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A novel cohesive zone modelling approach to represent mixed mode loading and bond line thickness effects 一种新的粘性区建模方法,用于表示混合模式载荷和粘结线厚度效应
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2184688
B. Watson, M. Worswick, D. Cronin
ABSTRACT Accurate representation of the traction–separation response for mixed mode loading in a cohesive zone model (CZM) is critical to predicting the response of adhesive joints in a number of applications, including transportation and vehicle crashworthiness. Traditionally, the Mode I and Mode II responses are treated independently, with mixed mode response determined by relationships between the degree of mode mixity and separation, potentially leading to overprediction of the plateau traction and underprediction of the plateau length in mixed mode loading. This poor fit is due to the indirect relationship between mixity and traction and having minimal fitting options for separation-to-plateau and softening. To address this limitation, a mixed mode CZM approach is proposed, based on measured mixed-mode traction–separation results for a toughened epoxy adhesive. The effects of bond-line thickness were considered, to examine the ability of the proposed approach to include additional effects (beyond mode mixity) that are known to affect the traction–separation response. The CZM implementation was assessed using the original test data and was shown to capture the measured experimental traction–separation response across a range of mixed mode loading and bond line thickness more accurately compared to traditional CZM treatments.
摘要粘性区模型(CZM)中混合模式载荷的牵引-分离响应的准确表示对于预测包括运输和车辆耐撞性在内的许多应用中的粘接接头响应至关重要。传统上,模式I和模式II响应是独立处理的,混合模式响应由模式混合度和分离度之间的关系决定,这可能导致在混合模式加载中对平台牵引力的过度预测和对平台长度的预测不足。这种较差的贴合度是由于混合性和附着力之间的间接关系,以及分离到平台和软化的贴合选择很少。为了解决这一限制,基于增韧环氧树脂粘合剂的混合模式牵引-分离结果,提出了一种混合模式CZM方法。考虑了结合线厚度的影响,以检查所提出的方法是否有能力包括已知会影响牵引-分离响应的额外影响(超出模式混合性)。使用原始测试数据对CZM的实施进行了评估,结果表明,与传统的CZM处理相比,CZM处理更准确地捕捉了在一系列混合模式载荷和结合线厚度下测量的实验牵引-分离响应。
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引用次数: 1
Evolution of adhesion force behavior at the silica-HOPG interface from humidity-independent to humidity-dependent revealed on an AFM AFM揭示了二氧化硅- hopg界面黏附力行为从湿度无关到湿度依赖的演变
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2185515
Tianmao Lai, Yuen-Shin Chen, Y. Zhang
ABSTRACT The influence of relative humidity (RH) on adhesion force requires clarification. Adhesion forces between atomic force microscopy (AFM) silica cantilevers and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) were measured to study the influence. The force behavior can evolve from RH-independent to RH-dependent with repeated contacts. Initially, the force is relatively small and RH-independent without a large water bridge. However, it becomes RH-dependent after some time at a high RH and never changes again. The RH-dependent force generally exhibits a stable-increasing-stable behavior with RH due to thin-film flow. With a continually increasing-stable-decreasing RH, the RH-dependent force can usually keep pace with RH, indicating that the adsorption and desorption of water molecules are sensitive to RH. However, the force behavior can show a certain lag and advance (including a sudden change). The reasons were manifold: (1) the water bridge can suddenly form and disappear, (2) the equilibrium time for a film-vapor interface is long at high RHs, and (3) the Laplace pressure can change with a constant volume. The RH-dependent force usually keeps pace with a suddenly changed RH, indicating the fast growth process of a water bridge at a high desired RH. The results may enhance the understanding of adhesion mechanisms.
