Abba Aji Manu, Bello Muhammad Musa, Martha Orendu Oche Attah, H. Bedan
Background: The therapeutic value of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) has been documented in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Various preparations of this plant have been made and used especially for liver inflammatory conditions in livestock. Further, many liver diseases in humans are inflammatory conditions, which are caused by alcohol intake. This study sought to examine the effect of S. cumini on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first group was control and the other four were administered ethanol at varying doses to induce liver and kidney damages. Two doses of the S. cumini extract were administered at a concentration of 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg. Silymarin was administered to the last group at 10 mg/kg. The liver and kidney tissue samples were collected and preserved for histological analyses and the rat sera were analyzed for the associated biochemical biomarkers. Results: Histopathological analyses revealed pyknotic nuclei and distortion in the arrangement of the hepatocytes in extract-treated groups. The kidney tissue samples showed signs of interstitial bleeding and aggregation of lymphocytes in the peri-glomerular areas. The analyses of the biochemical parameters revealed that there were significant increases in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), Urea and creatinine in the sera of the groups treated with the extract compared to those of the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: The S. cumini extract caused elevation of serum hepatic and renal biomarkers at 400 mg/kg and did not have a hepatoprotective effect.
{"title":"Ethanolic Extract of Syzygium cumini Causes Toxic Effects on Ethanol-induced Liver and Kidney Damage in Albino Wistar Rats: A Biochemical and Histological Study","authors":"Abba Aji Manu, Bello Muhammad Musa, Martha Orendu Oche Attah, H. Bedan","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.1.879.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.1.879.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The therapeutic value of Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) has been documented in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases and ailments. Various preparations of this plant have been made and used especially for liver inflammatory conditions in livestock. Further, many liver diseases in humans are inflammatory conditions, which are caused by alcohol intake. This study sought to examine the effect of S. cumini on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first group was control and the other four were administered ethanol at varying doses to induce liver and kidney damages. Two doses of the S. cumini extract were administered at a concentration of 200 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg. Silymarin was administered to the last group at 10 mg/kg. The liver and kidney tissue samples were collected and preserved for histological analyses and the rat sera were analyzed for the associated biochemical biomarkers. Results: Histopathological analyses revealed pyknotic nuclei and distortion in the arrangement of the hepatocytes in extract-treated groups. The kidney tissue samples showed signs of interstitial bleeding and aggregation of lymphocytes in the peri-glomerular areas. The analyses of the biochemical parameters revealed that there were significant increases in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), Urea and creatinine in the sera of the groups treated with the extract compared to those of the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: The S. cumini extract caused elevation of serum hepatic and renal biomarkers at 400 mg/kg and did not have a hepatoprotective effect.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46188019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Trevo is a nutritional supplement with numerous bioactive natural products, with detoxifying and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of Trévo to protect against oxidative stress induced by lead in the kidneys of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-five healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of seven rats each, using a randomized design. I=control; II=15 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbA); III=2 ml/kg of trevo+PbA; IV=5 ml/kg of trevo+PbA; V=5 ml/kg of trevo. Animals were treated with trevo for five days before co-administration with lead intraperitoneally for 10 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed 24hr after the last administration, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture, and processed for assessment of urea, creatinine, and uric acid (UA), while the kidney samples were excised and processed for the following biochemical assays: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Results: Injection of PbA caused a significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and a significant increase (P<0.001) in the MDA concentration, and decreases in GSH concentration, CAT, SOD, and GST activities (P<0.05) as compared to the controls. Pretreatment with trevo prevented the oxidative stress induced by lead acetate in the kidney tissue samples and improve the renal function. The protective effect was evident at 5 ml/kg of trevo. Conclusion: The results showed that trevo was nephroprotective against lead toxicity and the activity might be linked to the presence of numerous antioxidant phytochemicals present in trevo.
