Active vibration control is essential in several aerospace structural systems, such as large space structures, twin tailed high performance aircraft operating at high angles of attack and helicopters. Goh and Caughey did show that vibration controller designs can significantly benefit from the use of second order systems, in the controller design. In this paper, the subject of the design of active vibration control of buffet induced vibrations in high performance twin tailed aircraft is discussed using a combination of acceleration feedback and positive position feedback in second order systems. The goal is to design controllers to increase the closed loop damping ratio of the structural dynamic system to a specified level that would reduce the vibrations to the required level within a time frame of interest. The approach of Fanson and Caughey needed an iterative approach to design the controller parameters. They had more unknowns and fewer equations. In this paper, the problem is now formulated differently to obtain closed form solutions. This is accomplished by developing a procedure to design second order controllers to obtain the desired closed loop damping while maintaining the stability of the closed loop structural dynamic system. The design procedure starts with an objective to design control parameters that result in coincident closed loop frequencies for each mode. This is followed by a perturbation procedure to seek optimum solutions. The design procedure also yields the needed control authority that should be provided by actuators on the structure. An option to obtain the needed control authority by using offset piezoceramic stack actuator assemblies are discussed. The designed controllers are applied to control buffet induced vibrations of a high-performance aircraft at high angles of attack. This example also illustrates the control authority of the offset piezoceramic stack structural assembly.
{"title":"Active Vibration Control of Aerospace Structural Systems for Specified Damping","authors":"S. Hanagud","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70469","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Active vibration control is essential in several aerospace structural systems, such as large space structures, twin tailed high performance aircraft operating at high angles of attack and helicopters. Goh and Caughey did show that vibration controller designs can significantly benefit from the use of second order systems, in the controller design. In this paper, the subject of the design of active vibration control of buffet induced vibrations in high performance twin tailed aircraft is discussed using a combination of acceleration feedback and positive position feedback in second order systems. The goal is to design controllers to increase the closed loop damping ratio of the structural dynamic system to a specified level that would reduce the vibrations to the required level within a time frame of interest. The approach of Fanson and Caughey needed an iterative approach to design the controller parameters. They had more unknowns and fewer equations. In this paper, the problem is now formulated differently to obtain closed form solutions. This is accomplished by developing a procedure to design second order controllers to obtain the desired closed loop damping while maintaining the stability of the closed loop structural dynamic system. The design procedure starts with an objective to design control parameters that result in coincident closed loop frequencies for each mode. This is followed by a perturbation procedure to seek optimum solutions. The design procedure also yields the needed control authority that should be provided by actuators on the structure. An option to obtain the needed control authority by using offset piezoceramic stack actuator assemblies are discussed. The designed controllers are applied to control buffet induced vibrations of a high-performance aircraft at high angles of attack. This example also illustrates the control authority of the offset piezoceramic stack structural assembly.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116937036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Pandit, Arjun Earthperson, Alp Tezbaşaran, M. Diaconeasa
We define supply chains (SCs) as sequences of processes that link the demand and supply of goods or services within a network. SCs are prone to shortages in delivering their output goals due to several factors such as personnel undersupply, inefficient processes, policy failure, equipment malfunction, natural hazards, pandemic outbreaks, power outages, or economic crises. Recent notable supply-chain failures include the 2021 Texas power crisis, personal protection equipment shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic, and regional or global food chain shortages. The consequences of such shortages can range from negligible to devastating. The Texas power crisis resulted in the death of 70 people and left approximately 4.5 billion homes and businesses without power for multiple days. In this paper, we presented a methodology to quantify the failure probability of the throughput of a supply chain. We divided the methodology into two major categories of steps. In the first step, we converted the given or assumed supply chain data into fault trees and quantify them. In the second step, we iterated the quantification of the fault tree to build a supply chain shortage risk profile. We introduced the notion of success criteria for the output from a facility, based on which we included or excluded the facility for quantification. With the inclusion of relevant field data, we believe that our methodology can enable the stakeholders in the supply-chain decision-making process to detect vulnerable facilities and risk-inform prevention and mitigation actions. Applications for this methodology can include construction, inventory stocking, assessing manufacturing quantities, policy changes, personnel allocation, and financial investment for critical industries such as nuclear, pharmaceutical, aviation, etc.
