R. Zendehdel, Shirin Seyed Ghoreyshi, F. Rajabi, Zohreh Amini, Majid Mahdian Dehkordi, Hakimeh Nouri Parkestani
Background: Tert-butyl mercaptan is one of the frequently used odorants derived from natural gases. It has been declared as a health hazard by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the USA. There is not much information available about the mercaptans long-term toxicity secondary to occupational exposure. This study was conducted to evaluate the oxidative stress caused by mercaptan odorant. Methods: The inhalation exposure of 80 maintenance workers in a gas industry was evaluated, using NIOSH 2542 and samples analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Also, the administrative staff were selected as the unexposed workers with matching age and work experience compared to the exposed subjects. The lipid peroxidation and ferric reducing plasma ability (FRAP), was evaluated as oxidative stress biomarkers. The acetylcholinesterase activity was also assessed for the neurological risks. Results: The tert-butyl mercaptan exposure was evaluated at average 0.01 ppm (0.005 to 0.15 ppm). There was oxidative stress in maintenance workers along with a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in FRAP level (P=0.0001). The acetyl cholinesterase activity was decreased in over half of the exposed subjects, and correlated significantly with the tert-butyl mercaptan level (r=-0.4, P=0.026). Conclusion: There was a correlation between the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity and the induction of oxidative stress. Based on the findings, the chronic occupational exposure to tert-butyl mercaptan was identified as a health hazard. Therefore, specific health care strategies should be developed to minimize the toxic effect of this chemical.
{"title":"The Oxidative Stress of Mercaptan Odorant Due to Occupational Exposure: Adverse Effects on the Cholinergic System","authors":"R. Zendehdel, Shirin Seyed Ghoreyshi, F. Rajabi, Zohreh Amini, Majid Mahdian Dehkordi, Hakimeh Nouri Parkestani","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.2.858.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.858.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tert-butyl mercaptan is one of the frequently used odorants derived from natural gases. It has been declared as a health hazard by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the USA. There is not much information available about the mercaptans long-term toxicity secondary to occupational exposure. This study was conducted to evaluate the oxidative stress caused by mercaptan odorant. Methods: The inhalation exposure of 80 maintenance workers in a gas industry was evaluated, using NIOSH 2542 and samples analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Also, the administrative staff were selected as the unexposed workers with matching age and work experience compared to the exposed subjects. The lipid peroxidation and ferric reducing plasma ability (FRAP), was evaluated as oxidative stress biomarkers. The acetylcholinesterase activity was also assessed for the neurological risks. Results: The tert-butyl mercaptan exposure was evaluated at average 0.01 ppm (0.005 to 0.15 ppm). There was oxidative stress in maintenance workers along with a significant increase in the lipid peroxidation, and a decrease in FRAP level (P=0.0001). The acetyl cholinesterase activity was decreased in over half of the exposed subjects, and correlated significantly with the tert-butyl mercaptan level (r=-0.4, P=0.026). Conclusion: There was a correlation between the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase activity and the induction of oxidative stress. Based on the findings, the chronic occupational exposure to tert-butyl mercaptan was identified as a health hazard. Therefore, specific health care strategies should be developed to minimize the toxic effect of this chemical.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47862604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shiva Roshankhah, A. Ghanbari, M. Salahshoor, M. Esmaeli
Background: Despite modern developments in its management, still major concerns remain about drug resistance in chemotherapy. Natural adjuvants combined with chemotherapy might be the answer. We examined the anti-cancer, anti-proliferative and synergistic effects of Sambucus nigra extract with cisplatin chemotherapy (CDDP) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell lines. Methods: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were cultured in DMEM culture media, containing 10% FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. The anti-proliferative activity of SNA, CDDP and their synergic doses were determined using MTT method. Next, the apoptotic, metabolic, and cellular resistance gene expressions were measured through real-time quantitative PCR technique. To show the apoptosis effects and to diagnose cellular damages, an annexin V/propidium iodide (AV/PI) kit and malondialdehyde level were performed, respectively. Results: The synergic doses of SNA and CDDP in MCF-7 were 1.25µM CDDP+1.25µM SNA and on MDA-MB-231 was 2.5µM CDDP+2.5µM SNA. The results of real-time PCR showed that SNA induced apoptosis, disrupted metabolic pathways and reduced cellular drug resistance. In addition, the combination of SNA with CDDP compared with CDDP alone was able to change the expression of these genes and increase the rate of MDA and apoptosis generation (P<0.05). Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation indicate that SNA, as a herbal supplement, may be a candidate for increasing the effect of CDDP therapy in the treatment of breast cancers. This synergy was not estrogen-dependent in the MDA-MB-231 cells, promoted apoptosis, cell damages, disorders of metabolism, and reduced the drug resistance in the cancer cells.
