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Development of a Wearable Framework for the Assessment of a Mechanical-Based Indicator of Falling Risk in the Field 开发一种可穿戴框架,用于评估现场基于机械的风险下降指标
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.11.003
H. Pillet , B. Watier

Objectives

The characterization of the instability of gait is a current challenge of biomechanics. Indeed, risks of falling naturally result from the difficulty to control perturbations of the locomotion pattern. Hence, the assessment of a synthetic parameter able to quantify the instability in real time will be useful for the prevention of falls occurring in this context. Thus, the objective of the present study, in two steps, was to propose and evaluate a relevant parameter to quantify the risk of fallings.

Material and Methods

Experimental analysis of the gait of 11 able-bodied subjects from a motion capture system in laboratory condition was performed. The distance of the Body Center of Mass (BCOM) to the Minimal Moment Axis (MMA) was computed as a proxy of whole-body angular momentum variations. In a second step, we quantified the kinematics during gait with wearable Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) fixed on two individuals (one able bodied person and one person with transfemoral amputation). We compared the IMU-based BCOM kinematics with a motion capture reference system to verify the accuracy of our measures in the field.

Results

Normative thresholds of the distance of the Body Center of Mass (BCOM) to the Minimal Moment Axis (MMA) during able-bodied level walking were assessed. The average error between the BCoM displacement computed from the IMU and from the reference vicon data of 4 mm, 3 mm and 53 mm on the mediolateral, anteroposterior and vertical axes respectively.

Conclusion

All these results make it possible to consider the determination of the risks of falls in the field at mid-term. the research on an optimal configuration that maintain the performance while simplifying the device will be essential to make it acceptable by the individuals.

步态不稳定性的表征是当前生物力学的一个挑战。事实上,自然跌倒的风险源于难以控制运动模式的扰动。因此,能够实时量化不稳定性的合成参数的评估将有助于防止在这种情况下发生跌倒。因此,本研究的目的分两步,提出并评估一个相关参数,以量化跌倒风险。材料和方法在实验室条件下,对11名身体健全的受试者的步态进行了实验分析。身体质心(BCOM)到最小力矩轴(MMA)的距离被计算为全身角动量变化的代理。在第二步中,我们使用固定在两个人(一个身体健全的人和一个经股截肢的人)身上的可穿戴惯性测量单元(IMU)量化步态过程中的运动学。我们将基于IMU的BCOM运动学与运动捕捉参考系统进行了比较,以验证我们在现场测量的准确性。结果评定了健全水平步行时身体重心(BCOM)到最小力矩轴(MMA)距离的规范阈值。根据IMU和参考vicon数据计算的BCoM位移之间的平均误差分别为4 mm、3 mm和53 mm,在中、前后和垂直轴上。结论所有这些结果使中期考虑跌倒风险的确定成为可能。研究在简化设备的同时保持性能的最佳配置对于使其为个人所接受至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) in Digestive Diseases: An Overview of Clinical Applications for Liver and Pancreatic Tumors 高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)在消化道疾病中的临床应用综述:肝脏和胰腺肿瘤
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.09.005
A. Dupré , D. Melodelima , C. Cilleros , L. De Crignis , P. Peyrat , J. Vincenot , M. Rivoire

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is an emerging technology of focal destruction in daily clinical practice. Alternative techniques of focal destruction, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or more recently irreversible electroporation, have been used in digestive diseases for many years, mainly in hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems. Likewise, HIFU is currently used in the treatment of tumors located in the liver and in the pancreas. HIFU is quite exclusively applied for the treatment of malignancies, with an extracorporeal approach. Treatment of the liver is difficult because presence of the ribcage may stop propagation of ultrasound waves and respiratory motion may cause targeting problems. Pancreatic cancer is also challenging to treat with HIFU because the pancreas is a deep-seated organ surrounded by major vessels. The interposition of bowel gas may significantly obstruct the acoustic window, potentially leading to incomplete tumor ablation and injury of the interposed bowel and/or other intra-abdominal organs. The two main applications of HIFU are the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic cancer. In the management of HCC, HIFU with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) seems to provide a survival advantage compared to TACE alone. HIFU showed similar results when compared to RFA for small tumors. HIFU could be interesting for tumors located in difficult location. For pancreatic cancer, HIFU is mostly used in the palliative setting to treat cancer-related pain. Some publications showed encouraging results about downsizing when HIFU is used in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, which could be interesting in locally advanced tumors. This review focused on the clinical applications of HIFU in liver and pancreatic tumors.