{"title":"A Quantitative Approach to Assess the Likelihood of Supply Chain Shortages","authors":"P. Pandit, Arjun Earthperson, Alp Tezbaşaran, M. Diaconeasa","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73696","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We define supply chains (SCs) as sequences of processes that link the demand and supply of goods or services within a network. SCs are prone to shortages in delivering their output goals due to several factors such as personnel undersupply, inefficient processes, policy failure, equipment malfunction, natural hazards, pandemic outbreaks, power outages, or economic crises. Recent notable supply-chain failures include the 2021 Texas power crisis, personal protection equipment shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic, and regional or global food chain shortages. The consequences of such shortages can range from negligible to devastating. The Texas power crisis resulted in the death of 70 people and left approximately 4.5 billion homes and businesses without power for multiple days.\u0000 In this paper, we presented a methodology to quantify the failure probability of the throughput of a supply chain. We divided the methodology into two major categories of steps. In the first step, we converted the given or assumed supply chain data into fault trees and quantify them. In the second step, we iterated the quantification of the fault tree to build a supply chain shortage risk profile. We introduced the notion of success criteria for the output from a facility, based on which we included or excluded the facility for quantification.\u0000 With the inclusion of relevant field data, we believe that our methodology can enable the stakeholders in the supply-chain decision-making process to detect vulnerable facilities and risk-inform prevention and mitigation actions. Applications for this methodology can include construction, inventory stocking, assessing manufacturing quantities, policy changes, personnel allocation, and financial investment for critical industries such as nuclear, pharmaceutical, aviation, etc.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128114701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Online error detection helps to reduce the risk of failure of safety-critical systems. However, due to the increasing complexity of modern Cyber-Physical Systems and the sophisticated interaction of their heterogeneous components, it becomes harder to apply traditional error detection methods. Nowadays, the popularity of Deep Learning-based error detection snowballs. DL-based methods achieved significant progress along with better results. This paper introduces the KrakenBox, a deep learning-based error detector for industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). It provides conceptual and technical details of the KrakenBox hardware, software, and a case study. The KrakenBox hardware is based on NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier, designed to empower the deep learning-based application and the extended alarm module. The KrakenBox software consists of several programs capable of collecting, processing, storing, and analyzing time-series data. The KrakenBox can be connected to the networked automation system either via Ethernet or wirelessly. The paper presents the KrakenBox architecture and results of experiments that allow the evaluation of the error detection performance for varying error magnitude. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the KrakenBox is able to improve the safety of a networked automation system.
{"title":"KrakenBox: Deep Learning-Based Error Detector for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems","authors":"Sheng Ding, A. Morozov, T. Fabarisov, S. Vock","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-70258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70258","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Online error detection helps to reduce the risk of failure of safety-critical systems. However, due to the increasing complexity of modern Cyber-Physical Systems and the sophisticated interaction of their heterogeneous components, it becomes harder to apply traditional error detection methods. Nowadays, the popularity of Deep Learning-based error detection snowballs. DL-based methods achieved significant progress along with better results. This paper introduces the KrakenBox, a deep learning-based error detector for industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). It provides conceptual and technical details of the KrakenBox hardware, software, and a case study. The KrakenBox hardware is based on NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier, designed to empower the deep learning-based application and the extended alarm module. The KrakenBox software consists of several programs capable of collecting, processing, storing, and analyzing time-series data. The KrakenBox can be connected to the networked automation system either via Ethernet or wirelessly. The paper presents the KrakenBox architecture and results of experiments that allow the evaluation of the error detection performance for varying error magnitude. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the KrakenBox is able to improve the safety of a networked automation system.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126516968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Safety and security are two of the most important requirements of the nuclear industry. In the event of a potential problem, the consequences can have serious implications for the public and the environment. Measures should be taken against various hazards and threats by analyzing possible realistic scenarios. Therefore, probabilistic risk assessment is one of the necessary technologies to achieving safe and secure nuclear facilities. In the study, a limited scope probabilistic risk assessment was made for a possible terrorist attack against a generic small modular reactor (SMR). A possible attack threat was selected to develop scenarios by following a probabilistic risk assessment approach. In the scenarios created, terrorists have to pass all physical barriers that security guards protect. Thus, the decisions and actions of the security guards directly affect the result of the attack. To analyze these events, a human reliability assessment (HRA) was employed. In the first study, each security guard’s decision-making process was analyzed using the Standardized Plant Analysis Risk Human Reliability Assessment (SPAR-H) method. The purpose of its use in this study is to verify the SPAR-H method’s applicability for security applications. In this paper, we give the likelihoods of each security guard making a decision and taking action to prevent terrorists from passing obtained using the SPAR-H method. Besides, event tree and fault tree analyses were performed using the SAPHIRE PRA software. Finally, since the current HRA methods were designed for control room operators, we introduce a new model-based HRA methodology applicable for security guards to be used in physical security PRAs.