{"title":"Sambucus Nigra Synergizes Cisplatin to Improve Apoptosis and Metabolic Disorders, and Reduce Drug Resistance in Two Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines","authors":"Shiva Roshankhah, A. Ghanbari, M. Salahshoor, M. Esmaeli","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.2.888.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.888.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Despite modern developments in its management, still major concerns remain about drug resistance in chemotherapy. Natural adjuvants combined with chemotherapy might be the answer. We examined the anti-cancer, anti-proliferative and synergistic effects of Sambucus nigra extract with cisplatin chemotherapy (CDDP) on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human cancer cell lines. Methods: MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were cultured in DMEM culture media, containing 10% FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin/streptomycin. The anti-proliferative activity of SNA, CDDP and their synergic doses were determined using MTT method. Next, the apoptotic, metabolic, and cellular resistance gene expressions were measured through real-time quantitative PCR technique. To show the apoptosis effects and to diagnose cellular damages, an annexin V/propidium iodide (AV/PI) kit and malondialdehyde level were performed, respectively. Results: The synergic doses of SNA and CDDP in MCF-7 were 1.25µM CDDP+1.25µM SNA and on MDA-MB-231 was 2.5µM CDDP+2.5µM SNA. The results of real-time PCR showed that SNA induced apoptosis, disrupted metabolic pathways and reduced cellular drug resistance. In addition, the combination of SNA with CDDP compared with CDDP alone was able to change the expression of these genes and increase the rate of MDA and apoptosis generation (P<0.05). Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation indicate that SNA, as a herbal supplement, may be a candidate for increasing the effect of CDDP therapy in the treatment of breast cancers. This synergy was not estrogen-dependent in the MDA-MB-231 cells, promoted apoptosis, cell damages, disorders of metabolism, and reduced the drug resistance in the cancer cells.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44095929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ashry, Doaa Galal ELSahra, Khaled G. Abdel-Wahhab, Mahenor E. Abdelsalam, Hagar H. Mourad, Alaa M. H. El-Bitar, H. F. Gomaa
Background: Testicular dysfunction is one of the common side effects that results from the treatment with oxaliplatin® as a chemotherapy drug, and pharmaceutical search for agents to relieve the side effects are underway. The current study explored the possible ameliorative and regenerative effects of Costus ethanolic extract against testicular degeneration in male rats induced by oxaliplatin. Methods: Male Wistar albino rats weighing 150-200g were divided into four groups of 10 rats each as follows: group-1 control rats; group-2 rats treated orally with the extract at 50 mg/kg/day for six weeks; group-3 rats injected oxaliplatin intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg/week for six successive weeks; group-4 rats were injected intraperitoneally with oxaliplatin at 10 mg/kg/week combined with a daily oral dose of the Costus extract for six weeks. Results: Data from the current study revealed that the extract lowered the toxic effect of oxaliplatin on the testicular tissue samples. This was evident by the significant rise in the serum of total & free testosterone and CD4 cells, and the levels of GSH, SOD and CAT activities in the testis coupled with a marked reduction of serum TNF-α and IL-1β and testis MDA, nitric oxide levels and DNA fragmentation. Also, the extract promoted the regeneration of the histopathological structure of the testis. Conclusion: This study proposes a novel therapeutic application for the Costus extract as a therapeutic agent against testicular toxicity induced by oxaliplatin treatment through its promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
