Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.449
B. Mohsenzadeh, M. Deevband, R. Paydar, M. Ghorbani
Background: The present study aimed to investigate patient dose in common X-ray examinations to estimate effective dose in the digital radiography in Iran. Materials and Methods: Entrance surface dose (ESD) was measured based on applied exposure parameters for the common actual examination; and then effective dose (ED) was calculated by use of PCXMC software. The study was conducted on 15358 patients in 85 X-ray rooms; and the necessary data was collected for five age groups, 0-1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years, 10-15 years old and adults in each projection. Results: The ranges of ESD and ED in different examinations for all the age groups are 0.02-10.20 mGy and 2.42378.96 μSv respectively. Conclusion: The effective dose as criteria can be used to reduce patients' doses. The special considerations such as: adequate training of imaging staff; updating clinical audits; patient dose considerations; implementation of systematic and regular quality assurance and quality control programs in medical imaging departments should be taken into account to optimize radiological practices.
{"title":"Assessment of patient dose in routine digital radiography in Iran","authors":"B. Mohsenzadeh, M. Deevband, R. Paydar, M. Ghorbani","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.449","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The present study aimed to investigate patient dose in common X-ray examinations to estimate effective dose in the digital radiography in Iran. Materials and Methods: Entrance surface dose (ESD) was measured based on applied exposure parameters for the common actual examination; and then effective dose (ED) was calculated by use of PCXMC software. The study was conducted on 15358 patients in 85 X-ray rooms; and the necessary data was collected for five age groups, 0-1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years, 10-15 years old and adults in each projection. Results: The ranges of ESD and ED in different examinations for all the age groups are 0.02-10.20 mGy and 2.42378.96 μSv respectively. Conclusion: The effective dose as criteria can be used to reduce patients' doses. The special considerations such as: adequate training of imaging staff; updating clinical audits; patient dose considerations; implementation of systematic and regular quality assurance and quality control programs in medical imaging departments should be taken into account to optimize radiological practices.","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42372760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.477
Aysun Inal, E. Duman, E. Ozkan
Background: We aimed to investigate the accordance of Critical Organ Scoring Index (COSI), Conformity Index (CI) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) parameters with Dose Volume Histograms (DVH) used for evaluation of 3 different pelvic radiotherapy plans. Materials and Methods: Ten gynecologic carcinoma patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. Treatment plans were created with conformal treatment planning (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to a total dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. Initially, volume related dose evaluation was done via DVH. Subsequently, HI, CI, COSI and NTCP for selected normal tissues were calculated for each plan and compared with DVH parameters. Finally, a graphical demonstration was evaluated to see if the results were in accordance with DVH. Results: CI results were statistically significant in favor of IMRT (p<0.001). Rectum V40Gy decreased with 9IMRT compared to 3DCRT and 7IMRT (p=0.013 and p=0.013). V40Gy for bladder was also lower with 9IMRT compared with 3DCRT and 7IMRT (p=0.005 and p=0.012). COSI calculations revealed better small intestine protection in IMRT plans similar with DVH (p=0.005 and p=0.022). Femoral heads were better protected with IMRT plans were better compared to 3DCRT in NTCP calculations (p=0.002). Normal tissue protection was worst with 3DCRT via both DVH and COSI evaluations (p=0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Using the indexes in this study to decide the most appropriate plan among multiple treatment plans in gynecologic cancer patients will be timesaving and easier in comparison with evaluating the DVH of every alternative plan.