{"title":"On the Use of Probabilistic Risk Assessment for the Protection of Small Modular Reactors Against Terrorist Attacks","authors":"Burak Polat, M. Diaconeasa","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71504","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Safety and security are two of the most important requirements of the nuclear industry. In the event of a potential problem, the consequences can have serious implications for the public and the environment. Measures should be taken against various hazards and threats by analyzing possible realistic scenarios. Therefore, probabilistic risk assessment is one of the necessary technologies to achieving safe and secure nuclear facilities. In the study, a limited scope probabilistic risk assessment was made for a possible terrorist attack against a generic small modular reactor (SMR). A possible attack threat was selected to develop scenarios by following a probabilistic risk assessment approach.\u0000 In the scenarios created, terrorists have to pass all physical barriers that security guards protect. Thus, the decisions and actions of the security guards directly affect the result of the attack. To analyze these events, a human reliability assessment (HRA) was employed. In the first study, each security guard’s decision-making process was analyzed using the Standardized Plant Analysis Risk Human Reliability Assessment (SPAR-H) method. The purpose of its use in this study is to verify the SPAR-H method’s applicability for security applications.\u0000 In this paper, we give the likelihoods of each security guard making a decision and taking action to prevent terrorists from passing obtained using the SPAR-H method. Besides, event tree and fault tree analyses were performed using the SAPHIRE PRA software.\u0000 Finally, since the current HRA methods were designed for control room operators, we introduce a new model-based HRA methodology applicable for security guards to be used in physical security PRAs.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128315874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xueru Zang, Xuewen Cao, Zhenqiang Xie, Jun Zhang, Yijie Li
To improve the accuracy of the erosion prediction, it is necessary to consider the influences of adjacent particles in the calculations. Therefore, in the present work Johnson-Cook hardening criterion and Johnson-Cook damage criterion are used in ABAQUS software to study erosion crater morphology and stress distribution on target materials subjected to overlapping impacts of spherical particles. The results show that the impact location of the adjacent particles, which is defined as the horizontal distance between the solid particle impacting spot, can significantly affect the erosion magnitude and pattern. As the horizontal distance between two impacts increases from 0 to 0.6 times the particle diameter, the interaction of the craters gradually decreases. When the horizontal distance is beyond 0.6 times the particle diameter, the interaction between two craters is disappeared. Furthermore, the depth difference between two craters is increased under the impact of adjacent particles. As the impact velocity increases from 14 m/s to 22 m/s, the difference between the depth of two craters is increased from 3.23 μm to 14.7 μm. When the impact angle increases from 25° to 85°, the depth difference between the two craters is increased from 0.11 μm to 14.40 μm. The numerical simulation of erosion process can provide a scientific basis for more elaborate erosion modeling.
{"title":"Effect of Particle Overlapping Impacts in Erosion Process","authors":"Xueru Zang, Xuewen Cao, Zhenqiang Xie, Jun Zhang, Yijie Li","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69881","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the accuracy of the erosion prediction, it is necessary to consider the influences of adjacent particles in the calculations. Therefore, in the present work Johnson-Cook hardening criterion and Johnson-Cook damage criterion are used in ABAQUS software to study erosion crater morphology and stress distribution on target materials subjected to overlapping impacts of spherical particles. The results show that the impact location of the adjacent particles, which is defined as the horizontal distance between the solid particle impacting spot, can significantly affect the erosion magnitude and pattern. As the horizontal distance between two impacts increases from 0 to 0.6 times the particle diameter, the interaction of the craters gradually decreases. When the horizontal distance is beyond 0.6 times the particle diameter, the interaction between two craters is disappeared. Furthermore, the depth difference between two craters is increased under the impact of adjacent particles. As the impact velocity increases from 14 m/s to 22 m/s, the difference between the depth of two craters is increased from 3.23 μm to 14.7 μm. When the impact angle increases from 25° to 85°, the depth difference between the two craters is increased from 0.11 μm to 14.40 μm. The numerical simulation of erosion process can provide a scientific basis for more elaborate erosion modeling.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"64 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120820148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jarod Bennett, Mather Saladin, Daniel Sizoo, Spencer Stewart, Graham Wood, T. DeAgostino, C. Depcik