{"title":"Saussurea Costus Extract Has Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Hormonal Effects Against Testicular Toxicity Induced by Oxaliplatin in Male Albino Rats","authors":"M. Ashry, Doaa Galal ELSahra, Khaled G. Abdel-Wahhab, Mahenor E. Abdelsalam, Hagar H. Mourad, Alaa M. H. El-Bitar, H. F. Gomaa","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.2.894.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.894.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Testicular dysfunction is one of the common side effects that results from the treatment with oxaliplatin® as a chemotherapy drug, and pharmaceutical search for agents to relieve the side effects are underway. The current study explored the possible ameliorative and regenerative effects of Costus ethanolic extract against testicular degeneration in male rats induced by oxaliplatin. Methods: Male Wistar albino rats weighing 150-200g were divided into four groups of 10 rats each as follows: group-1 control rats; group-2 rats treated orally with the extract at 50 mg/kg/day for six weeks; group-3 rats injected oxaliplatin intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg/week for six successive weeks; group-4 rats were injected intraperitoneally with oxaliplatin at 10 mg/kg/week combined with a daily oral dose of the Costus extract for six weeks. Results: Data from the current study revealed that the extract lowered the toxic effect of oxaliplatin on the testicular tissue samples. This was evident by the significant rise in the serum of total & free testosterone and CD4 cells, and the levels of GSH, SOD and CAT activities in the testis coupled with a marked reduction of serum TNF-α and IL-1β and testis MDA, nitric oxide levels and DNA fragmentation. Also, the extract promoted the regeneration of the histopathological structure of the testis. Conclusion: This study proposes a novel therapeutic application for the Costus extract as a therapeutic agent against testicular toxicity induced by oxaliplatin treatment through its promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49331029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Diazinon (Dzn), an Organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, is extensively used in agriculture. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition is linked to OP toxicity, and there are major mental health concerns associated with the use of pesticides. The objective of this study was to assess the depressive behavior in an animal model following their exposure to Dzn and the effect on the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a critical neurotropic factor. Methods: Male Swiss mice (N=42; 25±3g each) were used and their behaviors were eamined on including the locomotor, Forced Swimming (FST), and Sucrose Preference (SP) tests. These tests were performed the day after a single daily Dzn administration by gavage (2.5-20 mg/kg). Specific animal groups were exposed to Dzn daily (2.5-10 mg/kg) for 14 days, and a test was performed on days 7 and 15. Results: Following the acute exposure to Dzn, the animals’ locomotor activity did not change significantly. During the FST, Dzn at 20 mg/kg significantly increased the animals’ immobility time, indicating despair behavior. Imipramine, injected intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg, did not cause the depressive behavior. The subacute exposure to Dzn induced less locomotor activity than that of the controls. The 7-day exposure to Dzn at 10 mg/kg significantly prolonged the immobility period compared to that of the controls. The 14-day Dzn exposure at 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg increased the immobility time significantly compared to that of the controls. None of the treatment groups showed SP, clearly showing animal anhedonia. The BDNF levels significantly decreased not only by subacute exposures to Dzn but also following a single exposure to this this pesticide. Conclusion: The acute and subacute exposure to Dzn induced depressive behavior and increased the BDNF levels in the hippocampus of Swiss male mice following exposure to Dzn at varying doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg.