相对湿度(RH)对附着力的影响需要澄清。测量了原子力显微镜(AFM)二氧化硅悬臂梁与高取向热解石墨(HOPG)之间的粘附力,以研究其影响。通过反复接触,力的行为可以从RH独立演变为RH依赖。最初,在没有大型水桥的情况下,力相对较小且与RH无关。然而,在高相对湿度下一段时间后,它变得依赖于相对湿度,并且再也不会改变。由于薄膜流动,RH相关力通常表现出随RH而稳定增加的稳定行为。随着相对湿度的不断增加和稳定下降,相对湿度依赖力通常能与相对湿度保持同步,表明水分子的吸附和解吸对相对湿度敏感。然而,力的行为可以表现出一定的滞后和提前(包括突然的变化)。原因是多方面的:(1)水桥可以突然形成和消失,(2)在高RHs下,膜-蒸汽界面的平衡时间很长,(3)拉普拉斯压力可以随着恒定体积而变化。依赖RH的力通常与突然变化的RH保持同步,这表明水桥在高期望RH下的快速生长过程。研究结果可能会增强对粘附机制的理解。
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引用次数: 0
How to predict residual stresses of curing adhesives ab initio solely using extended rheometry 如何用扩展流变仪从一开始就预测固化胶粘剂的残余应力
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-26 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2184264
J. Wirries, Till Vallée, Martin Rütters
ABSTRACT Prediction of residual stresses in adhesively bonded joints is a major topic among practitioners, as they significantly contribute to failure. The experimental determination of relevant material properties, like shrinkage, modulus development, and relaxation behavior, is considered highly complex. Viscoelastic and numerical models are often simplified to suit specific applications. However, most of them do not consider all relevant parameters or limited portions of the curing process. This publication addresses the lack of experimental methods to determine cure-dependent properties of reactive adhesives to use them as input for FE modelling to predict cure-induced stresses. The authors focus on extended rotational rheometry (ExRheo), to determine shrinkage, shear modulus, and relaxation in dependency of curing time for three adhesives. The relationship between change of viscoelastic properties, shrinkage, and curing degree is determined through DSC and kinetic modelling. The experimental results are modelled to be implemented in a numerical analysis in order to predict cure-induced stresses in constrained rheological experiment in ExRheo. Numerical results show very good agreement with the experiments, which validate the methodology. For the first time, shrinkage induced residual stresses are modelled ab initio over the curing process, without any assumptions, solely based upon direct experimental data using a single device.
摘要:预测粘接接头中的残余应力是从业者的一个主要话题,因为它们会导致失效。相关材料性能的实验测定,如收缩、模量发展和松弛行为,被认为是非常复杂的。粘弹性和数值模型通常被简化以适应特定的应用。然而,它们中的大多数没有考虑所有相关参数或固化过程的有限部分。本出版物解决了缺乏实验方法来确定反应性粘合剂的固化相关性能,并将其用作有限元建模的输入,以预测固化引起的应力的问题。作者专注于扩展旋转流变仪(ExRheo),以确定三种粘合剂的收缩、剪切模量和松弛与固化时间的相关性。通过DSC和动力学模型确定了粘弹性性能变化、收缩率和固化度之间的关系。实验结果被建模以在数值分析中实现,以便预测ExRheo中约束流变实验中的固化诱导应力。数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,验证了该方法的正确性。首次在没有任何假设的情况下,仅基于使用单个设备的直接实验数据,对固化过程中收缩引起的残余应力进行了从头计算建模。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of epoxy functional silane on the crosslinking process of eucalyptus wood panels using formaldehyde-free acrylate adhesives 环氧功能性硅烷对无甲醛丙烯酸酯胶粘剂桉木板交联过程的影响
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-26 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2183849
Eduardo Martins Gouveia Romão, Lara Robert Nahra, M. P. Oliveira, L. Guerrini
ABSTRACT The effect of different amounts of epoxy functional silane (EFS) as a crosslinking agent in the water-based acrylate adhesives was evaluated for the production of eucalyptus wood panels at different curing temperatures (120°C and 140°C). The thermal stability and dynamic analyses (loss and storage moduli) of the acrylate adhesives with EFS were evaluated. The addition of EFS in the acrylate adhesive increased the thermal degradation, storage, and loss moduli. The thermal degradation, bending test, specific mass, and morphology were evaluated in the wood panels. Significant increases in the storage modulus and bending strength of the wood panels with EFS and acrylate adhesive at 140°C were found. These results demonstrate a potential application of EFS in the production of wood panels aiming towards the manufacture of thicker composites.