高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)是临床上一种新兴的病灶破坏技术。替代性的局灶性破坏技术,如射频消融(RFA)或最近的不可逆电穿孔,已用于消化系统疾病多年,主要用于肝胆胰系统。同样,HIFU目前用于治疗肝脏和胰腺中的肿瘤。HIFU是专门用于治疗恶性肿瘤的体外方法。肝脏的治疗是困难的,因为胸腔的存在可能会阻止超声波的传播,并且呼吸运动可能会导致靶向问题。胰腺癌症也很难用HIFU治疗,因为胰腺是一个被主要血管包围的深层器官。肠内气体的插入可能会严重阻塞声窗,可能导致肿瘤消融不完全,并损伤插入的肠道和/或其他腹腔内器官。HIFU的两个主要应用是治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)和癌症。在HCC的治疗中,HIFU与经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)相比,似乎提供了生存优势。HIFU在小肿瘤中与RFA相比显示出相似的结果。HIFU可能对位于困难位置的肿瘤感兴趣。对于癌症,HIFU主要用于姑息治疗癌症相关疼痛。一些出版物显示,当HIFU与化疗和/或放疗结合使用时,缩小尺寸的结果令人鼓舞,这对局部晚期肿瘤可能很有意思。本文就HIFU在肝胰腺肿瘤中的临床应用作一综述。
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引用次数: 0
A Geodata Production System 地理数据生产系统
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.100744
A. Patarot , N. Samama

Objectives

The well-being of people depends in part on the sense of freedom, and one aspect is certainly the possibility for people to remain at home. However, there is a need for “following” the movements and, if possible, the activity of the person. The problem is that very few home systems make it possible to have these data at a reasonable price, and at an acceptable reliability level. We offer a simple to use, reliable and energy self-sufficient person location system. People are the first “targets”, but objects could be involved.

Material and methods

The system is described and their performance analyzed in real conditions of use. The positioning algorithms are explained and the practical implementations described.

Results

First results on the activity of a person at home are presented as well as some tracks on the type of data processing that could be considered.

The simplicity of deployment is shown and the usefulness of the available data is discussed in the context of home care of an elderly person as well as the monitoring of hospital equipment.

Conclusion

Our approach provides simplicity of implementation and very high reliability in real time, without aiming for high accuracy in all cases. Conceptually taking into account the high variability of indoor radio measurements makes it possible to significantly increase the reliability of the geo-data produced. Moreover, we will mention two real deployments and the associated performances obtained, carried out in order to follow the behavior of an old autonomous man living alone at home, and in another hand to follow the stretchers of the emergency department of a French hospital.

人们的幸福在一定程度上取决于自由感,其中一个方面当然是人们留在家里的可能性。然而,有必要“跟随”这个人的动作,如果可能的话,还需要“跟随”他的活动。问题是,很少有家庭系统能够以合理的价格和可接受的可靠性水平获得这些数据。我们提供一个简单易用、可靠且能源自给自足的人员定位系统。人是第一个“目标”,但物体也可能参与其中。材料和方法描述了该系统,并在实际使用条件下分析了其性能。对定位算法进行了说明,并描述了实际实现。结果首先给出了一个人在家活动的结果,以及可以考虑的数据处理类型的一些轨迹。展示了部署的简单性,并在老年人的家庭护理以及医院设备监测的背景下讨论了可用数据的有用性。结论我们的方法实现简单,实时可靠性高,而不是在所有情况下都追求高准确性。从概念上考虑到室内无线电测量的高度可变性,可以显著提高所产生的地理数据的可靠性。此外,我们将提到两次真正的部署和获得的相关表现,一方面是为了跟随一位独自生活在家中的老人的行为,另一方面是跟随法国一家医院急诊科的担架。
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引用次数: 0
A Review of Frailty Analysis in Older Adults: From Clinical Tools Towards Fully Automated Preventive Systems 老年人衰弱分析综述:从临床工具到全自动预防系统
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.11.004
M. Abbas, R. Le Bouquin Jeannès

Objectives

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome characterized by sarcopenia and physiological impairment. Although the majority of older adults wish to age at home, being frail threatens this choice since it increases the risk of falls and loss of functional independence. Hence, frailty screening and early detection are needed to stop or at least slow down the physical weakening process. In this paper, we present a review in which we discuss the proposed methods from the literature that targets frailty detection and analysis, starting from traditional clinical tools then introducing data-driven studies before highlighting the importance of fully automated systems.

