Irbm最新文献

Objectives

The characterization of the instability of gait is a current challenge of biomechanics. Indeed, risks of falling naturally result from the difficulty to control perturbations of the locomotion pattern. Hence, the assessment of a synthetic parameter able to quantify the instability in real time will be useful for the prevention of falls occurring in this context. Thus, the objective of the present study, in two steps, was to propose and evaluate a relevant parameter to quantify the risk of fallings.

Material and Methods

Experimental analysis of the gait of 11 able-bodied subjects from a motion capture system in laboratory condition was performed. The distance of the Body Center of Mass (BCOM) to the Minimal Moment Axis (MMA) was computed as a proxy of whole-body angular momentum variations. In a second step, we quantified the kinematics during gait with wearable Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) fixed on two individuals (one able bodied person and one person with transfemoral amputation). We compared the IMU-based BCOM kinematics with a motion capture reference system to verify the accuracy of our measures in the field.

Results

Normative thresholds of the distance of the Body Center of Mass (BCOM) to the Minimal Moment Axis (MMA) during able-bodied level walking were assessed. The average error between the BCoM displacement computed from the IMU and from the reference vicon data of 4 mm, 3 mm and 53 mm on the mediolateral, anteroposterior and vertical axes respectively.

Conclusion

All these results make it possible to consider the determination of the risks of falls in the field at mid-term. the research on an optimal configuration that maintain the performance while simplifying the device will be essential to make it acceptable by the individuals.

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is an emerging technology of focal destruction in daily clinical practice. Alternative techniques of focal destruction, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or more recently irreversible electroporation, have been used in digestive diseases for many years, mainly in hepatobiliary and pancreatic systems. Likewise, HIFU is currently used in the treatment of tumors located in the liver and in the pancreas. HIFU is quite exclusively applied for the treatment of malignancies, with an extracorporeal approach. Treatment of the liver is difficult because presence of the ribcage may stop propagation of ultrasound waves and respiratory motion may cause targeting problems. Pancreatic cancer is also challenging to treat with HIFU because the pancreas is a deep-seated organ surrounded by major vessels. The interposition of bowel gas may significantly obstruct the acoustic window, potentially leading to incomplete tumor ablation and injury of the interposed bowel and/or other intra-abdominal organs. The two main applications of HIFU are the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic cancer. In the management of HCC, HIFU with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) seems to provide a survival advantage compared to TACE alone. HIFU showed similar results when compared to RFA for small tumors. HIFU could be interesting for tumors located in difficult location. For pancreatic cancer, HIFU is mostly used in the palliative setting to treat cancer-related pain. Some publications showed encouraging results about downsizing when HIFU is used in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, which could be interesting in locally advanced tumors. This review focused on the clinical applications of HIFU in liver and pancreatic tumors.

Objectives

The well-being of people depends in part on the sense of freedom, and one aspect is certainly the possibility for people to remain at home. However, there is a need for “following” the movements and, if possible, the activity of the person. The problem is that very few home systems make it possible to have these data at a reasonable price, and at an acceptable reliability level. We offer a simple to use, reliable and energy self-sufficient person location system. People are the first “targets”, but objects could be involved.

Material and methods

The system is described and their performance analyzed in real conditions of use. The positioning algorithms are explained and the practical implementations described.

Results

First results on the activity of a person at home are presented as well as some tracks on the type of data processing that could be considered.

The simplicity of deployment is shown and the usefulness of the available data is discussed in the context of home care of an elderly person as well as the monitoring of hospital equipment.

Conclusion

Our approach provides simplicity of implementation and very high reliability in real time, without aiming for high accuracy in all cases. Conceptually taking into account the high variability of indoor radio measurements makes it possible to significantly increase the reliability of the geo-data produced. Moreover, we will mention two real deployments and the associated performances obtained, carried out in order to follow the behavior of an old autonomous man living alone at home, and in another hand to follow the stretchers of the emergency department of a French hospital.

