Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-10-699-705
S. Barannikova
The work is devoted to the study of macroscopic localization of plastic deformation during uniaxial tension of single crystals of the Hadfield steel (Fe – 13 % Mn – 1.03 % C). In the course of studies at the stage of easy sliding, significant differences were found in the nature of macrolocalization of plastic deformation in the single-crystal samples under study. All patterns of deformation localization observed in these cases can be divided into two types. The first type of strain localization corresponds to the initiation at the upper yield point and further propagation of the strain front, which gradually transfers the sample material from undeformed state to deformed one. This manifested itself most clearly in single crystals oriented along the tension axis [377] and [355], where the strain localization pattern appears as a single zone of localized deformation on the yield plateau. Such a deformation front passes through the sample volume only once as a Chernov-Luders band. In this case, the flow of the material is carried out without hardening until all its elements are transferred to the deformed state. Single zones of strain localization were also observed at the stages of easy sliding and yield plateau in the Hadfield steel single crystals oriented along the tension axis [123] and [012]. In the second type of localization, at the stage of easy sliding, synchronous movement along the pattern of several deformation centers occurs. Their movement can be unidirectional and counter, and the speeds are both the same and different from each other. Further deformation of the Hadfield steel single crystals oriented along the tension axis [355] or [012], led to the movement of two deformation localization centers at the stages of easy sliding. In single crystals oriented along [111], the strain localization pattern is respectively represented as four localized strain sites. Consequently, the synchronous movement of deformation fronts occurs along an already deformed, albeit to a small extent, material. As a reason for the difference between the two types of macrostrain localization at stage I (the easy sliding stage and the yield plateau), the number of active sliding systems or tensile twinning in the studied single crystals can be discussed based on crystallographic analysis and metallographic studies.
{"title":"Localized deformation at initial stages of plastic flow in high-manganese steel","authors":"S. Barannikova","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-10-699-705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-10-699-705","url":null,"abstract":"The work is devoted to the study of macroscopic localization of plastic deformation during uniaxial tension of single crystals of the Hadfield steel (Fe – 13 % Mn – 1.03 % C). In the course of studies at the stage of easy sliding, significant differences were found in the nature of macrolocalization of plastic deformation in the single-crystal samples under study. All patterns of deformation localization observed in these cases can be divided into two types. The first type of strain localization corresponds to the initiation at the upper yield point and further propagation of the strain front, which gradually transfers the sample material from undeformed state to deformed one. This manifested itself most clearly in single crystals oriented along the tension axis [377] and [355], where the strain localization pattern appears as a single zone of localized deformation on the yield plateau. Such a deformation front passes through the sample volume only once as a Chernov-Luders band. In this case, the flow of the material is carried out without hardening until all its elements are transferred to the deformed state. Single zones of strain localization were also observed at the stages of easy sliding and yield plateau in the Hadfield steel single crystals oriented along the tension axis [123] and [012]. In the second type of localization, at the stage of easy sliding, synchronous movement along the pattern of several deformation centers occurs. Their movement can be unidirectional and counter, and the speeds are both the same and different from each other. Further deformation of the Hadfield steel single crystals oriented along the tension axis [355] or [012], led to the movement of two deformation localization centers at the stages of easy sliding. In single crystals oriented along [111], the strain localization pattern is respectively represented as four localized strain sites. Consequently, the synchronous movement of deformation fronts occurs along an already deformed, albeit to a small extent, material. As a reason for the difference between the two types of macrostrain localization at stage I (the easy sliding stage and the yield plateau), the number of active sliding systems or tensile twinning in the studied single crystals can be discussed based on crystallographic analysis and metallographic studies.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86865226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-654-661
K. Aksenova, V. Gromov, Y. Ivanov, E. Vashchuk, O. Peregudov
The article presents the results of analysis of evolution of the defective substructure of rail steel pearlite with lamellar morphology under deformation by uniaxial compression. The strain hardening of the studied steel under such deformation has a multistage character. Deformation of steel is accompanied by fragmentation of pearlite grains, which intensifies as the degree of deformation increases and reaches 0.4 of the studied foil volume at ε = 50 %. Fragments formed in ferrite plates are separated by low-angle boundaries. It was established that the average sizes of ferrite plate fragments decrease from 240 nm (ε = 15 %) to 200 nm (ε = 50 %) with an increase in the deformation degree. Fragmentation of cementite plates was revealed. It was found that the size of the fragments varies within 15 – 20 nm and weakly depends on the degree of steel deformation. Fracture of cementite lamellae, proceeding by their dissolution and cutting by mobile dislocations, was discovered. Carbon atoms that have passed from the crystal lattice of cementite to dislocations are carried out into the interlamellar space and form particles of tertiary cementite, the size of which is 2 – 4 nm. In the process of steel deformation, an inhomogeneous dislocation substructure is formed, which is due to the deceleration of dislocations by cementite particles. It was found that an increase in the deformation degree is accompanied by a decrease in the scalar and excess density of dislocations, which may be due to the escape of dislocations into low-angle boundaries, as well as their annihilation. It was established that the sources of internal stress fields are the interfaces between pearlite grains and colonies, cementite plates in pearlite grains, particles of the second phase located in the volume of ferrite plates.