{"title":"Involvement of Mice Hippocampus Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Diazinon-induced Depressive Behavior in Mice","authors":"M. Aliomrani, A. Mesripour, Tannaz Daneshseta","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.2.902.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.902.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diazinon (Dzn), an Organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, is extensively used in agriculture. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition is linked to OP toxicity, and there are major mental health concerns associated with the use of pesticides. The objective of this study was to assess the depressive behavior in an animal model following their exposure to Dzn and the effect on the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) as a critical neurotropic factor. Methods: Male Swiss mice (N=42; 25±3g each) were used and their behaviors were eamined on including the locomotor, Forced Swimming (FST), and Sucrose Preference (SP) tests. These tests were performed the day after a single daily Dzn administration by gavage (2.5-20 mg/kg). Specific animal groups were exposed to Dzn daily (2.5-10 mg/kg) for 14 days, and a test was performed on days 7 and 15. Results: Following the acute exposure to Dzn, the animals’ locomotor activity did not change significantly. During the FST, Dzn at 20 mg/kg significantly increased the animals’ immobility time, indicating despair behavior. Imipramine, injected intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg, did not cause the depressive behavior. The subacute exposure to Dzn induced less locomotor activity than that of the controls. The 7-day exposure to Dzn at 10 mg/kg significantly prolonged the immobility period compared to that of the controls. The 14-day Dzn exposure at 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg increased the immobility time significantly compared to that of the controls. None of the treatment groups showed SP, clearly showing animal anhedonia. The BDNF levels significantly decreased not only by subacute exposures to Dzn but also following a single exposure to this this pesticide. Conclusion: The acute and subacute exposure to Dzn induced depressive behavior and increased the BDNF levels in the hippocampus of Swiss male mice following exposure to Dzn at varying doses of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45522075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Addai Terna Ini, Wusa Makena, I. Usman, Aisha Aminu, M. Gadzama
Background: Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide, and it poses numerous health risks to the environment and living organisms. This study aimed at assessing the protective role of Adansonia digitata (A. digitata) on glyphosate-induced hepatorenal toxicity in a Wistar rat model. Methods: Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups of five animals each. The first group did not receive glyphosate and served as the control group. The second group received a single daily dose of only glyphosate (375 mg/kg). The treatment groups 3 and 4 were given a single daily dose of glyphosate (375 mg/kg) together with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of A. digitata extract, respectively. Group 5 was administered glyphosate (375 mg/kg) with Ascorbic Acid (200 mg/kg) as a comparison. At the conclusion of the study, blood serum samples from the rats were used for biochemical analysis. Then, the liver and kidneys were removed for histological examinations. Results: In comparison to the control rats in group I, those in group 2 that were given glyphosate had increased liver enzymes biomarkers, urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels, but their superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels decreased (P<0.05). Groups 3 and 4 rats that received fruits of A. digitata did not show the upsurge of liver enzymes biomarkers creatinine, urea and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, the extract of the fruits increased endogenous antioxidant biomarkers. A. digitata protected the glomeruli from degeneration and prevented histological liver steatosis. Conclusion: This study’s findings suggest that the pre-treatment of rats with A. digitata extract provides a hepatorenal protective effect against glyphosate toxicity.