Material and methods

We conducted a review study by searching several databases such as Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, MDPI, and ScienceDirect to name a few. This work presents clinical tools and classical performance tests to assess the health status and the physical function, as well as statistical and observational studies to analyze the frailty syndrome. Moreover, we discuss briefly the work of our research team in this context, represented by the development of a telemonitoring system which aims at the transition from a curative to a preventive model.

Results

Firstly, this review points out the absence of a gold standard to detect frailty in older individuals. Secondly, it discusses the limitations of self-reported measures/questionnaires and other traditional performance tests which are based on subjective data and done under supervised conditions. Thirdly, our study emphasizes the lack of robust approaches that target the early detection of frailty and the prediction of a future risk of physical worsening. We propose new research directions based, on the one hand, on automatic activity identification and tracking and, on the other hand, on the analysis of spontaneous speech of elderly.

Conclusion

This paper describes research findings and highlights the existing gaps in the context of frailty, and serves as a state of the art for researchers. Additionally, this work suggests future research directions regarding the early detection and prevention of frailty.

目的疲劳是一种以少肌症和生理损伤为特征的老年综合征。尽管大多数老年人希望在家养老,但身体虚弱会威胁到这种选择,因为这会增加跌倒和丧失功能独立性的风险。因此,需要进行虚弱筛查和早期检测,以阻止或至少减缓身体虚弱的过程。在本文中,我们对文献中提出的针对虚弱检测和分析的方法进行了综述,从传统的临床工具开始,然后引入数据驱动的研究,然后强调全自动化系统的重要性。材料和方法我们通过搜索Google Scholar、IEEE Xplore、MDPI和ScienceDirect等几个数据库进行了一项综述研究。这项工作提供了评估健康状况和身体功能的临床工具和经典性能测试,以及分析虚弱综合征的统计和观察性研究。此外,我们简要讨论了我们的研究团队在这方面的工作,以开发远程监测系统为代表,该系统旨在从治疗模式过渡到预防模式。结果首先,这篇综述指出,缺乏检测老年人虚弱的金标准。其次,它讨论了自我报告的测量/问卷和其他传统的基于主观数据并在监督条件下进行的绩效测试的局限性。第三,我们的研究强调,缺乏针对早期发现虚弱和预测未来身体恶化风险的稳健方法。我们一方面基于自动活动识别和跟踪,另一方面基于对老年人自发言语的分析,提出了新的研究方向。结论本文描述了研究结果,并强调了在虚弱方面存在的差距,是研究人员的最新研究成果。此外,这项工作为早期发现和预防虚弱提供了未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of Carotid Plaques Composition Through a Compact CSRR-Based Microwave Sensor 通过紧凑的基于csrr的微波传感器识别颈动脉斑块组成
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.09.001
R. Shahbaz , F. Deshours , G. Alquie , H. Kokabi , F. Koskas , I. Brocheriou , G. Le Naour , C. Hannachi , J.-M. Davaine

Objectives

This study aims to identify the dielectric constant of the carotid atherosclerotic plaques and categorise them using a CSRR based microwave sensor.

Material and methods

A Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) at 2.3 GHz measured 33 samples of carotid plaques obtained after endarterectomy. HFSS software simulations were employed to substantiate the measurements. Histological analyses were performed simultaneously to classify the plaques.

Results

The constant dielectric of dangerous carotid plaques identified by histology was much higher than that of low-risk calcified carotid plaques. Microwave data were pertinent to the simulations.

Conclusion

The current study, performed on ex-vivo carotid plaques, illustrates the sensor's ability to differentiate plaques with diverse components. Calcified low-risk plaques displayed distinct values from dangerous soft plaques. Further statistical correlation of the 33 samples is required. After validation, an in-vivo prototype will be designed and tested.