{"title":"Evolution of structure of rail steel lamellar pearlite under compression deformation","authors":"K. Aksenova, V. Gromov, Y. Ivanov, E. Vashchuk, O. Peregudov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-654-661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-654-661","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of analysis of evolution of the defective substructure of rail steel pearlite with lamellar morphology under deformation by uniaxial compression. The strain hardening of the studied steel under such deformation has a multistage character. Deformation of steel is accompanied by fragmentation of pearlite grains, which intensifies as the degree of deformation increases and reaches 0.4 of the studied foil volume at ε = 50 %. Fragments formed in ferrite plates are separated by low-angle boundaries. It was established that the average sizes of ferrite plate fragments decrease from 240 nm (ε = 15 %) to 200 nm (ε = 50 %) with an increase in the deformation degree. Fragmentation of cementite plates was revealed. It was found that the size of the fragments varies within 15 – 20 nm and weakly depends on the degree of steel deformation. Fracture of cementite lamellae, proceeding by their dissolution and cutting by mobile dislocations, was discovered. Carbon atoms that have passed from the crystal lattice of cementite to dislocations are carried out into the interlamellar space and form particles of tertiary cementite, the size of which is 2 – 4 nm. In the process of steel deformation, an inhomogeneous dislocation substructure is formed, which is due to the deceleration of dislocations by cementite particles. It was found that an increase in the deformation degree is accompanied by a decrease in the scalar and excess density of dislocations, which may be due to the escape of dislocations into low-angle boundaries, as well as their annihilation. It was established that the sources of internal stress fields are the interfaces between pearlite grains and colonies, cementite plates in pearlite grains, particles of the second phase located in the volume of ferrite plates.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78552827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-671-676
N. S. Byalobzheskii, O. A. Evtekhova, I. A. Levitskii
The authors investigated the intensity of heating of a moving strip of thermally thin metal on a finite length section by a system of attacking neutral gas jets. The article is devoted to solving the problem of creating a system for heating a strip of moving metal by attacking jets of neutral gas by estimating the intensity of heating a metal strip using mathematical modeling methods. The main options for heat treatment of sheet metal are named. The article describes the differential heat conduction problem and its subsequent simplification, considering the assumptions made to obtain an effective calculation algorithm; the empirical relations selected for calculating local and average values of heat transfer coefficients; and the basic parameters for variant calculations. For comparative modeling, a 20m-long section was considered, where a strip entering with a temperature of 500 °С is heated by neutral gas with temperature of 800 °С. The results of calculating the dependence of average cross-sectional temperature of the strip on its movement speed (in the range from 0.1 m/s to 2 m/s) at two values of the gas flow velocity (20 m/s and 40 m/s) are presented, on the basis of which the authors concluded that acceptable heating intensity is achieved only at low speeds of the strip, and the gas flow rate (in the considered range) is not a reserve for a significant increase in this intensity.