{"title":"Comparison of different calculation indexes with dose volume histogram parameters for evaluation of radiation treatment plans in gynecologic malignancies","authors":"Aysun Inal, E. Duman, E. Ozkan","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.477","url":null,"abstract":"Background: We aimed to investigate the accordance of Critical Organ Scoring Index (COSI), Conformity Index (CI) and Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) parameters with Dose Volume Histograms (DVH) used for evaluation of 3 different pelvic radiotherapy plans. Materials and Methods: Ten gynecologic carcinoma patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. Treatment plans were created with conformal treatment planning (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to a total dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions. Initially, volume related dose evaluation was done via DVH. Subsequently, HI, CI, COSI and NTCP for selected normal tissues were calculated for each plan and compared with DVH parameters. Finally, a graphical demonstration was evaluated to see if the results were in accordance with DVH. Results: CI results were statistically significant in favor of IMRT (p<0.001). Rectum V40Gy decreased with 9IMRT compared to 3DCRT and 7IMRT (p=0.013 and p=0.013). V40Gy for bladder was also lower with 9IMRT compared with 3DCRT and 7IMRT (p=0.005 and p=0.012). COSI calculations revealed better small intestine protection in IMRT plans similar with DVH (p=0.005 and p=0.022). Femoral heads were better protected with IMRT plans were better compared to 3DCRT in NTCP calculations (p=0.002). Normal tissue protection was worst with 3DCRT via both DVH and COSI evaluations (p=0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Using the indexes in this study to decide the most appropriate plan among multiple treatment plans in gynecologic cancer patients will be timesaving and easier in comparison with evaluating the DVH of every alternative plan.","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48682873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.389
Soo Jung Lee, Y. Kwak, E. Park, S. Lee, S. Sung, B. Choi
{"title":"Complication analysis of breast cancer patients after mastectomy with immediate autologous breast reconstruction and adjuvant radiotherapy","authors":"Soo Jung Lee, Y. Kwak, E. Park, S. Lee, S. Sung, B. Choi","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.389","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41741831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.605
Xiao Liang, W. Shi, Xin Wang, Jiang-bo Qin, Le Wang, Xiao-feng Wu, Hui Zhang, Yan Tan
Background: Intracerebral schwannoma is an extremely rare disease, accounting for fewer than 1% of intracranial schwannomas. The most common site for this type of schwannoma is the cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and temporal lobes; brainstem schwannoma is infrequent. Case Description: Here, we report a 51-year-old man with a monthlong history of blurred vision and weakness in his left lower limb. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a heterogeneous cystic tumor with a solid nodule arising from the brainstem. The patient underwent a craniotomy with complete resection of the tumor, which was confirmed to be a brainstem schwannoma by histopathological examination. We also performed a literature review of the 19 reported cases of brainstem schwannoma. Conclusions: Brainstem schwannomas predominated in children and young adults (60% of cases occurred in patients ≤ 30 years of age), and were more common in females (65%). Most of these schwannomas exhibited heterogeneous intensity, containing cystic (78%) and solid-enhanced components. The vast majority of reported cases (94.9%) followed a benign course, with an improved prognosis following tumor resection.
{"title":"Brainstem schwannoma: A case report and review of clinical and imaging features","authors":"Xiao Liang, W. Shi, Xin Wang, Jiang-bo Qin, Le Wang, Xiao-feng Wu, Hui Zhang, Yan Tan","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.605","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intracerebral schwannoma is an extremely rare disease, accounting for fewer than 1% of intracranial schwannomas. The most common site for this type of schwannoma is the cerebral hemisphere, especially the frontal and temporal lobes; brainstem schwannoma is infrequent. Case Description: Here, we report a 51-year-old man with a monthlong history of blurred vision and weakness in his left lower limb. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a heterogeneous cystic tumor with a solid nodule arising from the brainstem. The patient underwent a craniotomy with complete resection of the tumor, which was confirmed to be a brainstem schwannoma by histopathological examination. We also performed a literature review of the 19 reported cases of brainstem schwannoma. Conclusions: Brainstem schwannomas predominated in children and young adults (60% of cases occurred in patients ≤ 30 years of age), and were more common in females (65%). Most of these schwannomas exhibited heterogeneous intensity, containing cystic (78%) and solid-enhanced components. The vast majority of reported cases (94.9%) followed a benign course, with an improved prognosis following tumor resection.","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46353301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.511