目的本研究旨在确定颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的介电常数,并使用基于CSRR的微波传感器对其进行分类。材料和方法一个2.3 GHz的互补分裂环谐振器(CSRR)测量了33个动脉内膜切除术后获得的颈动脉斑块样本。HFSS软件模拟用于证实测量结果。同时进行组织学分析以对斑块进行分类。结果组织学鉴定的危险颈动脉斑块的介电常数远高于低危钙化颈动脉斑块。微波数据与模拟有关。结论目前在离体颈动脉斑块上进行的研究表明,传感器能够区分不同成分的斑块。钙化的低风险斑块显示出与危险的软斑块不同的价值。需要对33个样本进行进一步的统计相关性。验证后,将设计并测试体内原型。
{"title":"Identification of Carotid Plaques Composition Through a Compact CSRR-Based Microwave Sensor","authors":"R. Shahbaz ,&nbsp;F. Deshours ,&nbsp;G. Alquie ,&nbsp;H. Kokabi ,&nbsp;F. Koskas ,&nbsp;I. Brocheriou ,&nbsp;G. Le Naour ,&nbsp;C. Hannachi ,&nbsp;J.-M. Davaine","doi":"10.1016/j.irbm.2022.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irbm.2022.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study aims to identify the dielectric constant of the carotid atherosclerotic plaques<span> and categorise them using a CSRR based microwave sensor.</span></p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>A Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) at 2.3 GHz measured 33 samples of carotid plaques obtained after endarterectomy. HFSS software simulations were employed to substantiate the measurements. Histological analyses were performed simultaneously to classify the plaques.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The constant dielectric of dangerous carotid plaques identified by histology was much higher than that of low-risk calcified carotid plaques. Microwave data were pertinent to the simulations.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The current study, performed on ex-vivo carotid plaques, illustrates the sensor's ability to differentiate plaques with diverse components. Calcified low-risk plaques displayed distinct values from dangerous soft plaques. Further statistical correlation of the 33 samples is required. After validation, an in-vivo prototype will be designed and tested.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":14605,"journal":{"name":"Irbm","volume":"44 2","pages":"Article 100734"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49700138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Catheter Tracking Using a Convolutional Neural Network for Decreasing Interventional Radiology X-Ray Exposure 利用卷积神经网络减少介入放射学x射线暴露的导管跟踪
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.09.004
J. Zegarra Flores, J.P. Radoux

Introduction

Although the many advantages of Interventional Radiology not only being a minimally invasive surgery but also providing minimal risk of infection for the patient, this procedure could cause serious damage (radio dermatitis) to the patient and surgeons if exposed for long periods to the X-ray radiation. Some medical solutions have been found, but need the installation of extra equipment in the operating room.

Objectives

The aim of the Medic@ team is to reduce the doses of X-rays using sensors integrated into the catheter to reconstruct images without the need of continuous imaging. To do that, accurate and reliable information on the position of the catheter is required to correct the drift of the catheter's sensors. The use of artificial intelligence with a U-Net convolutional neural network is a possible solution for detecting the entire catheter (body and head) and for obtaining precise coordinates in X-ray images.

Material and methods

The use of artificial intelligence with a U-Net convolutional neural network is a possible solution for detecting the entire catheter (body and head) and for obtaining precise coordinates in X-ray images. We have created and used synthetic data to generate training datasets and videos that simulate real-world operations because we only have low quantity of data.

Results

The results using the metrics binary cross entropy and dice loss testing in the synthetic data are 0. 048 and 0.98 respectively. We have also tested to predict catheter shapes on some real images; in a general way, the results show good approximation in the detection of the head of the catheter (around 3.1 pixels) using Euclidean distance. Finally, the predictions are also robust in blurry synthetic images using 5, 10 and 15 kernel sizes; in this case, the binary cross entropy in all the cases is less than 0.05 and the dice loss in all the cases is more than 0.98.

Conclusions

The methodology used to create synthetic images and videos seems to be correct. The predictions in the detection of the shape of catheters, after training with synthetic images calibrated with the same histogram of the real images, show very good results in the metrics: binary cross entropy and dice loss. The same for the case of blurry images. The tests in the few real images are encouraging because the error detection in the head of the catheter is small (<3.1 pixels). More tests with real data are still necessary for validating this first approach.

