated that 25 (OH)D concentrations above 50 ng/ml (125 nmol/l) vs. <20 ng/ml have been associated with a 27% discount in influenza- \u0000like ailments. From the available evidence, we hypothesize that raising serum 25 (OH)D concentrations through nutrition d supplementation may \u0000want to lessen the occurrence, severity, and chance of dying from influenza, pneumonia, and the cutting-edge COVID-19 epidemic.","PeriodicalId":14458,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virology and AIDS","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79670610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-20DOI: 10.23937/2469-567x/1510062
T. Constantin, F. Thibau, Ngoufack Marie Nicole, Yatchou Leaticia Grace, Bonsi Salomon Tchuandom, Djang Jean Olivier Ngono, A. E. Philemon, Kuiate Jules-Rogers, Ndjolo Alexis, Nguefeu Céline Nkenfou
Introduction: Serodiscordant HIV couples are an important source of HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa. To limit the transmission of HIV within couples, UNAIDS has defined many strategies, including unconditional treatment of the infected partner, systematic condom use, assisted reproduction, regular screening of the negative partner. In Cameroon, there is little information on the follow up of HIV serodiscordant and seroconcordant couples. The purpose of this work was to describe risky behaviors within serodiscordant couples. Method: This cohort study was conducted in five health facilities. The data were collected using a survey form and the blood collected was used to test consenting participants for HIV, HbsAg, HCV, syphilis, and chlamydia. Data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 6 software. Results: Eighteen seroconcordant and fifty tree serodiscordant couples agreed to participate in the study, where women were predominantly infected (56.66%). Serodiscordance was known for 64 months on average. Among serodiscordant couples, 86.79% infected partners were on ARV treatment, among them 10/46 (15.22%) stopped treatment. Sexual relationship existed in 50/53 couples, with non-systematic use of condom in 44 couples (83.01%). Extramarital relationships were reported in 10 of the 23 serodiscordant couples (56.60%) with libido disorders. HBsAg was most present in HIV infected women (11.32 %) while, HIV-uninfected men were most infected with viral hepatitis C (7. 55 %). Conclusion: This work has highlighted many risky behaviors in serodiscordant couples. It remains essential to provide continuous counselling to serodiscordant couples and to associate systematic STI screening in all cases of HIV/ AIDS serodiscordance.
{"title":"Risky Behaviors among HIV Serodiscordant and Seroconcordant Couples in Yaounde-Cameroon","authors":"T. Constantin, F. Thibau, Ngoufack Marie Nicole, Yatchou Leaticia Grace, Bonsi Salomon Tchuandom, Djang Jean Olivier Ngono, A. E. Philemon, Kuiate Jules-Rogers, Ndjolo Alexis, Nguefeu Céline Nkenfou","doi":"10.23937/2469-567x/1510062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23937/2469-567x/1510062","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Serodiscordant HIV couples are an important source of HIV spread in sub-Saharan Africa. To limit the transmission of HIV within couples, UNAIDS has defined many strategies, including unconditional treatment of the infected partner, systematic condom use, assisted reproduction, regular screening of the negative partner. In Cameroon, there is little information on the follow up of HIV serodiscordant and seroconcordant couples. The purpose of this work was to describe risky behaviors within serodiscordant couples. Method: This cohort study was conducted in five health facilities. The data were collected using a survey form and the blood collected was used to test consenting participants for HIV, HbsAg, HCV, syphilis, and chlamydia. Data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 6 software. Results: Eighteen seroconcordant and fifty tree serodiscordant couples agreed to participate in the study, where women were predominantly infected (56.66%). Serodiscordance was known for 64 months on average. Among serodiscordant couples, 86.79% infected partners were on ARV treatment, among them 10/46 (15.22%) stopped treatment. Sexual relationship existed in 50/53 couples, with non-systematic use of condom in 44 couples (83.01%). Extramarital relationships were reported in 10 of the 23 serodiscordant couples (56.60%) with libido disorders. HBsAg was most present in HIV infected women (11.32 %) while, HIV-uninfected men were most infected with viral hepatitis C (7. 55 %). Conclusion: This work has highlighted many risky behaviors in serodiscordant couples. It remains essential to provide continuous counselling to serodiscordant couples and to associate systematic STI screening in all cases of HIV/ AIDS serodiscordance.","PeriodicalId":14458,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virology and AIDS","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85682742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The disease COVID-19 is caused by a novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, China The disease has become pandemic, spreading in more than 213 countries The first report on COVID-19 in India was recorded on 30th January, 2020 Other countries, i e , Russia, Spain, Brazil, UK, Italy, Turkey and Iran also recorded their first cases either on the same day or later India being the most populated country with 17 7% of the total population of the world, the number of cases recorded in India was 106,886 as of 20th May, 2020 However, in other countries, infection exceeded the number than India with their meager population Researchers throughout the world developed an interest to know the reasons in the containment of the disease in India The aim of this study is to provide an insight on the role of non-pharmacological factors in the containment of COVID-19 in India The perspectives on the role of the factors like air handling systems, mode of transport, nutritional facts and traditional medicine which are unique to India are highlighted The role of insects like cockroaches and housefly in spreading the virus and other body fluids of an infected person is also highlighted It concludes the importance of conducting the studies on the airborne spread of the virus, role of insects and body fluids of the infected subjects in spreading the disease It is recommended to conduct joint studies representing different geographical zones at the International level Bringing policies in the containment of SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as for other microbes in all countries is recommended
{"title":"Non Pharmacological Factors in Containment of COVID-19 Virus in India: An Insight","authors":"Udaya Prakash Ny, Bhuvaneswari Srinivasan","doi":"10.3923/ijv.2020.16.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3923/ijv.2020.16.22","url":null,"abstract":"The disease COVID-19 is caused by a novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 from Wuhan, China The disease has become pandemic, spreading in more than 213 countries The first report on COVID-19 in India was recorded on 30th January, 2020 Other countries, i e , Russia, Spain, Brazil, UK, Italy, Turkey and Iran also recorded their first cases either on the same day or later India being the most populated country with 17 7% of the total population of the world, the number of cases recorded in India was 106,886 as of 20th May, 2020 However, in other countries, infection exceeded the number than India with their meager population Researchers throughout the world developed an interest to know the reasons in the containment of the disease in India The aim of this study is to provide an insight on the role of non-pharmacological factors in the containment of COVID-19 in India The perspectives on the role of the factors like air handling systems, mode of transport, nutritional facts and traditional medicine which are unique to India are highlighted The role of insects like cockroaches and housefly in spreading the virus and other body fluids of an infected person is also highlighted It concludes the importance of conducting the studies on the airborne spread of the virus, role of insects and body fluids of the infected subjects in spreading the disease It is recommended to conduct joint studies representing different geographical zones at the International level Bringing policies in the containment of SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as for other microbes in all countries is recommended","PeriodicalId":14458,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Virology and AIDS","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87665119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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