摘要在不同的固化温度(120°C和140°C)下,评价了不同用量的环氧官能硅烷(EFS)作为交联剂在水性丙烯酸酯胶粘剂中对桉树木板生产的影响。对含EFS的丙烯酸酯胶粘剂的热稳定性和动态分析(损耗和储能模量)进行了评价。在丙烯酸酯粘合剂中添加EFS增加了热降解、储存和损耗模量。对木板的热降解、弯曲试验、比质量和形态进行了评估。在140°C下,使用EFS和丙烯酸酯粘合剂的木板的储能模量和弯曲强度显著增加。这些结果证明了EFS在木板生产中的潜在应用,旨在制造更厚的复合材料。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning approach for analysing and predicting the modulus response of the structural epoxy adhesive at elevated temperatures 用机器学习方法分析和预测结构环氧粘合剂在高温下的模量响应
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2183851
Song Wang, Ziyang Xu, T. Stratford, Biao Li, Qingdian Zeng, Jun Su
ABSTRACT For bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) strengthening systems in civil engineering projects, the adhesive joint performance is a key factor in the effectiveness of the strengthening; however, it is known that the material properties of structural epoxy adhesives change with temperature. This present paper examines the implied relationship between the curing regimes and the storage modulus response of the adhesive using a Machine Learning (ML) approach. A dataset containing 157 experimental data collected from the scientific papers and academic theses was used for training and testing an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the curing conditions have a significant effect on the glass transition temperatures (Tg ) of the adhesive, and consequently on the storage modulus response at elevated temperatures. Curing at an extremely high temperature for a long time does not, however, guarantee a better thermal performance. For the studied adhesive, curing in a warm (≥ 45°C) and dry (near 0 % RH) environment for 21 days is recommended for practical applications. A software with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) was established, which can predict the storage modulus response of the adhesive, plot the corresponding response curve, and estimate the optimum curing condition.
摘要:对于土木工程中的粘结纤维增强聚合物(FRP)加固系统,粘结性能是影响加固效果的关键因素;然而,众所周知,结构型环氧胶粘剂的材料性能会随着温度的变化而变化。本文使用机器学习(ML)方法研究了粘合剂的固化状态和储能模量响应之间的隐含关系。使用包含从科学论文和学术论文中收集的157个实验数据的数据集来训练和测试人工神经网络(ANN)模型。敏感性分析表明,固化条件对粘合剂的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)有显著影响,因此对高温下的储能模量响应有显著影响。然而,在极高温度下长时间固化并不能保证更好的热性能。对于所研究的粘合剂,建议在温暖(≥45°C)和干燥(接近0%RH)的环境中固化21天,以供实际应用。建立了一个具有图形用户界面(GUI)的软件,该软件可以预测胶粘剂的储能模量响应,绘制相应的响应曲线,并估计最佳固化条件。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental and numerical investigation of the damping properties of adhesively bonded tubular steel joints 粘接钢管节点阻尼性能的试验与数值研究
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-24 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2178909
J. Damm, M. Albiez, T. Ummenhofer, Johannes Göddecke, G. Meschut, Fabian Kötz, A. Matzenmiller
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引用次数: 4
Assessing the effect of a thickness gradient on the shear stress profile at the epoxy/silicone interface of thin coatings subjected to transverse shear loads with finite element analyses 用有限元分析评估厚度梯度对横向剪切载荷作用下薄涂层环氧树脂/硅树脂界面剪切应力分布的影响
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-22 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2181697
Melissa M. Gibbons, Stephen Mcneela, J. Kohl
ABSTRACT Low surface energy materials are used as foul-release coatings (FRCs) to reduce the forces required to remove biofouling. Previous experiments observed the release behavior of epoxy studs (pseudobarnacles) from silicone coatings with a thickness gradient. The studs were loaded transversely in thick-to-thin and thin-to-thick directions, and the final decohesion always proceeded from the thin to the thick side of the coating. However, trends in the critical transverse forces required for removal were not apparent. In this study, finite element models (FEMs) were created to determine the peak shear stress at the interface of an epoxy stud bonded to a silicone coating with a thickness gradient in response to a transverse load. The effects of the average coating thickness, the thickness gradient of the coating, and the transverse loading direction were determined. At a given average coating thickness, increasing the thickness gradient produced higher peak shear stresses at the interface, which would reduce the critical force required to remove the epoxy stud (i.e., would improve the performance of the FRC). The influence of the increased thickness gradient waned as the average coating thickness increased. Therefore, moderately thin coatings with large thickness gradients would be optimal for FRC performance under transverse loading.