{"title":"Protective Role of Adansonia digitata Extract Against Glyphosate-induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Adult Male Wistar Rats","authors":"Addai Terna Ini, Wusa Makena, I. Usman, Aisha Aminu, M. Gadzama","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.2.920.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.920.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide, and it poses numerous health risks to the environment and living organisms. This study aimed at assessing the protective role of Adansonia digitata (A. digitata) on glyphosate-induced hepatorenal toxicity in a Wistar rat model. Methods: Twenty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups of five animals each. The first group did not receive glyphosate and served as the control group. The second group received a single daily dose of only glyphosate (375 mg/kg). The treatment groups 3 and 4 were given a single daily dose of glyphosate (375 mg/kg) together with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of A. digitata extract, respectively. Group 5 was administered glyphosate (375 mg/kg) with Ascorbic Acid (200 mg/kg) as a comparison. At the conclusion of the study, blood serum samples from the rats were used for biochemical analysis. Then, the liver and kidneys were removed for histological examinations. Results: In comparison to the control rats in group I, those in group 2 that were given glyphosate had increased liver enzymes biomarkers, urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels, but their superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels decreased (P<0.05). Groups 3 and 4 rats that received fruits of A. digitata did not show the upsurge of liver enzymes biomarkers creatinine, urea and malondialdehyde. Furthermore, the extract of the fruits increased endogenous antioxidant biomarkers. A. digitata protected the glomeruli from degeneration and prevented histological liver steatosis. Conclusion: This study’s findings suggest that the pre-treatment of rats with A. digitata extract provides a hepatorenal protective effect against glyphosate toxicity.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47961015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akram Norouzi, N. Ziamajidi, Asie Sadeghi, Mahdieh Nazari-Robati
Background: Oxidative stress has been shown to be an important factor, which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Heat Shock Protein-27 (HSP-27) has been implicated in antioxidant responses against oxidative stress. Trehalose is a natural disaccharide widely used in a variety of food products with demonstrated protective effects against several neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated the effects of trehalose on antioxidant responses, and the gene expressions for HSP-27 and caspase-3 against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative injury in PC-12 cell line. Methods: The PC-12 cells were treated with various concentrations of H2O2 and trehalose for 24hr. The cell viability was assessed, using MTT and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Moreover, the activity of Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) enzymes, and the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. In addition, the levels of HSP-27 and caspase-3 gene expressions were measured. Results: The results indicated that the pretreatment with trehalose increased cell survival against the H2O2-induced oxidative injury. Furthermore, trehalose elevated the CAT and GPx activities and reduced MDA levels compared to that of control group (P˂0.05). Moreover, trehalose upregulated the HSP-27 gene expression, while reducing the expression of caspase-3 gene compared to that of the untreated cells (P˂0.05). All of these biochemical changes were found to be dose-dependent for trehalose. Conclusion: Based on the study findings, trehalose had the capacity to attenuate the oxidative stress and cell injury. Therefore, trehalose may be suggested as a therapeutic agent to treat neurodegenerative disorders caused by oxidative stress damages.