{"title":"Ameliorative Effect of Trevo Dietary Supplement Against Lead Acetate Nephrotoxicity","authors":"O. Ilesanmi, E. Agoro","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.1.857.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.1.857.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Trevo is a nutritional supplement with numerous bioactive natural products, with detoxifying and antioxidant properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of Trévo to protect against oxidative stress induced by lead in the kidneys of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-five healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of seven rats each, using a randomized design. I=control; II=15 mg/kg of lead acetate (PbA); III=2 ml/kg of trevo+PbA; IV=5 ml/kg of trevo+PbA; V=5 ml/kg of trevo. Animals were treated with trevo for five days before co-administration with lead intraperitoneally for 10 consecutive days. Animals were sacrificed 24hr after the last administration, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture, and processed for assessment of urea, creatinine, and uric acid (UA), while the kidney samples were excised and processed for the following biochemical assays: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Reduced Glutathione (GSH). Results: Injection of PbA caused a significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, and uric acid, and a significant increase (P<0.001) in the MDA concentration, and decreases in GSH concentration, CAT, SOD, and GST activities (P<0.05) as compared to the controls. Pretreatment with trevo prevented the oxidative stress induced by lead acetate in the kidney tissue samples and improve the renal function. The protective effect was evident at 5 ml/kg of trevo. Conclusion: The results showed that trevo was nephroprotective against lead toxicity and the activity might be linked to the presence of numerous antioxidant phytochemicals present in trevo.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42009214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Gazor, F. Niknezhad, Fatemeh Yousefbeyk, Monireh Aghajany-Nasab, F. Mohammadghasemi
Background: The antioxidant defense in the pancreas is low because they are exposed to toxic substances daily. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Viola odorata flowers Extract (VOE) on the pancreas histology and function in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Forty male rats were divided into five groups, consisting of controls; STZ; and STZ plus various doses of VOE (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg). The amylase, lipase, insulin and total antioxidant capacity levels were measured in the sera. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was also measured. The histopathological alterations of the rats’ pancreases were examined microscopically. Results: The serum amylase and total antioxidant activities were reduced in diabetic rats (P=0.001). Varying doses of VOE reduced the serum amylase and glucose levels, and increased the total antioxidant activities compared to that of the diabetic rats (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the serum lipase and insulin levels among the groups. Treatment with VOE at all doses significantly lowered the insulin resistance compared to that of the diabetic group (P=0.001). Significant reductions were observed in the areas of the pancreatic Langerhans islets and the number of beta cells in the STZ group (P=0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that VOE ameliorated the adverse effects induced by STZ in the rat’s pancreas in the short-term. These effects are likely to be due to the reduced insulin resistance and amylase activity, and increased total antioxidant activity along with the histopathological alterations in the pancreas.
{"title":"The Extract of Viola odorata Flowers Improves the Biochemical, Pancreas Histological, and Insulin Resistance Parameters in an Animal Model of Diabetes","authors":"R. Gazor, F. Niknezhad, Fatemeh Yousefbeyk, Monireh Aghajany-Nasab, F. Mohammadghasemi","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.1.869.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.1.869.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The antioxidant defense in the pancreas is low because they are exposed to toxic substances daily. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorating effect of Viola odorata flowers Extract (VOE) on the pancreas histology and function in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Forty male rats were divided into five groups, consisting of controls; STZ; and STZ plus various doses of VOE (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg). The amylase, lipase, insulin and total antioxidant capacity levels were measured in the sera. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance was also measured. The histopathological alterations of the rats’ pancreases were examined microscopically. Results: The serum amylase and total antioxidant activities were reduced in diabetic rats (P=0.001). Varying doses of VOE reduced the serum amylase and glucose levels, and increased the total antioxidant activities compared to that of the diabetic rats (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the serum lipase and insulin levels among the groups. Treatment with VOE at all doses significantly lowered the insulin resistance compared to that of the diabetic group (P=0.001). Significant reductions were observed in the areas of the pancreatic Langerhans islets and the number of beta cells in the STZ group (P=0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that VOE ameliorated the adverse effects induced by STZ in the rat’s pancreas in the short-term. These effects are likely to be due to the reduced insulin resistance and amylase activity, and increased total antioxidant activity along with the histopathological alterations in the pancreas.