作者研究了用攻击中性气体射流系统对有限长度截面上的热薄金属移动带的加热强度。本文利用数学建模的方法，通过估算金属带的加热强度，解决了通过攻击中性气体射流来制造运动金属带加热系统的问题。介绍了金属板材热处理的主要方法。本文描述了微分热传导问题及其后续的简化，并考虑了为获得有效的计算算法所做的假设;计算换热系数局部值和平均值所选择的经验关系式;以及各种计算的基本参数。为了进行对比建模，我们考虑了一个20米长的截面，其中温度为500°С的带材被温度为800°С的中性气体加热。结果计算横截面平均温度的依赖的加沙地带的移动速度(范围从0.1 m / s, 2 m / s)在两个值的气体流速(20 m / s和40米/秒),在此基础上,作者得出结论,可接受的加热强度的低速带、和气体流速(在考虑范围)不是一个准备在这个强度显著增加。
{"title":"Mathematical model of sheet metal strip heating by attacking jets","authors":"N. S. Byalobzheskii, O. A. Evtekhova, I. A. Levitskii","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-671-676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-671-676","url":null,"abstract":"The authors investigated the intensity of heating of a moving strip of thermally thin metal on a finite length section by a system of attacking neutral gas jets. The article is devoted to solving the problem of creating a system for heating a strip of moving metal by attacking jets of neutral gas by estimating the intensity of heating a metal strip using mathematical modeling methods. The main options for heat treatment of sheet metal are named. The article describes the differential heat conduction problem and its subsequent simplification, considering the assumptions made to obtain an effective calculation algorithm; the empirical relations selected for calculating local and average values of heat transfer coefficients; and the basic parameters for variant calculations. For comparative modeling, a 20m-long section was considered, where a strip entering with a temperature of 500 °С is heated by neutral gas with temperature of 800 °С. The results of calculating the dependence of average cross-sectional temperature of the strip on its movement speed (in the range from 0.1 m/s to 2 m/s) at two values of the gas flow velocity (20 m/s and 40 m/s) are presented, on the basis of which the authors concluded that acceptable heating intensity is achieved only at low speeds of the strip, and the gas flow rate (in the considered range) is not a reserve for a significant increase in this intensity.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84559305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-609-614
S. Goloviznin, I. Petrov, A. B. Ivantsov
The paper continues the previous authors’ works in the field of wet wire drawing. The process of wet fine brass-plated steel wire drawing is considered. The subject of the paper is increase of the wire die wearability. The analysis of various wire drawing tools (hard alloy dies, synthetic diamond dies, natural diamond dies) was carried out for the relevance of its application for small diameter wire drawing. The authors studied the wire die wearability. The research methodology is presented, which include the procedure and conditions for measurements, industrial equipment and type of wire drawing machine. In the paper, the comparative analysis of the experimental data with the results of other authors for similar wire drawing tool was carried out. The authors calculated the main characteristics of the wire die wearability distribution (asymmetry, kurtosis, coefficient of variation). A statistical analysis of the array of experimental data for selection of more than 500 samples was performed. A high correlation of the drawing die wearability with the ratio of breaking stress to draw stress and a weak correlation with the drawing force and stress were revealed. The highest and most stable die life results are achieved when ratio of breaking stress to draw stress has values of 1.9 – 2.5. A formula was proposed for determining the optimal value of the ratio of breaking stress to draw stress, depending on the wire diameter. The formula allows one to determine the maximum die wearability values, depending on the wire drawing schedule. The work results can be used when designing new wet wire drawing schedules using synthetic diamond dies.
{"title":"Optimization of wet drawing according to the ratio of breaking stress to draw stress","authors":"S. Goloviznin, I. Petrov, A. B. Ivantsov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-609-614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-609-614","url":null,"abstract":"The paper continues the previous authors’ works in the field of wet wire drawing. The process of wet fine brass-plated steel wire drawing is considered. The subject of the paper is increase of the wire die wearability. The analysis of various wire drawing tools (hard alloy dies, synthetic diamond dies, natural diamond dies) was carried out for the relevance of its application for small diameter wire drawing. The authors studied the wire die wearability. The research methodology is presented, which include the procedure and conditions for measurements, industrial equipment and type of wire drawing machine. In the paper, the comparative analysis of the experimental data with the results of other authors for similar wire drawing tool was carried out. The authors calculated the main characteristics of the wire die wearability distribution (asymmetry, kurtosis, coefficient of variation). A statistical analysis of the array of experimental data for selection of more than 500 samples was performed. A high correlation of the drawing die wearability with the ratio of breaking stress to draw stress and a weak correlation with the drawing force and stress were revealed. The highest and most stable die life results are achieved when ratio of breaking stress to draw stress has values of 1.9 – 2.5. A formula was proposed for determining the optimal value of the ratio of breaking stress to draw stress, depending on the wire diameter. The formula allows one to determine the maximum die wearability values, depending on the wire drawing schedule. The work results can be used when designing new wet wire drawing schedules using synthetic diamond dies.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73975976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-615-618
E. V. Laletina, K. Shatokhin
The international metallurgical World Steel Association has published new data that reviewing the situation in the global steel market. According to the published data for 2021 the production of steel on the world market decreased by 1 % (to 1.83 billion tons). The reduction in steel production on the world stage is the result of sharp fluctuations in market conditions associated with the pandemic. If it is necessary to urgently increase the volume of rolled metal production, the issues of uniformity of metal heating before rolling, stamping and forging, as well as improving the thermal operation of devices for heating the surface of slabs (which will simplify the design of heating devices, reduce the cost of heating and construction), are still relevant. One way to improve the heating process and increase the production of rolled metal is to use jet heating. This paper shows the results of modeling metal heating with nitrogen jets.