{"title":"Protective Effect of Trehalose Against H2O2-induced Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in PC-12 Cell Line and the Role of Heat Shock Protein-27","authors":"Akram Norouzi, N. Ziamajidi, Asie Sadeghi, Mahdieh Nazari-Robati","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.2.905.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.905.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oxidative stress has been shown to be an important factor, which plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Heat Shock Protein-27 (HSP-27) has been implicated in antioxidant responses against oxidative stress. Trehalose is a natural disaccharide widely used in a variety of food products with demonstrated protective effects against several neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated the effects of trehalose on antioxidant responses, and the gene expressions for HSP-27 and caspase-3 against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative injury in PC-12 cell line. Methods: The PC-12 cells were treated with various concentrations of H2O2 and trehalose for 24hr. The cell viability was assessed, using MTT and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Moreover, the activity of Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) enzymes, and the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined. In addition, the levels of HSP-27 and caspase-3 gene expressions were measured. Results: The results indicated that the pretreatment with trehalose increased cell survival against the H2O2-induced oxidative injury. Furthermore, trehalose elevated the CAT and GPx activities and reduced MDA levels compared to that of control group (P˂0.05). Moreover, trehalose upregulated the HSP-27 gene expression, while reducing the expression of caspase-3 gene compared to that of the untreated cells (P˂0.05). All of these biochemical changes were found to be dose-dependent for trehalose. Conclusion: Based on the study findings, trehalose had the capacity to attenuate the oxidative stress and cell injury. Therefore, trehalose may be suggested as a therapeutic agent to treat neurodegenerative disorders caused by oxidative stress damages.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47217113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Poisoning due to the bites and stings of venomous snakes and scorpions is a neglected public health problem, particularly in rural areas. Poor health facilities and inadequate knowledge of health care personnel are the major factors that result in envenomated human victims not receiving adequate care and medical attention. There is a great need for up-to-date and effective healthcare knowledge and awareness of the potency and lethality of venomous creatures in Iran. Assessment of the potency, acute toxicity, and lethal effects of venomous creatures come from a variety of specific tests, such as the 50% median lethal dose (LD50) and ample animal experimentations. Methods: In the present study, using modified Reed-Muench method, the LD0, LD50, and LD100 values of the venoms from five Iranian vipers and one scorpion were determined. The studied venomous creatures were: Macrovipera lebetina, Vipera albicornuta, Vipera raddei, Caucasicus intemedius agkistrodon, Montivipera latifii, and one scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus. The venoms were injected in Albino mice (n=204) intraperitoneally, and their toxicities determined. Results: The results revealed that the LD50 values of the above-mentioned creatures were 3.87, 2.05, 1.63, 1.45, 0.84, and 6.33 mg/kg, respectively. Among the vipers, M. latifii had the most potent venom while M. lebetina’s venom had the lowest toxicity. Conclusion: Theoretically, the determined LD50 values provide for objective comparisons of the toxicity among of the venoms. However, comparison becomes complicated due to variations in the venoms’ LD50. Further, based on the venoms’ toxicity levels, H. lepturus’ venom caused the lowest toxicity in the Albino mice.