Light Imaging Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems generate point cloud imagery by using laser light to measure distance to a surface and then combine numerous points to create a three-dimensional (3-D) image. Since early adaptations, LiDAR is now common in aerial and subterranean geographical surveying and autonomous vehicle operations. The transportation industry uses LiDAR to monitor roadway quality, which can allow hazardous roadway corrosion to be spotted and repaired before endangering drivers. However, a leading issue with LiDAR availability is the respectively high price point for effective systems, therefore preventing widespread usage. Previous work at fabrication of a low-cost LiDAR system generated high resolution 3-D imagery but was faulted by limited portability and a long run-time while also finding issues with gimbal translation and C++ programming. This effort improves the prior work by combining a touchscreen Graphical User Interface (GUI) with a rangefinder (Garmin LiDAR-Lite v3HP) powered by Raspberry Pi 4 Model B hardware. The rangefinder is housed in a 3-D printed gimbal mount that translates via two stepper motors and driver board. The system runs via a Python script that allows the user to select varying levels of resolution on the GUI prior to data collection onto a Secure Digital card or a file accessible through an internet connection. Like the previous work, data output is in Cartesian coordinates through a .xyz file format with a MATLAB script used to create a point cloud and two-dimensional image with a depth gradient. Overall, a more efficient, easier to use, and accurate LiDAR system was created that offers various resolution levels for under the cost of $500.
光成像探测和测距(LiDAR)系统通过使用激光测量到表面的距离，然后将多个点组合成三维(3-D)图像，从而生成点云图像。自早期适应以来，激光雷达现在在空中和地下地理测量以及自动驾驶车辆操作中很常见。交通运输行业使用激光雷达来监测道路质量，这可以在危及驾驶员之前发现和修复危险的道路腐蚀。然而，激光雷达可用性的一个主要问题是有效系统的价格过高，因此阻碍了广泛使用。之前的低成本激光雷达系统制造工作产生了高分辨率的3d图像，但由于可移植性有限和运行时间长而存在缺陷，同时还发现了框架转换和c++编程的问题。这项工作通过将触摸屏图形用户界面(GUI)与由Raspberry Pi 4 Model B硬件驱动的测距仪(Garmin LiDAR-Lite v3HP)相结合，改进了先前的工作。测距仪安装在一个3d打印的云台底座上，通过两个步进电机和驱动板进行转换。该系统通过Python脚本运行，该脚本允许用户在将数据收集到安全数字卡或通过互联网连接可访问的文件之前，在GUI上选择不同级别的分辨率。像以前的工作一样，数据输出是通过。xyz文件格式的笛卡尔坐标，使用MATLAB脚本创建点云和具有深度梯度的二维图像。总的来说，一种更高效、更容易使用、更精确的激光雷达系统被创造出来，它提供了各种分辨率，成本低于500美元。
{"title":"Design of an Efficient, Low-Cost, Stationary LiDAR System for Roadway Condition Monitoring","authors":"Jarod Bennett, Mather Saladin, Daniel Sizoo, Spencer Stewart, Graham Wood, T. DeAgostino, C. Depcik","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-69308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69308","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Light Imaging Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems generate point cloud imagery by using laser light to measure distance to a surface and then combine numerous points to create a three-dimensional (3-D) image. Since early adaptations, LiDAR is now common in aerial and subterranean geographical surveying and autonomous vehicle operations. The transportation industry uses LiDAR to monitor roadway quality, which can allow hazardous roadway corrosion to be spotted and repaired before endangering drivers. However, a leading issue with LiDAR availability is the respectively high price point for effective systems, therefore preventing widespread usage.\u0000 Previous work at fabrication of a low-cost LiDAR system generated high resolution 3-D imagery but was faulted by limited portability and a long run-time while also finding issues with gimbal translation and C++ programming. This effort improves the prior work by combining a touchscreen Graphical User Interface (GUI) with a rangefinder (Garmin LiDAR-Lite v3HP) powered by Raspberry Pi 4 Model B hardware. The rangefinder is housed in a 3-D printed gimbal mount that translates via two stepper motors and driver board. The system runs via a Python script that allows the user to select varying levels of resolution on the GUI prior to data collection onto a Secure Digital card or a file accessible through an internet connection. Like the previous work, data output is in Cartesian coordinates through a .xyz file format with a MATLAB script used to create a point cloud and two-dimensional image with a depth gradient. Overall, a more efficient, easier to use, and accurate LiDAR system was created that offers various resolution levels for under the cost of $500.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133142899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yilin Yuan, G. Shen, Yongna Shen, Junjiao Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Qiang Wan
This article introduces the entire process of acoustic emission detection of boiler water wall tubes. Due to the large curvature of the furnace tube surface, the sensor can only be installed in the area of the connecting plate between the furnace tubes, resulting in serious lateral attenuation. The distance between adjacent sensors in the lateral direction should be controlled within 40cm, but the longitudinal sensor can accept acoustic emission signals within the range of at least 80cm. Many acoustic emission positioning sources were found during the loading process. According to the standard of NB/T 47013.9-2012 “Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment Part 9: Acoustic emission testing”, the acoustic emission positioning sources were evaluated and classified. As a result, these signal sources are neither noise signals nor from crack propagation.