{"title":"The possibility of using jet metal heating","authors":"E. V. Laletina, K. Shatokhin","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-615-618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-615-618","url":null,"abstract":"The international metallurgical World Steel Association has published new data that reviewing the situation in the global steel market. According to the published data for 2021 the production of steel on the world market decreased by 1 % (to 1.83 billion tons). The reduction in steel production on the world stage is the result of sharp fluctuations in market conditions associated with the pandemic. If it is necessary to urgently increase the volume of rolled metal production, the issues of uniformity of metal heating before rolling, stamping and forging, as well as improving the thermal operation of devices for heating the surface of slabs (which will simplify the design of heating devices, reduce the cost of heating and construction), are still relevant. One way to improve the heating process and increase the production of rolled metal is to use jet heating. This paper shows the results of modeling metal heating with nitrogen jets.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79371232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-644-653
D. A. Pumpyanskii, I. Pyshmintsev, S. Bityukov, M. A. Gervas’ev, A. A. Gusev
The paper considers the study of the features of structure and phase transformations in high-strength, resistant to carbon dioxide corrosion, complex alloyed steels of martensitic, austenitic-martensitic and martensitic-ferritic classes with 13 – 17 % Cr. Influence of the alloying on crystallization and solid state phase transformations was revealed in the temperature range of hot deformation and heat treatment using thermodynamic modeling and experimental study. The effect of quenching temperature on the phase composition and microstructure was analyzed as a result of X-ray diffraction phase analysis, optical and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that increase of nickel content leads to growth of retained austenite fraction resulting in significant decrease of yield strength along with high tensile strength and elongation. To obtain predominantly martensitic microstructure in martensitic-austenitic steel, the multistage heat treatment is proposed including quenching, intermediate annealing for precipitation of dispersed carbides and tempering forming final mechanical properties. The composition of precipitated carbides was evaluated by X-ray microanalysis. The results of the tensile test for steels with martensitic and martensitic-ferritic microstructure showed that required strength grade (σ0.65 ≥ 862 MPa; σв ≥ 931 MPa) was reached after heat treatment including quenching and tempering. Multistage heat treatment including quenching, intermediate annealing and final tempering was resulted in required strength properties of high-nickel martensitic-austenitic steel with 15 % Cr.
{"title":"Features of microstructure, phase composition and strengthening capability of stainless steels with 13 – 17 % Cr","authors":"D. A. Pumpyanskii, I. Pyshmintsev, S. Bityukov, M. A. Gervas’ev, A. A. Gusev","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-644-653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-644-653","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the study of the features of structure and phase transformations in high-strength, resistant to carbon dioxide corrosion, complex alloyed steels of martensitic, austenitic-martensitic and martensitic-ferritic classes with 13 – 17 % Cr. Influence of the alloying on crystallization and solid state phase transformations was revealed in the temperature range of hot deformation and heat treatment using thermodynamic modeling and experimental study. The effect of quenching temperature on the phase composition and microstructure was analyzed as a result of X-ray diffraction phase analysis, optical and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that increase of nickel content leads to growth of retained austenite fraction resulting in significant decrease of yield strength along with high tensile strength and elongation. To obtain predominantly martensitic microstructure in martensitic-austenitic steel, the multistage heat treatment is proposed including quenching, intermediate annealing for precipitation of dispersed carbides and tempering forming final mechanical properties. The composition of precipitated carbides was evaluated by X-ray microanalysis. The results of the tensile test for steels with martensitic and martensitic-ferritic microstructure showed that required strength grade (σ0.65 ≥ 862 MPa; σв ≥ 931 MPa) was reached after heat treatment including quenching and tempering. Multistage heat treatment including quenching, intermediate annealing and final tempering was resulted in required strength properties of high-nickel martensitic-austenitic steel with 15 % Cr.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88219454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-662-670
D. N. Moskalev, I. Tsyganov