{"title":"Acute Venom Toxicity Determinations for Five Iranian Vipers and a Scorpion","authors":"B. Fathi, Fatemeh Younesi, F. Salami","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.2.569.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.569.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Poisoning due to the bites and stings of venomous snakes and scorpions is a neglected public health problem, particularly in rural areas. Poor health facilities and inadequate knowledge of health care personnel are the major factors that result in envenomated human victims not receiving adequate care and medical attention. There is a great need for up-to-date and effective healthcare knowledge and awareness of the potency and lethality of venomous creatures in Iran. Assessment of the potency, acute toxicity, and lethal effects of venomous creatures come from a variety of specific tests, such as the 50% median lethal dose (LD50) and ample animal experimentations. Methods: In the present study, using modified Reed-Muench method, the LD0, LD50, and LD100 values of the venoms from five Iranian vipers and one scorpion were determined. The studied venomous creatures were: Macrovipera lebetina, Vipera albicornuta, Vipera raddei, Caucasicus intemedius agkistrodon, Montivipera latifii, and one scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus. The venoms were injected in Albino mice (n=204) intraperitoneally, and their toxicities determined. Results: The results revealed that the LD50 values of the above-mentioned creatures were 3.87, 2.05, 1.63, 1.45, 0.84, and 6.33 mg/kg, respectively. Among the vipers, M. latifii had the most potent venom while M. lebetina’s venom had the lowest toxicity. Conclusion: Theoretically, the determined LD50 values provide for objective comparisons of the toxicity among of the venoms. However, comparison becomes complicated due to variations in the venoms’ LD50. Further, based on the venoms’ toxicity levels, H. lepturus’ venom caused the lowest toxicity in the Albino mice.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47432904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-metabolite drug used in the treatment of many cancers and autoimmune diseases. Methods: This study investigated the protective effect of flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and their mixture on the MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Thirty rats divided into five groups of: normal control, MTX control, and flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and the mixture groups. The oils were administered to rats orally (2 ml/kg) for nine consecutive days followed by a methotrexate injection intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg) on the 9th day. Blood samples, liver and kidney tissues were collected from all rats for biochemical studies and histopathological assessments. The total phenolic content and fatty acid profiles of the oils were also determined. Results: Methotrexate induced hepatorenal toxicity as evident by the histopathological assessments of liver and kidneys, elevation of liver and kidney functions’ biomarkers, and increased plasma and liver oxidative stress associated with a rise in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as an inflammatory marker. Administration of flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil or the mixture prevented the MTX-toxicity at varying degrees as shown by reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and improved liver and kidney functions. The mixture was the most efficient treatment associated with the histopathological improvements in the liver and kidney tissue samples, and all biochemical parameters tested. Conclusion: Flaxseed oil, sesame seeds oil and the mixture may be used therapeutically to prevent hepatorenal toxicity induced by MTX. The effect is likely due to the presence of phenolic compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
{"title":"Hepatorenal Protective Effects of Sesame Seeds Oil, Flaxseed Oil and their Mixture against Methotrexate Toxicity in Rats","authors":"HagaR Farid Elbakry, Hoda Abdel Rahman Abdel Salam, Sherein Saeid Abdelgayed, D. Mohamed","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.1.877.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.1.877.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-metabolite drug used in the treatment of many cancers and autoimmune diseases. Methods: This study investigated the protective effect of flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and their mixture on the MTX-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Thirty rats divided into five groups of: normal control, MTX control, and flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil, and the mixture groups. The oils were administered to rats orally (2 ml/kg) for nine consecutive days followed by a methotrexate injection intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg) on the 9th day. Blood samples, liver and kidney tissues were collected from all rats for biochemical studies and histopathological assessments. The total phenolic content and fatty acid profiles of the oils were also determined. Results: Methotrexate induced hepatorenal toxicity as evident by the histopathological assessments of liver and kidneys, elevation of liver and kidney functions’ biomarkers, and increased plasma and liver oxidative stress associated with a rise in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, as an inflammatory marker. Administration of flaxseed oil, sesame seed oil or the mixture prevented the MTX-toxicity at varying degrees as shown by reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and improved liver and kidney functions. The mixture was the most efficient treatment associated with the histopathological improvements in the liver and kidney tissue samples, and all biochemical parameters tested. Conclusion: Flaxseed oil, sesame seeds oil and the mixture may be used therapeutically to prevent hepatorenal toxicity induced by MTX. The effect is likely due to the presence of phenolic compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oils with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43204313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anitsah Fiqardina, Yulia Yusrini Djabir, A. Santoso, Syafira Nurul Salsabil, I. Ismail
Background: Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but it may induce kidney dysfunction. Clove oil (Oleum caryophylli) has antioxidant properties that may alleviate levofloxacin toxicity. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of clove oil on levofloxacin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat animal models. Methods: A total of 24 male rats were divided into 6 groups. One group did not receive levofloxacin to serve as the control. The treatment groups received a single daily administration of levofloxacin (93 mg/kg) with either placebo or clove oil (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg per body weight) pre-treatment. Another group received Curcuma extract pre-treatment as a comparison. Blood samples were withdrawn after 28 days of treatment to measure serum biomarkers (urea and creatinine), and the kidneys were removed to measure renal Malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological analysis. Results: The results showed that clove oil pre-treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg was able to reduce renal MDA and serum biomarker levels (P<0.05). The effect was similar to that found in Curcuma-treated rats. In addition, clove oil (10 mg/kg) was also found to ameliorate renal histopathological damage due to levofloxacin. Conclusion: Based on biomarker and histopathological analysis, clove oil pre-treatment in rats provides a nephroprotective effect against levofloxacin toxicity.