引言尽管介入放射学的许多优点不仅是一种微创手术,而且为患者提供了最低的感染风险,但如果长期暴露在X射线辐射下,这种手术可能会对患者和外科医生造成严重损害(放射性皮炎)。已经找到了一些医疗解决方案,但需要在手术室安装额外的设备。目的Medic@团队的目标是使用集成在导管中的传感器来减少X射线的剂量,从而在不需要连续成像的情况下重建图像。为此,需要准确可靠的导管位置信息来校正导管传感器的漂移。将人工智能与U-Net卷积神经网络结合使用是检测整个导管(身体和头部)和获得X射线图像中精确坐标的可能解决方案。材料和方法将人工智能与U-Net卷积神经网络结合使用是检测整个导管(身体和头部)和获得X射线图像中精确坐标的可能解决方案。我们创建并使用合成数据来生成模拟真实世界操作的训练数据集和视频,因为我们的数据量很低。结果在合成数据中使用度量二进制交叉熵和骰子损失测试的结果为0。048和0.98。我们还测试了在一些真实图像上预测导管形状的方法;一般来说,在使用欧几里得距离检测导管头部(大约3.1个像素)时,结果显示出良好的近似性。最后,在使用5、10和15个核大小的模糊合成图像中,预测也是稳健的;在这种情况下,所有情况下的二进制交叉熵都小于0.05,骰子损失都大于0.98。结论用于创建合成图像和视频的方法似乎是正确的。在使用用真实图像的相同直方图校准的合成图像进行训练后,导管形状检测中的预测在度量方面显示出非常好的结果:二进制交叉熵和骰子损失。图像模糊的情况也是如此。少数真实图像中的测试是令人鼓舞的,因为导管头部中的误差检测很小(<;3.1像素)。为了验证第一种方法,仍然需要用真实数据进行更多的测试。
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引用次数: 0
Acknowledging our reviewers 感谢我们的审稿人
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1959-0318(23)00010-6
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引用次数: 0
CRISPR-OTE: Prediction of CRISPR On-Target Efficiency Based on Multi-Dimensional Feature Fusion CRISPR- ote:基于多维特征融合的CRISPR靶效率预测
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.07.003
J. Xie , M. Liu , L. Zhou

Objective

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is a powerful genome editing technology. Guide RNA (gRNA) plays an essential guiding role in the CRISPR system by complementary base pairing with target DNA. Since the CRISPR targeting mechanism problem has not yet been fully resolved, it remains a challenge to predict gRNA on-target efficiency. Current gRNA design tools often lack efficient information extraction and cannot learn the target efficiency patterns thoroughly.

Material and methods

In this study, CRISPR-OTE is proposed to consider both multi-dimensional sequence information and important complementary prior knowledge based on a simple but effective framework. CRISPR-OTE consists of the local-contextual information branch and the prior knowledge branch. The local-contextual information branch extracts multi-dimensional sequence features from the DNA primary sequence by a parallel framework of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory networks (biLSTM). The prior knowledge branch selects the optimal subset of physicochemical features to provide the neural network with complementary knowledge, such as complex secondary structures. A simple feature fusion strategy is also adopted to fully utilize multi-modal data from the two branches.

Results

The experimental results show that the optimal subset of physicochemical features (RNA secondary structure and melting temperature of 34nt target) can effectively improve the prediction performance. Additionally, combining multi-dimensional sequence features and multi-modal features can extract information more comprehensively. Through transfer learning, CRISPR-OTE trained on the CRISPR-Cpf1 system can also be successfully applied to the CRISPR-Cas9 system.

Conclusion

The performance of CRISPR-OTE is superior to other methods in different CRISPR systems and species. Therefore, CRISPR-OTE is a simple on-target efficiency prediction framework with better accuracy and generalization performance.