The objective of the research was to identify transitional diffusion layers in the steel wire – brass coating system. Brass wire is used in the production of steel cord. Such wire made from steel 80 by dry drawing, two-stage deposition of brass coating (Cu + Zn) and subsequent diffusion annealing was used for this research. The chemical composition was studied using a TESCAN Vega3 SBH scanning electron microscope with an Oxford Instruments attachment for X-ray microanalysis (MRSA). To obtain maps of the elements distribution, the overlay of the received frames was used. The authors studied chemical composition of the brass coating of steel wire for steel cord by spectra; the copper concentration gradient was determined; iron content in the coating and copper content in the steel core were revealed. The presence of a transitional diffusion layer from a brass coating to a steel core on a wire for wet drawing with a diameter of 1.67 mm and 1.85 mm was determined in two parts with different thicknesses of a brass coating in opposite sections (maximum and minimum). A map of the elemental distribution of Fe, Cu and Zn is shown, as well as a general map of overlay of Fe, Cu and Zn content; graphs of the elements’ content for two studied cross-sections are presented. It was established that the transition diffusion layer has gradient transition in concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn, which characterizes good connection of the brass coating with steel. Diffusion layer of a brass coating of a steel wire with a diameter of 0.30 mm, produced by wet drawing of a steel wire with a diameter of 1.67 mm, was studied. An image of the coating was obtained by overlaying frames. Thickness of the coating together with the diffusion layer was determined, the average value of which is 1.4 µm with an apparent coating thickness of 0.5 µm.
{"title":"Chemical composition of brass coating for steel cord","authors":"D. N. Moskalev, I. Tsyganov","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-662-670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-662-670","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the research was to identify transitional diffusion layers in the steel wire – brass coating system. Brass wire is used in the production of steel cord. Such wire made from steel 80 by dry drawing, two-stage deposition of brass coating (Cu + Zn) and subsequent diffusion annealing was used for this research. The chemical composition was studied using a TESCAN Vega3 SBH scanning electron microscope with an Oxford Instruments attachment for X-ray microanalysis (MRSA). To obtain maps of the elements distribution, the overlay of the received frames was used. The authors studied chemical composition of the brass coating of steel wire for steel cord by spectra; the copper concentration gradient was determined; iron content in the coating and copper content in the steel core were revealed. The presence of a transitional diffusion layer from a brass coating to a steel core on a wire for wet drawing with a diameter of 1.67 mm and 1.85 mm was determined in two parts with different thicknesses of a brass coating in opposite sections (maximum and minimum). A map of the elemental distribution of Fe, Cu and Zn is shown, as well as a general map of overlay of Fe, Cu and Zn content; graphs of the elements’ content for two studied cross-sections are presented. It was established that the transition diffusion layer has gradient transition in concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn, which characterizes good connection of the brass coating with steel. Diffusion layer of a brass coating of a steel wire with a diameter of 0.30 mm, produced by wet drawing of a steel wire with a diameter of 1.67 mm, was studied. An image of the coating was obtained by overlaying frames. Thickness of the coating together with the diffusion layer was determined, the average value of which is 1.4 µm with an apparent coating thickness of 0.5 µm.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84547041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-637-643
A. Kolomeichenko, V. Logachev, V. Deev, N. Dudareva
The method of electric arc metallization has both undeniable advantages and some disadvantages. For example, there is a burnout of alloying elements and a high content of oxides in the applied coating. Aerosol fluxing during metallization can solve this problem and neutralize the negative oxidative effect of interaction of the applied metal with air oxygen. This article discusses an effective method to improve physical and mechanical properties of an electrometallization coating using aerosol fluxing. The essence of this method is introduction of an aerosol together with compressed air into a torch of molten metal. This aerosol consists of an aqueous solution of the chemical inorganic materials. Such the aqueous solution is poured into a hydrodispergator, which is connected to the air channel of the metallizer. Aerosol fluxing makes it possible to deoxidize and ligate metal during electric arc metallization. As a result, the physical and mechanical properties of the metal increase. The paper considers the results of topographic studies of electrometallization coatings. Formed coatings have a structure with grain sizes from 200 to 2500 nm and also have pronounced and subtle grain boundaries. Aerosol fluxing with electric arc metallization forms a coating with finer-grained structure, which increases their strength. It is established that formed coatings have a finer-grained structure and increased strength when using aerosol fluxing during electric arc metallization. Metallographic studies showed that the thickness of the electrometallization coating varies from 2490 µm to 2586 µm. The use of aerosol fluxing during electric arc metallization does not significantly affect the coating thickness. The microhardness of electrometallization coatings was studied. This study showed that the use of aerosol flux consisting of Na2CO3 , Na3AlF6 , Na2B4O7 during metallization increases microhardness of electrometallization coatings by 1.6 – 1.9 times.