摘要低表面能材料被用作污垢释放涂层(FRCs),以减少去除生物污垢所需的力。先前的实验观察了环氧树脂螺柱(假藤壶)从具有厚度梯度的有机硅涂层中的释放行为。螺柱在从厚到薄和从薄到厚的方向上横向加载,并且最终的剥离总是从涂层的薄侧向厚侧进行。然而,拆除所需的临界横向力的趋势并不明显。在这项研究中,创建了有限元模型(FEM),以确定与硅涂层结合的环氧双头螺栓界面处的峰值剪切应力,该涂层具有响应横向载荷的厚度梯度。测定了平均涂层厚度、涂层厚度梯度和横向载荷方向的影响。在给定的平均涂层厚度下,增加厚度梯度在界面处产生更高的峰值剪切应力,这将降低去除环氧树脂螺柱所需的临界力(即,将提高FRC的性能)。厚度梯度增加的影响随着平均涂层厚度的增加而减弱。因此,具有大厚度梯度的适度薄的涂层对于在横向载荷下的FRC性能将是最佳的。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical prediction of stress and strain in adhesive tube-to-tube joints under thermal expansion/contraction 热膨胀/收缩条件下粘接管-管接头应力和应变的分析预测
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2178307
Haotian Liu, J. Weibel, E. Groll
ABSTRACT Adhesive joints are widely applied and studied for various industrial applications. The interest in adhesive joints has expanded to include heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems having a significant number of joints employed for manufacturing. This study investigates an analytical modeling approach for predicting joint stress and strain distribution under static loading with thermal strain. A review of modeling techniques identified the need to develop a joint analytical model under loading conditions representative of HVAC&R applications. The details of the model, governing equations, assumptions, boundary conditions, and solution techniques are first reported. The model is validated via comparison to existing results before performing parametric studies to provide insights on the influences of thermal expansion and inner tube pressure on possible failure. It is found that the joint overlap length plays an important role in stress distribution, while the adhesive thickness has less impact. Overall, the results indicate that static loading failure is not likely a concern for joints in HVAC&R systems, but the thermal strain and stress induced by temperature fluctuations must be carefully considered. This modeling effort establishes a framework that can be used to generate criteria and instructions on designing adhesive joints across different HVAC&R
摘要胶粘接头在各种工业应用中得到了广泛的应用和研究。对粘接接头的兴趣已经扩大到包括具有大量用于制造的接头的加热、通风、空调和制冷(HVAC&R)系统。本研究探讨了一种分析建模方法,用于预测热应变静态载荷下的接头应力和应变分布。通过对建模技术的审查,确定了在具有HVAC&R应用代表性的荷载条件下开发联合分析模型的必要性。首先报道了模型的细节、控制方程、假设、边界条件和求解技术。在进行参数研究之前,通过与现有结果的比较来验证该模型,以深入了解热膨胀和内管压力对可能失效的影响。研究发现,接头搭接长度对应力分布起着重要作用,而胶粘剂厚度对其影响较小。总体而言,结果表明,HVAC&R系统中的接头不太可能出现静态载荷失效,但必须仔细考虑温度波动引起的热应变和应力。这一建模工作建立了一个框架,可用于生成不同暖通空调和R的粘接接头设计标准和说明
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引用次数: 0
A review on recent trends in bio-based pressure sensitive adhesives 生物基压敏胶粘剂的研究进展
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2176761
S. Pradeep, B. Kandasubramanian, S. Sidharth
ABSTRACT In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in the field of bio-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) driven by the increase in stringent regulations and eminent concerns for sustainability. There have been continued efforts to find suitable alternatives for conventional petroleum-based PSA systems. With the gaining momentum in the field of green chemistry concepts and advancements in synthesis techniques, there have been various strategies to develop sustainable bio-based PSAs from various bio feedstocks like 1st generation sources like plant and animal oils, alcohols, 2nd generation sources like natural rubber, lignin and 3rd generation sources like biomass and organic waste. This work aims to review the recent progress in this developing field, reported in articles in the past decade.