F. Omidvar, F. Bouzarjomehri, F. Falahati, M. Zare
Background: Cardiac catheterization plays an essential role in the evaluation of suspected heart failure patients. This work aimed to determine the mean effective dose of patients undergoing catheterization tests and to estimate the associated radiation risk of malignancy. Material and Methods: Measurements were performed during 65 coronary angiographies (CA), 70 coronary angioplasties (PTCA) 27, radio fluoroscopy (RF) ablations and 25 electro physiologies procedures in a dedicated laboratory. The procedures were undertaken with the Siemens and General Electric X-ray equipment. A dose area product (DAP) meter was also used. The DAP values and fluoroscopy times were recorded for each patient. Results: The mean DAP values and patient effective doses were 19.53 Gy.cm and 1.71 mSv for CA, 49.74 Gy.cm2 and 4.57 mSv for PTCA, 153.34 Gy.cm and 16.38 mSv for ablations and 14.88 Gy.cm and 1.65 mSv for electrophysiology, respectively. The patient radiation risk was estimated at 13, 1.3, 1.3, 3.6 fatal cancer per 10000 procedures of ablations, electrophysiology, CA and PTCA cases, respectively. Conclusion: Results showed that the radiation risk due to RF cardiac ablation is higher than the other complication procedures so, efforts should be made to minimize patient radiation risk from RF ablation procedures. Also we found no clear correlation between cardiologist level of experience and reduced level of patient’s dose.
{"title":"Patient radiation dosimetry during interventional cardiac procedures","authors":"F. Omidvar, F. Bouzarjomehri, F. Falahati, M. Zare","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.511","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cardiac catheterization plays an essential role in the evaluation of suspected heart failure patients. This work aimed to determine the mean effective dose of patients undergoing catheterization tests and to estimate the associated radiation risk of malignancy. Material and Methods: Measurements were performed during 65 coronary angiographies (CA), 70 coronary angioplasties (PTCA) 27, radio fluoroscopy (RF) ablations and 25 electro physiologies procedures in a dedicated laboratory. The procedures were undertaken with the Siemens and General Electric X-ray equipment. A dose area product (DAP) meter was also used. The DAP values and fluoroscopy times were recorded for each patient. Results: The mean DAP values and patient effective doses were 19.53 Gy.cm and 1.71 mSv for CA, 49.74 Gy.cm2 and 4.57 mSv for PTCA, 153.34 Gy.cm and 16.38 mSv for ablations and 14.88 Gy.cm and 1.65 mSv for electrophysiology, respectively. The patient radiation risk was estimated at 13, 1.3, 1.3, 3.6 fatal cancer per 10000 procedures of ablations, electrophysiology, CA and PTCA cases, respectively. Conclusion: Results showed that the radiation risk due to RF cardiac ablation is higher than the other complication procedures so, efforts should be made to minimize patient radiation risk from RF ablation procedures. Also we found no clear correlation between cardiologist level of experience and reduced level of patient’s dose.","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42869113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.579
M. Zabihzadeh, Z. Ghahremani, S. Hoseini, H. Shahbazian, M. H. Ghahfarokhi
Background: Presence of inhomogeneities such as lung tissue with low density can perturbs the dose distribution in the path of therapeutic photon beam and causes undesired cold or hot spots. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lung tissue inhomogeneities on dose distribution in thorax irradiation. Materials and Methods: The Monte Carlo simulation (MC) code of EGSnrc-based BEAMnrc was used to calculate dose distribution for 6 MVSiemens Primus linear accelerator (Linac) in a homogenous phantom. Dose perturbation and inhomogeneity corrected factors (ICFs) were calculated due to implementation of lung tissue depended to the lung density and field size. Results: The maximum increased dose in lung tissue with lung density of 0.5 and 0.25gr/cm was 15.9%, 16.2%, 15.6%, 23.8 %, 24.8% and 25.0% for 6 × 6, 10 × 10 and 20 × 20 cm field sizes, respectively. The maximum ICF for these field sizes was 1.16 and 1.25 for lung density of 0.5 and 0.25gr/cm, respectively. The maximum dose reduction in lung tissue with density of 0.25 and 0.5gr/cm was 19.5% and 4.2 %, and the related ICF was estimated 0.84 and 0.95, respectively. Conclusion: Involvement of lung tissue in the path of irradiation perturbs the dose distribution which is dependent to the lung density and field size. The ICFs resulted from our MC model could be useful to accurately calculate the dose distribution in radiotherapy of lung abnormalities.