{"title":"Acoustic Emission Detection and Signal Source Analysis of Boiler Water Wall Tube","authors":"Yilin Yuan, G. Shen, Yongna Shen, Junjiao Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Qiang Wan","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-72083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-72083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article introduces the entire process of acoustic emission detection of boiler water wall tubes. Due to the large curvature of the furnace tube surface, the sensor can only be installed in the area of the connecting plate between the furnace tubes, resulting in serious lateral attenuation. The distance between adjacent sensors in the lateral direction should be controlled within 40cm, but the longitudinal sensor can accept acoustic emission signals within the range of at least 80cm. Many acoustic emission positioning sources were found during the loading process. According to the standard of NB/T 47013.9-2012 “Nondestructive testing of pressure equipment Part 9: Acoustic emission testing”, the acoustic emission positioning sources were evaluated and classified. As a result, these signal sources are neither noise signals nor from crack propagation.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130069991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing effort to improve a mechanical system’s performance with a sustainable perspective has created more complexity due to the need for additional technological subsystems. Increased complexity could result in new failure modes for systems making performance assessment more challenging. Therefore, it is essential to develop frameworks to assess performance based on a broader approach beyond single indicators. However, when considering reliability, resilience, robustness, and vulnerability (3RV) concepts as single mathematical-based models for assessing a system’s performance, designers are confronted by similarities between these concepts. In this regard, integrating these four concepts and developing a comprehensive variable (herein called system adaptivity) could better unify 3RV as a single objective function. Consequently, this study presents independent definitions for each concept and identifies common aspects and interrelationships between them. Finally, a system adaptivity objective function will be defined quantitatively by evaluating identified characteristics and internal and external relations for each concept in the previous step. This new prospect could represent a system’s adaptivity as an integrated framework towards different defined failure scenarios.
{"title":"A Framework for Integrating Reliability, Robustness, Resilience, and Vulnerability to Assess System Adaptivity","authors":"M. Rostami, S. Bucking","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-73021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-73021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The growing effort to improve a mechanical system’s performance with a sustainable perspective has created more complexity due to the need for additional technological subsystems. Increased complexity could result in new failure modes for systems making performance assessment more challenging. Therefore, it is essential to develop frameworks to assess performance based on a broader approach beyond single indicators. However, when considering reliability, resilience, robustness, and vulnerability (3RV) concepts as single mathematical-based models for assessing a system’s performance, designers are confronted by similarities between these concepts. In this regard, integrating these four concepts and developing a comprehensive variable (herein called system adaptivity) could better unify 3RV as a single objective function. Consequently, this study presents independent definitions for each concept and identifies common aspects and interrelationships between them. Finally, a system adaptivity objective function will be defined quantitatively by evaluating identified characteristics and internal and external relations for each concept in the previous step. This new prospect could represent a system’s adaptivity as an integrated framework towards different defined failure scenarios.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130254670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Bayan, T. Timbario, Jonathan D. Nelson, Stuart Sheldon, Ronny Wahba, Brandon Keys
An important factor in evaluating the visibility of pedestrians at night is the contrast they offer an observer. This paper investigates and quantifies the influence of various parameters on contrast. An experiment was conducted using pedestrians and surrogate human models positioned along a grid in relation to the illuminated headlights of vehicles positioned on a dry asphalt roadway with no additional overhead lighting. As part of this experiment, headlight illuminance was mapped, and pedestrian luminance data were comprehensively collected to provide parametric data necessary to evaluate patterns affecting contrast. Luminance and illuminance data are presented in the form of three-dimensional plots and further related to visibility levels using the Adrian model. The results of this study highlight and quantify important factors present in night visibility of pedestrians. These include position of the pedestrian both longitudinally and laterally, reflectivity of the clothing, vertical variations in luminance and illuminance, the background, and headlamp characteristics. They emphasize that three-dimensional modeling of headlight illuminance and pedestrian luminance enhances the understanding of pedestrian contrast and visibility.