目的聚集规则间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)是一种强大的基因组编辑技术。引导RNA(gRNA)通过与靶DNA的互补碱基配对在CRISPR系统中发挥重要的引导作用。由于CRISPR靶向机制问题尚未完全解决,预测gRNA的靶向效率仍然是一个挑战。目前的gRNA设计工具往往缺乏有效的信息提取,无法彻底了解目标效率模式。材料和方法在本研究中,CRISPR-OTE基于一个简单但有效的框架,同时考虑多维序列信息和重要的互补先验知识。CRISPR-OTE由局部上下文信息分支和先验知识分支组成。局部上下文信息分支通过卷积神经网络(CNN)和双向长短期记忆网络(biLSTM)的并行框架从DNA主序列中提取多维序列特征。先验知识分支选择物理化学特征的最优子集,为神经网络提供互补知识,例如复杂的二级结构。为了充分利用来自两个分支的多模态数据,还采用了一种简单的特征融合策略。结果实验结果表明,物理化学特征的最佳子集(RNA二级结构和34nt靶标的熔化温度)可以有效地提高预测性能。此外,将多维序列特征和多模态特征相结合可以更全面地提取信息。通过迁移学习,在CRISPR-Cpf1系统上训练的CRISPR-OTE也可以成功应用于CRISPR-Cas9系统。结论在不同的CRISPR系统和物种中,CRISPR-OTE的性能优于其他方法。因此,CRISPR-OTE是一个简单的目标效率预测框架,具有更好的精度和泛化性能。
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引用次数: 2
Design of a Robotized Magnetic Platform for Targeted Drug Delivery in the Cochlea 一种用于耳蜗靶向给药的机器人磁性平台设计
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.06.003
M. Abbes , K. Belharet , M. Souissi , H. Mekki , G. Poisson

Inner ear disorders' treatment remains challenging due to anatomical barriers. Robotic assistance seems to be a promising approach to enhance inner ear treatments and, more particularly, lead to effective targeted drug delivery into the human cochlea. In this paper we present a combination of a micro-macro system that was designed and realized in order to efficiently control the navigation of magnetic nanoparticles in an open-loop scheme throughout the cochlea, considering that the magnetic particles cannot be located in real time.

In order to respect the anatomical constraints, we established the characteristics that the new platform must present then proceeded to the design of the latter. The developed system is composed of a magnetic actuator that aims to guide nanoparticles into the cochlea. Mounted on a robotic manipulator, it ensures its positioning around the patient's head. The magnetic device integrates four parallelepiped-rectangle permanent magnets. Their arrangement in space, position and orientation, allows the creation of an area of convergence of magnetic forces where nanoparticles can be pushed/pulled to. To ensure the reachability of the desired orientations and positions, a 3 DOF robot based on a Remote Centre of Motion (RCM) mechanism was developed. It features three concurrent rotational joints that generate a spherical workspace around the head. The control of the latter is based on kinematic models.

A prototype of this platform was realized to validate the actuation process. Both magnetic actuator and robotic manipulator were realized using an additive manufacturing approach. We also designed a virtual human head with a life-size cochlea inside. A laser was mounted on the end effector to track the positioning of the actuator. This permitted to experimentally prove the capacity of the robotic system to reach the desired positions and orientations in accordance with the medical needs.

This promising robotic approach, makes it possible to overcome anatomical barriers and steer magnetic nanoparticles to a targeted location in the inner ear and, more precisely, inside the cochlea.

由于解剖障碍,内耳疾病的治疗仍然具有挑战性。机器人辅助似乎是一种很有前途的方法,可以增强内耳治疗,尤其是将药物有效靶向输送到人类耳蜗。在本文中,考虑到磁性粒子无法实时定位,我们提出了一种设计和实现的微-宏系统的组合,以有效地控制磁性粒子在整个耳蜗中的开环导航。为了尊重解剖约束,我们确定了新平台必须呈现的特征,然后进行了后者的设计。所开发的系统由一个磁性致动器组成,旨在引导纳米颗粒进入耳蜗。它安装在机器人操纵器上,确保其在患者头部周围的定位。该磁性装置集成了四个平行六面体矩形永磁体。它们在空间、位置和方向上的排列允许创建一个磁力会聚区域,可以将纳米颗粒推/拉到该区域。为了确保所需方向和位置的可达性,开发了一种基于远程运动中心(RCM)机构的3自由度机器人。它的特点是有三个同时旋转的关节,可以围绕头部生成一个球形工作空间。后者的控制基于运动学模型。实现了该平台的原型,以验证驱动过程。磁性致动器和机器人机械手都是使用增材制造方法实现的。我们还设计了一个虚拟人头,里面有真人大小的耳蜗。将激光器安装在末端执行器上,以跟踪致动器的定位。这允许通过实验证明机器人系统根据医疗需求达到所需位置和方向的能力。这种有前景的机器人方法使克服解剖障碍并将磁性纳米颗粒引导到内耳的目标位置,更准确地说,引导到耳蜗内部成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
A Deep Learning Approach for Predicting Subject-Specific Human Skull Shape from Head Toward a Decision Support System for Home-Based Facial Rehabilitation 一种从头部预测受试者特定头骨形状的深度学习方法,用于家庭面部康复的决策支持系统
IF 4.8 4区 医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2022.05.005
H.-Q. Nguyen , T.-N. Nguyen , V.-D. Tran , T.-T. Dao