近年来,由于严格的法规和对可持续性的突出关注,人们对生物基压敏胶(psa)领域的兴趣激增。人们一直在努力寻找传统石油基PSA系统的合适替代品。随着绿色化学概念领域的发展势头和合成技术的进步,有各种各样的策略来开发可持续的生物基psa,从各种生物原料,如第一代来源,如植物和动物油,醇,第二代来源,如天然橡胶,木质素和第三代来源,如生物质和有机废物。这项工作的目的是回顾最近的进展,在这一发展领域,在过去十年的文章报道。
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引用次数: 7
Static strength prediction of curved composite joints under internal pressure 内压作用下弯曲复合材料接头静强度预测
IF 2.2 4区 材料科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-02-06 DOI: 10.1080/00218464.2023.2174434
P. Ferreira, R. Campilho, I. Sánchez Arce, D. C. Gonçalves, C. Prakash
ABSTRACT Nowadays, adhesive joints are largely applied in the automotive, aircraft and aerospace, civil, and naval industries. Although several applications involve flat (plane) adherends, curved joints play an important role in many engineering applications like civil and aircraft construction. This work aims to investigate three structural adhesives, ranging from brittle to ductile, applied in curved joggle-lap joints between carbon fibre reinforced polymer adherends and subjected to internal pressure, to validate a robust design procedure and provide project guidelines for this complex structural, geometrical, and loading system, which constitute the main novelty of the proposed work. A numerical cohesive zone model parametric analysis was undertaken by varying the overlap length, thickness of the adherends, and adherends’ curvature, including the evaluation of peel and shear stresses in the adhesive, failure mode comparison, maximum load, and energy dissipated after failure. Validation of the cohesive zone model technique was initially performed using flat single-lap joint under tensile loads. A significant effect of the overlap length and thickness of the adherends on the maximum load was found, while the adherends’ curvature effect on the maximum load was negligible. Ductile adhesives, although less strong, generally performed better in terms of maximum load and dissipated energy.
目前,粘接广泛应用于汽车、航空航天、民用、船舶等行业。虽然有几种应用涉及平面连接,但弯曲连接在许多工程应用中发挥着重要作用,如民用和飞机结构。这项工作的目的是研究三种结构粘合剂,从脆性到延展性,应用于碳纤维增强聚合物粘合剂之间的弯曲弯曲接合处,并承受内部压力,以验证一个强大的设计程序,并为这种复杂的结构,几何和加载系统提供项目指导,这构成了拟议工作的主要新新性。通过改变黏合剂的重叠长度、黏合剂的厚度和黏合剂的曲率,对黏合剂中的剥离应力和剪应力进行了数值黏合剂模型参数化分析,比较了黏合剂的破坏模式、最大载荷和破坏后的能量耗散。黏结区模型技术的验证最初是在拉伸载荷下的平面单搭接节点上进行的。黏附体的重叠长度和厚度对最大荷载的影响显著,而黏附体曲率对最大荷载的影响可以忽略不计。延性胶粘剂虽然强度较低,但在最大载荷和耗散能量方面通常表现较好。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Adhesion
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