Objectives

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome characterized by sarcopenia and physiological impairment. Although the majority of older adults wish to age at home, being frail threatens this choice since it increases the risk of falls and loss of functional independence. Hence, frailty screening and early detection are needed to stop or at least slow down the physical weakening process. In this paper, we present a review in which we discuss the proposed methods from the literature that targets frailty detection and analysis, starting from traditional clinical tools then introducing data-driven studies before highlighting the importance of fully automated systems.

Material and methods

We conducted a review study by searching several databases such as Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, MDPI, and ScienceDirect to name a few. This work presents clinical tools and classical performance tests to assess the health status and the physical function, as well as statistical and observational studies to analyze the frailty syndrome. Moreover, we discuss briefly the work of our research team in this context, represented by the development of a telemonitoring system which aims at the transition from a curative to a preventive model.

Results

Firstly, this review points out the absence of a gold standard to detect frailty in older individuals. Secondly, it discusses the limitations of self-reported measures/questionnaires and other traditional performance tests which are based on subjective data and done under supervised conditions. Thirdly, our study emphasizes the lack of robust approaches that target the early detection of frailty and the prediction of a future risk of physical worsening. We propose new research directions based, on the one hand, on automatic activity identification and tracking and, on the other hand, on the analysis of spontaneous speech of elderly.

Conclusion

This paper describes research findings and highlights the existing gaps in the context of frailty, and serves as a state of the art for researchers. Additionally, this work suggests future research directions regarding the early detection and prevention of frailty.

Objectives

This study aims to identify the dielectric constant of the carotid atherosclerotic plaques and categorise them using a CSRR based microwave sensor.

Material and methods

A Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) at 2.3 GHz measured 33 samples of carotid plaques obtained after endarterectomy. HFSS software simulations were employed to substantiate the measurements. Histological analyses were performed simultaneously to classify the plaques.

Results

The constant dielectric of dangerous carotid plaques identified by histology was much higher than that of low-risk calcified carotid plaques. Microwave data were pertinent to the simulations.

Conclusion

The current study, performed on ex-vivo carotid plaques, illustrates the sensor's ability to differentiate plaques with diverse components. Calcified low-risk plaques displayed distinct values from dangerous soft plaques. Further statistical correlation of the 33 samples is required. After validation, an in-vivo prototype will be designed and tested.

Introduction

Although the many advantages of Interventional Radiology not only being a minimally invasive surgery but also providing minimal risk of infection for the patient, this procedure could cause serious damage (radio dermatitis) to the patient and surgeons if exposed for long periods to the X-ray radiation. Some medical solutions have been found, but need the installation of extra equipment in the operating room.

Objectives

The aim of the Medic@ team is to reduce the doses of X-rays using sensors integrated into the catheter to reconstruct images without the need of continuous imaging. To do that, accurate and reliable information on the position of the catheter is required to correct the drift of the catheter's sensors. The use of artificial intelligence with a U-Net convolutional neural network is a possible solution for detecting the entire catheter (body and head) and for obtaining precise coordinates in X-ray images.

Material and methods

The use of artificial intelligence with a U-Net convolutional neural network is a possible solution for detecting the entire catheter (body and head) and for obtaining precise coordinates in X-ray images. We have created and used synthetic data to generate training datasets and videos that simulate real-world operations because we only have low quantity of data.

Results

The results using the metrics binary cross entropy and dice loss testing in the synthetic data are 0. 048 and 0.98 respectively. We have also tested to predict catheter shapes on some real images; in a general way, the results show good approximation in the detection of the head of the catheter (around 3.1 pixels) using Euclidean distance. Finally, the predictions are also robust in blurry synthetic images using 5, 10 and 15 kernel sizes; in this case, the binary cross entropy in all the cases is less than 0.05 and the dice loss in all the cases is more than 0.98.

Conclusions

The methodology used to create synthetic images and videos seems to be correct. The predictions in the detection of the shape of catheters, after training with synthetic images calibrated with the same histogram of the real images, show very good results in the metrics: binary cross entropy and dice loss. The same for the case of blurry images. The tests in the few real images are encouraging because the error detection in the head of the catheter is small (<3.1 pixels). More tests with real data are still necessary for validating this first approach.