{"title":"A Systematic Study of Pedestrian Contrast and Detection From Vehicle Headlights","authors":"F. Bayan, T. Timbario, Jonathan D. Nelson, Stuart Sheldon, Ronny Wahba, Brandon Keys","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71215","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An important factor in evaluating the visibility of pedestrians at night is the contrast they offer an observer. This paper investigates and quantifies the influence of various parameters on contrast. An experiment was conducted using pedestrians and surrogate human models positioned along a grid in relation to the illuminated headlights of vehicles positioned on a dry asphalt roadway with no additional overhead lighting. As part of this experiment, headlight illuminance was mapped, and pedestrian luminance data were comprehensively collected to provide parametric data necessary to evaluate patterns affecting contrast. Luminance and illuminance data are presented in the form of three-dimensional plots and further related to visibility levels using the Adrian model. The results of this study highlight and quantify important factors present in night visibility of pedestrians. These include position of the pedestrian both longitudinally and laterally, reflectivity of the clothing, vertical variations in luminance and illuminance, the background, and headlamp characteristics. They emphasize that three-dimensional modeling of headlight illuminance and pedestrian luminance enhances the understanding of pedestrian contrast and visibility.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116242916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Larissa Schlicht, Marlen Melzer, Ulrike Rösler, Stefan Voß, S. Vock
Psychological and ethical criteria are to date not systematically covered in the system design process. We suggest to extend existing model-based system engineering approaches by new elements that are capable to capture these criteria and, in particular, allow for an implementation of psychological risk analysis and ethical evaluation of work systems already in the design phase. The need for a systematic integration of not only safety but also ethical and psychological criteria in the system design is strengthened by the growing complexity of work systems and the increasing use of artificial intelligence-based algorithms, which have the potential to replace distinctive human capabilities and are associated with a shift of responsibility from humans to machines. We identify essentially two factors impeding the development of an innovative integrative system design approach. First, at present, there is no legally predefined iterative process including an open feedback loop between the operator and the system designer that enables continuous risk assessment. Second, available methods do not provide a framework to integrate ethical and psychological criteria. We propose four steps for the development of an integrative system design approach: (1) an in-depth investigation of current methods suitable for holistic system design processes, (2) the development of a transdisciplinary terminology, (3) the development of a procedure which allows to identify ethical criteria meeting both individual and societal requirements and (4) testing of the developed approach in a digital system model by using a suitable use case.
{"title":"An Integrative and Transdisciplinary Approach for a Human-Centered Design of AI-Based Work Systems","authors":"Larissa Schlicht, Marlen Melzer, Ulrike Rösler, Stefan Voß, S. Vock","doi":"10.1115/imece2021-71261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71261","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Psychological and ethical criteria are to date not systematically covered in the system design process. We suggest to extend existing model-based system engineering approaches by new elements that are capable to capture these criteria and, in particular, allow for an implementation of psychological risk analysis and ethical evaluation of work systems already in the design phase.\u0000 The need for a systematic integration of not only safety but also ethical and psychological criteria in the system design is strengthened by the growing complexity of work systems and the increasing use of artificial intelligence-based algorithms, which have the potential to replace distinctive human capabilities and are associated with a shift of responsibility from humans to machines.\u0000 We identify essentially two factors impeding the development of an innovative integrative system design approach. First, at present, there is no legally predefined iterative process including an open feedback loop between the operator and the system designer that enables continuous risk assessment.\u0000 Second, available methods do not provide a framework to integrate ethical and psychological criteria.\u0000 We propose four steps for the development of an integrative system design approach: (1) an in-depth investigation of current methods suitable for holistic system design processes, (2) the development of a transdisciplinary terminology, (3) the development of a procedure which allows to identify ethical criteria meeting both individual and societal requirements and (4) testing of the developed approach in a digital system model by using a suitable use case.","PeriodicalId":146533,"journal":{"name":"Volume 13: Safety Engineering, Risk, and Reliability Analysis; Research Posters","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128083939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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