{"title":"Effect of lung inhomogeneity on dose distribution during radiotherapy of patient with lung cancer","authors":"M. Zabihzadeh, Z. Ghahremani, S. Hoseini, H. Shahbazian, M. H. Ghahfarokhi","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.579","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Presence of inhomogeneities such as lung tissue with low density can perturbs the dose distribution in the path of therapeutic photon beam and causes undesired cold or hot spots. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lung tissue inhomogeneities on dose distribution in thorax irradiation. Materials and Methods: The Monte Carlo simulation (MC) code of EGSnrc-based BEAMnrc was used to calculate dose distribution for 6 MVSiemens Primus linear accelerator (Linac) in a homogenous phantom. Dose perturbation and inhomogeneity corrected factors (ICFs) were calculated due to implementation of lung tissue depended to the lung density and field size. Results: The maximum increased dose in lung tissue with lung density of 0.5 and 0.25gr/cm was 15.9%, 16.2%, 15.6%, 23.8 %, 24.8% and 25.0% for 6 × 6, 10 × 10 and 20 × 20 cm field sizes, respectively. The maximum ICF for these field sizes was 1.16 and 1.25 for lung density of 0.5 and 0.25gr/cm, respectively. The maximum dose reduction in lung tissue with density of 0.25 and 0.5gr/cm was 19.5% and 4.2 %, and the related ICF was estimated 0.84 and 0.95, respectively. Conclusion: Involvement of lung tissue in the path of irradiation perturbs the dose distribution which is dependent to the lung density and field size. The ICFs resulted from our MC model could be useful to accurately calculate the dose distribution in radiotherapy of lung abnormalities.","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49252314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.487
S. Hosseini, M. Momennezhad, S. Naseri
{"title":"Dosimetric comparison of conventional and field-in-field techniques in early-stage breast cancer radiotherapy","authors":"S. Hosseini, M. Momennezhad, S. Naseri","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.487","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43955222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.381
H. Kim, Jung-Sub Lee, W. Kim
{"title":"Clinical outcome of stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: long-term results","authors":"H. Kim, Jung-Sub Lee, W. Kim","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.381","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42919643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-10DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.571
M. K. Ozbilgin, G. Z. Karaman, S. Gencur, E. Gumustepe, C. Kurtman
Background: Adrenomedullin (AM) and its receptor, receptor activitymodifying protein (RAMP) 2 have pleiotropic regulatory functions in normal tissue and cancer tissue. AM is produced and secreted both numerous stromal cells and tumor cells. This study aims to investigate a possible role of AM and RAMP2 in the radiation exposure in the normal lung tissue. Materials and Methods: Four groups with 6 male adult Swiss Albino mice per group were investigated. The mice were subjected to a 500 cGy single-dose radiation exposure in the total body radiation device and lung tissues were collected. 1, 2, and 7 days after radiation exposure, with 1 reference group which was not exposed to radiation. Results: The general histology and the immunohistochemistry of the tissue samples prepared with antiAM, anti– RAMP2, and monoclonal antibodies were investigated, yielding a statistically significant increase for AM on day 3 and for RAMP2 on day 1 after radiation exposure. Conclusion: The observed increase of AM and RAMP2 concentrations in the normal tissue matrix after radiation exposure may play a role in the side effects of radiotherapy.