{"title":"Properties of coatings obtained by supersonic electric arc metallization with aerosol fluxing","authors":"A. Kolomeichenko, V. Logachev, V. Deev, N. Dudareva","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-637-643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-637-643","url":null,"abstract":"The method of electric arc metallization has both undeniable advantages and some disadvantages. For example, there is a burnout of alloying elements and a high content of oxides in the applied coating. Aerosol fluxing during metallization can solve this problem and neutralize the negative oxidative effect of interaction of the applied metal with air oxygen. This article discusses an effective method to improve physical and mechanical properties of an electrometallization coating using aerosol fluxing. The essence of this method is introduction of an aerosol together with compressed air into a torch of molten metal. This aerosol consists of an aqueous solution of the chemical inorganic materials. Such the aqueous solution is poured into a hydrodispergator, which is connected to the air channel of the metallizer. Aerosol fluxing makes it possible to deoxidize and ligate metal during electric arc metallization. As a result, the physical and mechanical properties of the metal increase. The paper considers the results of topographic studies of electrometallization coatings. Formed coatings have a structure with grain sizes from 200 to 2500 nm and also have pronounced and subtle grain boundaries. Aerosol fluxing with electric arc metallization forms a coating with finer-grained structure, which increases their strength. It is established that formed coatings have a finer-grained structure and increased strength when using aerosol fluxing during electric arc metallization. Metallographic studies showed that the thickness of the electrometallization coating varies from 2490 µm to 2586 µm. The use of aerosol fluxing during electric arc metallization does not significantly affect the coating thickness. The microhardness of electrometallization coatings was studied. This study showed that the use of aerosol flux consisting of Na2CO3 , Na3AlF6 , Na2B4O7 during metallization increases microhardness of electrometallization coatings by 1.6 – 1.9 times.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90233696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-539-547
I. Ivanov, K. Emurlaev, K. Kuper, D. Safarova, I. Bataev
The paper considers the features of structural transformations during annealing of the high-entropy alloy Al0.3CoCrFeNi. The ingots obtained by argon arc melting were subjected to cold rolling with a compression ratio of 50 %. The produced worpieces were annealed in the furnace for 4 hours at temperatures of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 °C. The samples obtained by the described technique were examined using the methods of synchrotron X-ray diffraction in the lumen mode and diffraction of backscattered electrons. The research data indicate that up to a temperature of 600 °C, the structure of the alloys is represented by a single phase with a face-centered cubic lattice. When annealing alloys at temperatures of 800 and 1000 °C, the phase composition is characterized by the presence of two phases: a disordered phase with a face-centered cubic lattice and an ordered phase with a primitive cubic lattice. At temperatures above 800 °C, the burning of alloys is accompanied by development of recrystallization processes. It was found that after annealing at 800 °C, the relative proportion of micro-volumes characterized by inter-angular misorientation of more than 10° was 20 %, and after annealing at 1000 °C – 65 %. Microhardness of the studied samples increases with an increase in temperature up to 600 °C and decreases with a further increase in temperature. Analysis of the width of diffraction maxima using the methods of profile analysis of diffractograms indicates an increase in distortions of the crystal lattice of the ordered phase. This behavior may be associated with the release of nanoscale inclusions in the matrix of the main phase.