{"title":"The Nephroprotective Effect of Clove Oil (Oleum Caryophylli) Against Levofloxacin Toxicity in Rats","authors":"Anitsah Fiqardina, Yulia Yusrini Djabir, A. Santoso, Syafira Nurul Salsabil, I. Ismail","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.1.854.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.1.854.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Levofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but it may induce kidney dysfunction. Clove oil (Oleum caryophylli) has antioxidant properties that may alleviate levofloxacin toxicity. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of clove oil on levofloxacin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat animal models. Methods: A total of 24 male rats were divided into 6 groups. One group did not receive levofloxacin to serve as the control. The treatment groups received a single daily administration of levofloxacin (93 mg/kg) with either placebo or clove oil (10 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg per body weight) pre-treatment. Another group received Curcuma extract pre-treatment as a comparison. Blood samples were withdrawn after 28 days of treatment to measure serum biomarkers (urea and creatinine), and the kidneys were removed to measure renal Malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological analysis. Results: The results showed that clove oil pre-treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg was able to reduce renal MDA and serum biomarker levels (P<0.05). The effect was similar to that found in Curcuma-treated rats. In addition, clove oil (10 mg/kg) was also found to ameliorate renal histopathological damage due to levofloxacin. Conclusion: Based on biomarker and histopathological analysis, clove oil pre-treatment in rats provides a nephroprotective effect against levofloxacin toxicity.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48115425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Tavakkoli, H. Ghorbani, Amin Nobahar, M. Emadzadeh, Atena Aghaee, Mahdi Mottaghi, Salman Soltani
Background: We aimed to assess the efficacy of Intraprostatic Onabotulinumtoxin-A (BTA) on the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and other objective measures of patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: Fifteen patients were included in this study. The drug (BTA; 150 IU) was reconstituted in 20 mL of 0.9% saline before administration to the patients. After providing urethral anesthesia, 20 intraurethral injections were made to lateral lobes of the prostate, 10 injections in each lobe. Follow-up visits were planned 3 and 12 months after the intervention. Pre- and post-interventional IPSS, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Prostate Volume (PV), Post-Void Residue (PVR), and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) compared via paired t-test. Finally, we reviewed the Pubmed database to provide a more precise conclusion. Results: The Mean±SD age of patients was 69±8.24 years, and the mean IPSS score decreased significantly from 24.3±3.3 to 14.6±3.7 (p<0.001) and 16.86±3.06 (p<0.009) on the 3rd and 12th months, respectively. The Mean±SD PSA, PVR, Qmax, and PV were 3.26±1.38, 82.33±35.55, 8.56±1.76, and 47.86±8.93, respectively at baseline. These factors significantly improved to 2.72±1.33 (P<0.000), 71.33±30.55 (p<0.000), 9.5±1.33 (p<0.011), and 42.86± 6.04 (p<0.000), respectively, on the 12th month follow-up. Conclusion: Although the overall results support the efficacy of BTA for BPH, the best route of administration, the most effective dose, the optimal number, and the volume of injections need further investigations. The probable placebo effect and underlying medical conditions (e.g., insulin resistance) should be considered as the confounding factors.
{"title":"Transurethral Intraprostatic Botulinum Toxin-a Injection in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Case Series and Literature Review","authors":"M. Tavakkoli, H. Ghorbani, Amin Nobahar, M. Emadzadeh, Atena Aghaee, Mahdi Mottaghi, Salman Soltani","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.1.851.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.1.851.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: We aimed to assess the efficacy of Intraprostatic Onabotulinumtoxin-A (BTA) on the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and other objective measures of patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: Fifteen patients were included in this study. The drug (BTA; 150 IU) was reconstituted in 20 mL of 0.9% saline before administration to the patients. After providing urethral anesthesia, 20 intraurethral injections were made to lateral lobes of the prostate, 10 injections in each lobe. Follow-up visits were planned 3 and 12 months after the intervention. Pre- and post-interventional IPSS, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), Prostate Volume (PV), Post-Void Residue (PVR), and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) compared via paired t-test. Finally, we reviewed the Pubmed database to provide a more precise conclusion. Results: The Mean±SD age of patients was 69±8.24 years, and the mean IPSS score decreased significantly from 24.3±3.3 to 14.6±3.7 (p<0.001) and 16.86±3.06 (p<0.009) on the 3rd and 12th months, respectively. The Mean±SD PSA, PVR, Qmax, and PV were 3.26±1.38, 82.33±35.55, 8.56±1.76, and 47.86±8.93, respectively at baseline. These factors significantly improved to 2.72±1.33 (P<0.000), 71.33±30.55 (p<0.000), 9.5±1.33 (p<0.011), and 42.86± 6.04 (p<0.000), respectively, on the 12th month follow-up. Conclusion: Although the overall results support the efficacy of BTA for BPH, the best route of administration, the most effective dose, the optimal number, and the volume of injections need further investigations. The probable placebo effect and underlying medical conditions (e.g., insulin resistance) should be considered as the confounding factors.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44962797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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