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41705507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Septilin (Spt) is an ayurvedic drug formulation from Himalaya Drug Company and is well-known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Interest in the use of medicinal plants and herbal medicine as immunomodulators has currently been the subject of scientific investigation worldwide. Cyclophosphamide (CP) and Cisplatin (Csp) are widely used chemotherapeutic drugs and are known for their immunosuppressive effects. Methods: The present study evaluated the immune-stimulating activity of Spt (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg; PO/7 days) against CP (50 mg/kg) and Csp (10 mg/kg) induced immunosuppression in mice sensitized with sheep Red Blood Cells (RBC) by measuring Hemagglutination Antibody (HA) titre values and by determining the haematological parameters, such as Haemoglobin (Hb) content, White Blood Cells (WBC), RBC and platelet counts. Thymus index and differential counts of leukocytes were also determined. Results: Upon HA assay, the titre was significantly decreased in CP (59.40%) and Csp (62.16%) in the treatment groups (P<0.001). An increase in the HA titre value in Spt-treated mice showed the stimulation of humoral immune response (P<0.001). The results of haematological study in Spt-treated mice indicated stimulation of total leukocytes, RBC and platelet counts. Moreover, Spt treatment prior to the administration of CP and Csp prevented the loss of body weight and minimized their adverse effect on the mice thymus. Conclusion: Our experimental evidence suggests the immunostimulatory potency of Spt against the immunosuppression induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in mice. The study results are comparable with the immune-potentiating effects of standard immunomodulatory drug Levamisole (Lev). Hence, Spt may be used as an adjuvant to obviate the immune suppression induced by chemotherapeutic medications.
{"title":"Septilin, A Polyherbal Formulation Against the Immunosuppression Induced by Cyclophosphamide and Cisplatin in Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"S. S., B. K. Shenoy","doi":"10.32598/ijt.16.1.853.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.1.853.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Septilin (Spt) is an ayurvedic drug formulation from Himalaya Drug Company and is well-known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Interest in the use of medicinal plants and herbal medicine as immunomodulators has currently been the subject of scientific investigation worldwide. Cyclophosphamide (CP) and Cisplatin (Csp) are widely used chemotherapeutic drugs and are known for their immunosuppressive effects. Methods: The present study evaluated the immune-stimulating activity of Spt (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg; PO/7 days) against CP (50 mg/kg) and Csp (10 mg/kg) induced immunosuppression in mice sensitized with sheep Red Blood Cells (RBC) by measuring Hemagglutination Antibody (HA) titre values and by determining the haematological parameters, such as Haemoglobin (Hb) content, White Blood Cells (WBC), RBC and platelet counts. Thymus index and differential counts of leukocytes were also determined. Results: Upon HA assay, the titre was significantly decreased in CP (59.40%) and Csp (62.16%) in the treatment groups (P<0.001). An increase in the HA titre value in Spt-treated mice showed the stimulation of humoral immune response (P<0.001). The results of haematological study in Spt-treated mice indicated stimulation of total leukocytes, RBC and platelet counts. Moreover, Spt treatment prior to the administration of CP and Csp prevented the loss of body weight and minimized their adverse effect on the mice thymus. Conclusion: Our experimental evidence suggests the immunostimulatory potency of Spt against the immunosuppression induced by chemotherapeutic drugs in mice. The study results are comparable with the immune-potentiating effects of standard immunomodulatory drug Levamisole (Lev). Hence, Spt may be used as an adjuvant to obviate the immune suppression induced by chemotherapeutic medications.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46668740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Gheshlaghi, Mojgan Gomari, S. Greene, J. Rotella, Shayan Gheshlaghi
Background: Body packing and body stuffing of illicit drugs have increased in recent decades. The drug contents of the packages vary from region to region, and there are controversies surrounding the diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical presentations, diagnostic and therapeutic measures, and the subsequent clinical outcomes of drug concealment by people. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on data for all cases of body packing and body stuffing that were referred to a university hospital, in Isfahan, Iran, from Mar. 2013 to Feb. 2018. Results: Sixty-eight body stuffers and 18 body packers (n=86) were included in this study. Seventy-eight patients (90.7%) were male, mostly aged between 20 to 40 years. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the signs and symptom, hospital stay, treatment and clinical outcomes. Heroin and crystal methamphetamine, n=52 (60%) and n=22 (25%), respectively, were the most substances detected, irrespective of the concealment method. Abdominal X-ray and CT scan tests were positive for the detection of at least one packet in each of the 94.4% of the patients. Conclusion: Heroin and crystal methamphetamine were the most common substances concealed in the bodies of the patients. Based on our findings, CT scan was more sensitive than abdominal X-ray test in the detection of illicit drug packets concealed in the patients. Close observation and whole bowel irrigation were effective therapeutic modalities in most cases. All cases were fully recovered and discharged from the hospital.