{"title":"Structural transformations during annealing of cold-worked high-entropy alloy Al0.3CoCrFeNi","authors":"I. Ivanov, K. Emurlaev, K. Kuper, D. Safarova, I. Bataev","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-539-547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-539-547","url":null,"abstract":"The paper considers the features of structural transformations during annealing of the high-entropy alloy Al0.3CoCrFeNi. The ingots obtained by argon arc melting were subjected to cold rolling with a compression ratio of 50 %. The produced worpieces were annealed in the furnace for 4 hours at temperatures of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 °C. The samples obtained by the described technique were examined using the methods of synchrotron X-ray diffraction in the lumen mode and diffraction of backscattered electrons. The research data indicate that up to a temperature of 600 °C, the structure of the alloys is represented by a single phase with a face-centered cubic lattice. When annealing alloys at temperatures of 800 and 1000 °C, the phase composition is characterized by the presence of two phases: a disordered phase with a face-centered cubic lattice and an ordered phase with a primitive cubic lattice. At temperatures above 800 °C, the burning of alloys is accompanied by development of recrystallization processes. It was found that after annealing at 800 °C, the relative proportion of micro-volumes characterized by inter-angular misorientation of more than 10° was 20 %, and after annealing at 1000 °C – 65 %. Microhardness of the studied samples increases with an increase in temperature up to 600 °C and decreases with a further increase in temperature. Analysis of the width of diffraction maxima using the methods of profile analysis of diffractograms indicates an increase in distortions of the crystal lattice of the ordered phase. This behavior may be associated with the release of nanoscale inclusions in the matrix of the main phase.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83004874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-596-603
A. Umanskii, A. Yur’ev, A. Simachev, L. Dumova
The conducted studies have determined the regularities of influence of rolling parameters of billets and grinding balls in their production from the rejects of K76F rail steel on probability of defects formation during deformation. Modeling of the rolling process of high-grade billets from the rejects of continuously cast ingots of rail steel of the specified grade in DEFORM-2D software package allowed us to establish a significant effect of such parameters as: partial coefficients of drawing along the transfer bar, frequency of rolling edges, and rolling temperature, on the probability of defect formation, characterized by the maximum value of the Cockcroft-Latham criterion in cross section of the rolls. It is shown that an increase in the coefficients of drawing (compression) along the transfer bar, due to intensification of the rolling mode and an increase in frequency of edging, reduces the likelihood of defects forming during rolling by reducing the temperature inhomogeneity along the rolls section. The established effect of temperature increase on reducing the probability of defects formation is due to an increase in plasticity of the considered rail steel. Based on the data obtained, general recommendations are formulated on the directions of improving the rolling modes of billets from the rejects of rail steels and restrictions on their application in practice. Based on the results of modeling the rolling of grinding balls from the rejects of rail steel on a helical rolling mill, a significant effect of an increase in the deformation temperature on reduction of cracking in the balls axial zone, due to an increase in the steel ductility, was established. Therefore, a new mode of rolling grinding balls from the rejects of K76F rail steel was developed, which provides an increase in impact resistance of grinding balls while maintaining high surface hardness. Effectiveness of this mode is confirmed by the results of its pilot testing in conditions of the ball rolling mill at JSC “Guryevskii Metallurgical Plant”.
{"title":"Influence of deformation parameters on quality of billets and grinding balls during their production from rejects of rail steels","authors":"A. Umanskii, A. Yur’ev, A. Simachev, L. Dumova","doi":"10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-596-603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-596-603","url":null,"abstract":"The conducted studies have determined the regularities of influence of rolling parameters of billets and grinding balls in their production from the rejects of K76F rail steel on probability of defects formation during deformation. Modeling of the rolling process of high-grade billets from the rejects of continuously cast ingots of rail steel of the specified grade in DEFORM-2D software package allowed us to establish a significant effect of such parameters as: partial coefficients of drawing along the transfer bar, frequency of rolling edges, and rolling temperature, on the probability of defect formation, characterized by the maximum value of the Cockcroft-Latham criterion in cross section of the rolls. It is shown that an increase in the coefficients of drawing (compression) along the transfer bar, due to intensification of the rolling mode and an increase in frequency of edging, reduces the likelihood of defects forming during rolling by reducing the temperature inhomogeneity along the rolls section. The established effect of temperature increase on reducing the probability of defects formation is due to an increase in plasticity of the considered rail steel. Based on the data obtained, general recommendations are formulated on the directions of improving the rolling modes of billets from the rejects of rail steels and restrictions on their application in practice. Based on the results of modeling the rolling of grinding balls from the rejects of rail steel on a helical rolling mill, a significant effect of an increase in the deformation temperature on reduction of cracking in the balls axial zone, due to an increase in the steel ductility, was established. Therefore, a new mode of rolling grinding balls from the rejects of K76F rail steel was developed, which provides an increase in impact resistance of grinding balls while maintaining high surface hardness. Effectiveness of this mode is confirmed by the results of its pilot testing in conditions of the ball rolling mill at JSC “Guryevskii Metallurgical Plant”.","PeriodicalId":14630,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89413088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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