{"title":"Effects of adrenomeduline and ramp2 on the lung of mice exposed to total body radiation","authors":"M. K. Ozbilgin, G. Z. Karaman, S. Gencur, E. Gumustepe, C. Kurtman","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.571","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adrenomedullin (AM) and its receptor, receptor activitymodifying protein (RAMP) 2 have pleiotropic regulatory functions in normal tissue and cancer tissue. AM is produced and secreted both numerous stromal cells and tumor cells. This study aims to investigate a possible role of AM and RAMP2 in the radiation exposure in the normal lung tissue. Materials and Methods: Four groups with 6 male adult Swiss Albino mice per group were investigated. The mice were subjected to a 500 cGy single-dose radiation exposure in the total body radiation device and lung tissues were collected. 1, 2, and 7 days after radiation exposure, with 1 reference group which was not exposed to radiation. Results: The general histology and the immunohistochemistry of the tissue samples prepared with antiAM, anti– RAMP2, and monoclonal antibodies were investigated, yielding a statistically significant increase for AM on day 3 and for RAMP2 on day 1 after radiation exposure. Conclusion: The observed increase of AM and RAMP2 concentrations in the normal tissue matrix after radiation exposure may play a role in the side effects of radiotherapy.","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46325189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.421
J. Welsh, J. Bevelacqua, H. Mozdarani, S. Mortazavi, S. Mortazavi
Astronauts are exposed to a wide variety of stressors ranging from radiation and microgravity to persistent fluids shifts, circadian shifts and the psychological stress of prolonged isolation and confinement. On deep space missions, beyond the range of the Earth's magnetosphere, ionizing radiation may increase oxidative stress and DNA damage, immune system dysregulation and alter the effectiveness of the cellular defense mechanisms. By reviewing the health problems reported by astronauts participated in previous space missions, it is evident that viral infections are not rare in space. Recent reports suggest that COVID-19 can last for a long time in communities. Although NASA implements countermeasures designed to limit crew illness during space missions such as a pre-flight quarantine, it is not clear whether an outbreak can be prevented. Currently, it is not likely that astronauts could get a viral infection, but the consequences of potential lifethreatening viral diseases such as COVID-19 should be better characterized. In this paper we discuss why COVID-19 fatality in space might be significantly higher than on the Earth. The reasons for such an increased risk include 1) uselessness of social distancing due to microgravity 2) immune system dysregulation 3) possibly higher mutation rates of RNA viruses such as the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) 4) existence of strong selective pressure and 5) decreased maximum oxygen uptake. Given these considerations, the combined effects of microgravity, space radiation (and possibly other major space stressors) on the immune system of astronauts exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and possible interactions of the virus, space stressors and host should be carefully investigated.
{"title":"Why can COVID-19 fatality in space be significantly higher than on Earth?","authors":"J. Welsh, J. Bevelacqua, H. Mozdarani, S. Mortazavi, S. Mortazavi","doi":"10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/ACADPUB.IJRR.18.3.421","url":null,"abstract":"Astronauts are exposed to a wide variety of stressors ranging from radiation and microgravity to persistent fluids shifts, circadian shifts and the psychological stress of prolonged isolation and confinement. On deep space missions, beyond the range of the Earth's magnetosphere, ionizing radiation may increase oxidative stress and DNA damage, immune system dysregulation and alter the effectiveness of the cellular defense mechanisms. By reviewing the health problems reported by astronauts participated in previous space missions, it is evident that viral infections are not rare in space. Recent reports suggest that COVID-19 can last for a long time in communities. Although NASA implements countermeasures designed to limit crew illness during space missions such as a pre-flight quarantine, it is not clear whether an outbreak can be prevented. Currently, it is not likely that astronauts could get a viral infection, but the consequences of potential lifethreatening viral diseases such as COVID-19 should be better characterized. In this paper we discuss why COVID-19 fatality in space might be significantly higher than on the Earth. The reasons for such an increased risk include 1) uselessness of social distancing due to microgravity 2) immune system dysregulation 3) possibly higher mutation rates of RNA viruses such as the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) 4) existence of strong selective pressure and 5) decreased maximum oxygen uptake. Given these considerations, the combined effects of microgravity, space radiation (and possibly other major space stressors) on the immune system of astronauts exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and possible interactions of the virus, space stressors and host should be carefully investigated.","PeriodicalId":14498,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Radiation Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47500648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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