{"title":"A Five-year Report on Body Packing and Body Stuffing in Isfahan","authors":"F. Gheshlaghi, Mojgan Gomari, S. Greene, J. Rotella, Shayan Gheshlaghi","doi":"10.32598/ijt.15.4.120.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/ijt.15.4.120.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Body packing and body stuffing of illicit drugs have increased in recent decades. The drug contents of the packages vary from region to region, and there are controversies surrounding the diagnostic and therapeutic methods. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical presentations, diagnostic and therapeutic measures, and the subsequent clinical outcomes of drug concealment by people. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on data for all cases of body packing and body stuffing that were referred to a university hospital, in Isfahan, Iran, from Mar. 2013 to Feb. 2018. Results: Sixty-eight body stuffers and 18 body packers (n=86) were included in this study. Seventy-eight patients (90.7%) were male, mostly aged between 20 to 40 years. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the signs and symptom, hospital stay, treatment and clinical outcomes. Heroin and crystal methamphetamine, n=52 (60%) and n=22 (25%), respectively, were the most substances detected, irrespective of the concealment method. Abdominal X-ray and CT scan tests were positive for the detection of at least one packet in each of the 94.4% of the patients. Conclusion: Heroin and crystal methamphetamine were the most common substances concealed in the bodies of the patients. Based on our findings, CT scan was more sensitive than abdominal X-ray test in the detection of illicit drug packets concealed in the patients. Close observation and whole bowel irrigation were effective therapeutic modalities in most cases. All cases were fully recovered and discharged from the hospital.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48167758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abbas Shareghi boroujeni, K. J. Dehkordi, G. Sharifi, F. Taghian, Z. Mazaheri
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano-eugenol combined with aerobic exercise against the streptozotocin toxicity and inflammatory mediators P38-MAPK, NPY and A-Rα2A in the dorsal root ganglia of diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-five, 8-week-old Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) normal control group (normal model); 2) diabetic control group (diabetic model); 3), diabetic + exercise group (diabetic+exercise model); 4) diabetic group + nano-eugenol (diabetic+nano model); and 5) diabetic + exercise + nano-eugenol (diabetic+exercise+nano model). Diabetes was induced in the experimental groups 2 through 5 by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 4mg/100 grams of the rats’ body weight. The nano-eugenol supplement was also gavaged into the supplement groups 4 and 5 only. Groups 3 and 5 exercised progressively at a speed of 8 to 20 meter/min for 5 to 30 min, five days a week over the 8-week study duration. Results: The diabetic rats that exercised and were treated with the nano-eugenol, showed a significant decrease in P38-MAPK gene expression compared to the normal model group (P=0.001). The study of the therapeutic modalities also showed that only the diabetic + exercise + nano-eugenol group showed a significant increase in NPY and A-Rα2A genes compared to the normal model (P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of nano-eugenol supplementation combined with aerobic exercise is likely to be effective in controlling the neurological damages due to diabetes by negatively regulating the P38-MAPK gene while positively regulating the NPY and A-Rα2A genes in the DRG region.