Objective

Prediction of human skull shape from head is a complex and challenging engineering task for the development of a computer-aided vision system. Skull-to-face generation has been commonly performed in forensic facial reconstruction. Classical statistical approaches were usually used. However, the head-to-skull relationship is still misunderstood. Recently, novel deep learning (DL) models have showed their efficiency and robustness for a large range of applications. The present study aimed to develop a novel approach based on deep learning models to reconstruct the human skull shape from head.

Material and methods

A head-to-skull generation workflow was developed and evaluated. A database of computed tomography (CT) images of 209 subjects was established for training and testing purposes. Three-dimension (3-D) head and skull geometries were reconstructed and then their respective descriptors (head/skull volumes, sampling feature points and point-to-center distances, head-skull thickness, Gaussian curvatures) were extracted. Two deep learning models (regression neural network and long-short term memory (LSTM)) were implemented and evaluated with different learning configurations. A 10-fold cross-validation was performed. Finally, the best and worst predicted cases were analyzed and discussed.

Results

The mean errors from 10-fold cross-validation showed a better accuracy level for the regression neural network model according to the long short-term memory model. The mean error between the DL-predicted skull shapes and CT-based skull shapes ranges from 1.67 mm to 3.99 mm by using the regression deep learning model and the best learning configuration. The volume deviation between predicted skull shapes and CT-based skull shapes is smaller than 5%.

Conclusions

The present study suggested that regression deep learning model allows human skull to be predicted from a given head with a good level of accuracy. This opens new avenues for the rapid generation of human skull shape from visual sensors (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) toward a computer-aided vision system for facial mimic rehabilitation. As perspectives, muscle network will be incorporated into the present workflow. Then, facial mimic movements will be tracked and animated to evaluate and optimize the rehabilitation movements and exercises.

从头部预测人类头骨形状是开发计算机辅助视觉系统的一项复杂而富有挑战性的工程任务。在法医面部重建中,通常进行颅骨到面部的生成。通常使用经典的统计方法。然而,这种从头到头骨的关系仍然被误解。最近,新的深度学习(DL)模型在广泛的应用中显示出了其效率和鲁棒性。本研究旨在开发一种基于深度学习模型的新方法,从头部重建人类头骨形状。材料和方法开发并评估了从头到头骨的生成工作流程。为了训练和测试目的,建立了209名受试者的计算机断层扫描(CT)图像数据库。重建三维(3-D)头部和颅骨几何形状,然后提取它们各自的描述符(头部/颅骨体积、采样特征点和点到中心的距离、头部颅骨厚度、高斯曲率)。使用不同的学习配置实现并评估了两个深度学习模型(回归神经网络和长短期记忆(LSTM))。进行了10倍交叉验证。最后,对最佳和最差预测情况进行了分析和讨论。结果与长短期记忆模型相比,回归神经网络模型的10次交叉验证的平均误差具有较好的准确性。通过使用回归深度学习模型和最佳学习配置,DL预测的颅骨形状和基于CT的颅骨形状之间的平均误差范围为1.67mm至3.99mm。预测的颅骨形状与基于CT的颅骨形状之间的体积偏差小于5%。结论本研究表明,回归深度学习模型可以从给定的头部以良好的精度预测人类颅骨。这为从视觉传感器(如微软Kinect)到用于面部模拟康复的计算机辅助视觉系统快速生成人类头骨形状开辟了新的途径。作为展望,肌肉网络将被纳入目前的工作流程。然后,面部模拟动作将被跟踪并设置动画,以评估和优化康复动作和练习。
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引用次数: 1
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