{"title":"Effect of Nano-eugenol and Aerobic Exercise Against the Streptozotocin Toxicity and Inflammatory Mediators P38-MAPK, NPY, and A-Rα2A in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of Diabetic Rats","authors":"Abbas Shareghi boroujeni, K. J. Dehkordi, G. Sharifi, F. Taghian, Z. Mazaheri","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.3.822.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.3.822.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano-eugenol combined with aerobic exercise against the streptozotocin toxicity and inflammatory mediators P38-MAPK, NPY and A-Rα2A in the dorsal root ganglia of diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-five, 8-week-old Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: 1) normal control group (normal model); 2) diabetic control group (diabetic model); 3), diabetic + exercise group (diabetic+exercise model); 4) diabetic group + nano-eugenol (diabetic+nano model); and 5) diabetic + exercise + nano-eugenol (diabetic+exercise+nano model). Diabetes was induced in the experimental groups 2 through 5 by the intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 4mg/100 grams of the rats’ body weight. The nano-eugenol supplement was also gavaged into the supplement groups 4 and 5 only. Groups 3 and 5 exercised progressively at a speed of 8 to 20 meter/min for 5 to 30 min, five days a week over the 8-week study duration. Results: The diabetic rats that exercised and were treated with the nano-eugenol, showed a significant decrease in P38-MAPK gene expression compared to the normal model group (P=0.001). The study of the therapeutic modalities also showed that only the diabetic + exercise + nano-eugenol group showed a significant increase in NPY and A-Rα2A genes compared to the normal model (P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of nano-eugenol supplementation combined with aerobic exercise is likely to be effective in controlling the neurological damages due to diabetes by negatively regulating the P38-MAPK gene while positively regulating the NPY and A-Rα2A genes in the DRG region.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48915916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jalil Hasani, Davood Mirtorabi, M. Ghadirzadeh, A. Mahdavi, S. H. Nazari
Background: Given the increasing prevalence of methadone overdose and the growing number of deaths in Iran, the present study was conducted to determine the mortality rate of methadone detected in the cadavers brought to the Forensic Medicine Organization between 2015 and 2017. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 7,486 cases of substance abuse deaths registered in the Forensic Medicine Organization during 2015-2017. In order to investigate the drug abuse, samples collected from the cadavers were initially examined for their drug contents, such as methadone, by standard screening methods and then confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Using two checklists, the information collected about each cadaver consisted of the identity, autopsy and laboratory data. After data collection, they were entered into the Stata software version 14 MP. Results: The cadavers’ mean age was 36.6±12.6 years. Over the 3-year duration of the study, the standardized mortality rate increased from 35 to 39 cases per million per year. Of these cases, 6066 were randomly assigned to toxicology, 50.1% had used methadone one month before their death. Approximately 75% of the methadone abusers had taken another drug simultaneously, mostly morphine or methamphetamine. Conclusion: Considering the relatively high prevalence of methadone detected post-mortem, monitoring for methadone entry into public market and identifying the death-related factors in the drug abusers are considered as significant measures to improve upon the current alarming situation in the Iranian society.
{"title":"Evaluation of Methadone Consumption Rate Based on Post-mortem Toxicology Examinations in Cases of Drug-related Deaths in Iran: 2015-2017","authors":"Jalil Hasani, Davood Mirtorabi, M. Ghadirzadeh, A. Mahdavi, S. H. Nazari","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.3.786.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.3.786.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Given the increasing prevalence of methadone overdose and the growing number of deaths in Iran, the present study was conducted to determine the mortality rate of methadone detected in the cadavers brought to the Forensic Medicine Organization between 2015 and 2017. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 7,486 cases of substance abuse deaths registered in the Forensic Medicine Organization during 2015-2017. In order to investigate the drug abuse, samples collected from the cadavers were initially examined for their drug contents, such as methadone, by standard screening methods and then confirmed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Using two checklists, the information collected about each cadaver consisted of the identity, autopsy and laboratory data. After data collection, they were entered into the Stata software version 14 MP. Results: The cadavers’ mean age was 36.6±12.6 years. Over the 3-year duration of the study, the standardized mortality rate increased from 35 to 39 cases per million per year. Of these cases, 6066 were randomly assigned to toxicology, 50.1% had used methadone one month before their death. Approximately 75% of the methadone abusers had taken another drug simultaneously, mostly morphine or methamphetamine. Conclusion: Considering the relatively high prevalence of methadone detected post-mortem, monitoring for methadone entry into public market and identifying the death-related factors in the drug abusers are considered as significant measures to improve upon the current alarming situation in the Iranian society.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48885499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Polygonum bistorta has been used as a remedy for jaundice, smallpox, pimples, measles, cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, expelling worms, insect stings and snakebites. In this study, the crude extract from P. bistorta and two fractions viz. hexane and chloroform obtained from the crude extract were studied for their median Lethal Dosages (LD50) in Swiss albino mice. Methods: Powdered rhizomes of P. bistorta was macerated with chloroform and the crude extract was dissolved in a solvent mixture of methanol/water (95:5). The mixture was then subjected to solvent-solvent partition, first with hexane followed by chloroform. The crude extract and the hexane and chloroform fractions were evaluated for their LD50 in Swiss albino mice of both sexes. Results: The LD50 of the crude extract and the hexane and chloroform fractions were determined to be 142.82, 200 and 200.17mg per kg of the mice body weight, respectively. Conclusion: The LD50 values of the crude extract and the hexane and chloroform fractions from P. bistorta were determined. The crude extract of P. bistorta had greater lethality than the hexane and chloroform fractions. This is the first report on the LD50 values of Swiss albino mice for P. bistorta.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Extracts From Rhizomes of Polygonum bistorta for the Median Lethal Dosages in Swiss Albino Mice","authors":"M. Pillai","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.3.716.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.3.716.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Polygonum bistorta has been used as a remedy for jaundice, smallpox, pimples, measles, cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, expelling worms, insect stings and snakebites. In this study, the crude extract from P. bistorta and two fractions viz. hexane and chloroform obtained from the crude extract were studied for their median Lethal Dosages (LD50) in Swiss albino mice. Methods: Powdered rhizomes of P. bistorta was macerated with chloroform and the crude extract was dissolved in a solvent mixture of methanol/water (95:5). The mixture was then subjected to solvent-solvent partition, first with hexane followed by chloroform. The crude extract and the hexane and chloroform fractions were evaluated for their LD50 in Swiss albino mice of both sexes. Results: The LD50 of the crude extract and the hexane and chloroform fractions were determined to be 142.82, 200 and 200.17mg per kg of the mice body weight, respectively. Conclusion: The LD50 values of the crude extract and the hexane and chloroform fractions from P. bistorta were determined. The crude extract of P. bistorta had greater lethality than the hexane and chloroform fractions. This is the first report on the LD50 values of Swiss albino mice for P. bistorta.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47931754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Cotton seed is one of the main sources of protein in animal feeds, containing gossypol, which has been shown to have toxic effects. Results reported by various studies also indicate the anti-cancer effects of gossypol on various cell types. However, its toxic effects on human and animal cells have not been fully established. This study was planned to investigate, for the first time, the cytotoxic effects and oxidative stress induced by gossypol on normal Bovine Kidney (BK) and HeLa cell lines, representing typical healthy and cancer cells, respectively. Methods: The BK and HeLa cell lines were treated for 24, 48 or 72 hours with 5, 10 or 20 ppm of gossypol (+/-). The cellular bio-availability and cytotoxicity were measured by MTT assay. The catalase and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also measured to represent the oxidative stress parameters. Results: The percentages of cytotoxicity in BK and HeLa cell lines were calculated at a gossypol concentration of 5, 10 and 20 ppm over 24, 48 or 72 hours of incubation, respectively. The Lethal Concentration 50 (lC50) values were also determined for the two cell lines. No changes in the catalase and lipid peroxidase activities were observed in either cell line. Conclusion: The percentage of the gossypol cytotoxicity was concentration-dependent. By comparing the IC50 in both cell lines using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis, a significant difference was observed, suggesting that Hela cells were less sensitive to gossypol than the BK cells. Lack of changes in the oxidative stress, as tested by catalase and MDA assays, demonstrated that gossypol did not induce oxidative stress in either cell line.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of the Cytotoxic Effects and Oxidative Stress of Gossypol on Bovine Kidney and HeLa Cell Lines","authors":"M. Daneshmand, J. Amoli, T. Esfahani","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.3.795.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.3.795.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cotton seed is one of the main sources of protein in animal feeds, containing gossypol, which has been shown to have toxic effects. Results reported by various studies also indicate the anti-cancer effects of gossypol on various cell types. However, its toxic effects on human and animal cells have not been fully established. This study was planned to investigate, for the first time, the cytotoxic effects and oxidative stress induced by gossypol on normal Bovine Kidney (BK) and HeLa cell lines, representing typical healthy and cancer cells, respectively. Methods: The BK and HeLa cell lines were treated for 24, 48 or 72 hours with 5, 10 or 20 ppm of gossypol (+/-). The cellular bio-availability and cytotoxicity were measured by MTT assay. The catalase and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also measured to represent the oxidative stress parameters. Results: The percentages of cytotoxicity in BK and HeLa cell lines were calculated at a gossypol concentration of 5, 10 and 20 ppm over 24, 48 or 72 hours of incubation, respectively. The Lethal Concentration 50 (lC50) values were also determined for the two cell lines. No changes in the catalase and lipid peroxidase activities were observed in either cell line. Conclusion: The percentage of the gossypol cytotoxicity was concentration-dependent. By comparing the IC50 in both cell lines using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis, a significant difference was observed, suggesting that Hela cells were less sensitive to gossypol than the BK cells. Lack of changes in the oxidative stress, as tested by catalase and MDA assays, demonstrated that gossypol did not induce oxidative stress in either cell line.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47095896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boutaina Addoum, B. E. Khalfi, Mohamed Idiken, Souraya Sakoui, Reda Derdak, O. Filali, A. Elmakssoudi, A. Soukri
Background: Antioxidants are developed to assist the immune system and overcome oxidative stress, the aggression of cellular constituents due to imbalance between reactive oxygen species and the inner antioxidant system. The main objective of this study was to search for new and potent antioxidants to protect humans against diseases associated with oxidative stress. Methods: In this study, three pyrano-[2,3-c]-pyrazole derivatives were synthesized via Multicomponent Reaction (MCR) approach and were characterized, using a melting point, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and spectroscopic analyses (IR; 1H-NMR; 13C-NMR). All of the generated compounds were screened for their antioxidant properties in vivo, using ciliate “Tetrahymena” as a model organism exposed to oxidative and nitrative stress. They were then studied in vitro by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Results: The results demonstrated that the three compounds (5a, b, c) are biologically active and possess potent antioxidant activities, especially the 5a and 5b derivatives. On the other hand, the in vitro bioassays revealed that the 5a derivative possessed a significant antioxidant activity much greater than ascorbic acid. Accordingly, the in silico data are consistent with the experimental data. Conclusion: These findings confirmed the potent antioxidant property of the synthesized compounds, providing us with new inspiration and challenges to design a library of pharmaceutical compounds with strong activity and low toxicity in the future.
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization of Pyrano-[2,3-c]-Pyrazoles Derivatives and Determination of Their Antioxidant Activities","authors":"Boutaina Addoum, B. E. Khalfi, Mohamed Idiken, Souraya Sakoui, Reda Derdak, O. Filali, A. Elmakssoudi, A. Soukri","doi":"10.32598/IJT.15.3.798.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/IJT.15.3.798.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antioxidants are developed to assist the immune system and overcome oxidative stress, the aggression of cellular constituents due to imbalance between reactive oxygen species and the inner antioxidant system. The main objective of this study was to search for new and potent antioxidants to protect humans against diseases associated with oxidative stress. Methods: In this study, three pyrano-[2,3-c]-pyrazole derivatives were synthesized via Multicomponent Reaction (MCR) approach and were characterized, using a melting point, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and spectroscopic analyses (IR; 1H-NMR; 13C-NMR). All of the generated compounds were screened for their antioxidant properties in vivo, using ciliate “Tetrahymena” as a model organism exposed to oxidative and nitrative stress. They were then studied in vitro by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Results: The results demonstrated that the three compounds (5a, b, c) are biologically active and possess potent antioxidant activities, especially the 5a and 5b derivatives. On the other hand, the in vitro bioassays revealed that the 5a derivative possessed a significant antioxidant activity much greater than ascorbic acid. Accordingly, the in silico data are consistent with the experimental data. Conclusion: These findings confirmed the potent antioxidant property of the synthesized compounds, providing us with new inspiration and challenges to design a library of pharmaceutical compounds with strong activity and low toxicity in the future.","PeriodicalId":14637,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42109669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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