Abstract A 10 cm (diameter) x 7.5 cm NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of 40K, 232Th and 238U in 50 samples of top soils of the southern and western coasts of Viti Levu, the largest island of the Republic of Fiji Islands. The average activities of 232Th, 238U and 40K in soils of this region were 2.8, 3.6 and 160 Bq kg-1, respectively. The average external gamma-dose, which is likely to be delivered to the local population in this region, is estimated to be 10.3 nGy h-1, well below the world average.
摘要采用10 cm(直径)× 7.5 cm NaI(Tl) γ射线谱仪，测定了斐济共和国最大岛屿维提岛(Viti Levu)南部和西部海岸表层土壤50个样品中40K、232Th和238U的浓度。该地区土壤中232Th、238U和40K的平均活度分别为2.8、3.6和160 Bq kg-1。估计该区域当地人口可能受到的平均外部γ剂量为10.3毫希-1，远低于世界平均水平。
{"title":"Distribution of 40K, 232Th and 238U in Soils of Southern and Western Coasts of Viti Levu, Fiji","authors":"S. Garimella, Uma W. Prasad","doi":"10.1071/SP02003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP02003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A 10 cm (diameter) x 7.5 cm NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer was used to measure the concentrations of 40K, 232Th and 238U in 50 samples of top soils of the southern and western coasts of Viti Levu, the largest island of the Republic of Fiji Islands. The average activities of 232Th, 238U and 40K in soils of this region were 2.8, 3.6 and 160 Bq kg-1, respectively. The average external gamma-dose, which is likely to be delivered to the local population in this region, is estimated to be 10.3 nGy h-1, well below the world average.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129007620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two prominent mangrove species of Fiji, Rhizophora mangle, Linn. Rhizophora stylosa Griff and their puative hyubrid (R x selala) were analysed for chromosome number and pairing. Both parental species and their hybrid possess a diploid number of (2n) = 36 chromosomes. Regular 18 bivalents were observed in two species but the hybrid lacked proper chromosome pairing during meiosis. Analysis of tetrads showed normal tetrad and microspores development in parental species but very high abnormality in the hybrid. Pollen fertility determined by staining technique and pollen germination technique showed very high pollen viability in both parental species but very low pollen viability in the putative hybrid. Lack of chromosomal homology appears to be contributing to high percentage of non-viable pollen resulting in complete sterility in the putative hybrid.
斐济的两个突出的红树种，根茎红树，林恩。对柱茎根hora stylosa Griff及其推定杂交种(R x selala)进行了染色体数目和配对分析。亲本种及其杂交种均具有二倍体数目(2n) = 36条染色体。在减数分裂过程中，两种杂交种均有规则的18二价体，但缺乏适当的染色体配对。四分体分析显示亲本四分体和小孢子发育正常，杂种四分体发育异常严重。用染色法和花粉萌发法测定的花粉育性表明，两亲本种的花粉活力都很高，而杂种的花粉活力很低。染色体同源性的缺乏似乎是导致非活花粉比例高的原因，从而导致假定的杂交后代完全不育。
{"title":"Chromosomal Pairing and Pollen Viability in Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora stylosa Hybrids","authors":"A. Tyagi","doi":"10.1071/SP02001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP02001","url":null,"abstract":"Two prominent mangrove species of Fiji, Rhizophora mangle, Linn. Rhizophora stylosa Griff and their puative hyubrid (R x selala) were analysed for chromosome number and pairing. Both parental species and their hybrid possess a diploid number of (2n) = 36 chromosomes. Regular 18 bivalents were observed in two species but the hybrid lacked proper chromosome pairing during meiosis. Analysis of tetrads showed normal tetrad and microspores development in parental species but very high abnormality in the hybrid. Pollen fertility determined by staining technique and pollen germination technique showed very high pollen viability in both parental species but very low pollen viability in the putative hybrid. Lack of chromosomal homology appears to be contributing to high percentage of non-viable pollen resulting in complete sterility in the putative hybrid.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132348331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the potassium (K) status of sugarcane growing soils in Fiji, using samples taken from fields under cultivation and also from sites that had not been cultivated for at least 30 years. Five sites were on highly weathered oxyhydroxide soils where the total K contents and K retention capacities were generally low. The two less weathered soils containing significant amounts of 2:1 expanding clay minerals had much higher total K and non-exchangeable K. Exchangeable K and soil solution K contents varied significantly, but were generally low for most soils. Exchangeable K contents were lower in the regularly cultivated fields at five sites out of the eight, were higher at 2 sites, while for one site there was no change. These variations may be due to different levels of K input, uptake by crop and losses due to leaching and erosion. The two less weathered soils (Sigatoka and Nawaicoba) had lower contents of both non-exchangeable and exchangeable K in the cultivated soil when compared with the fallow sites suggesting net loss of K due to cultivation. These soils, however, also had high surface negative charge and thus a better capacity to retain K. Since the K requirement of sugarcane is characteristically high and large amounts of K are removed in the harvested crop, K fertilizer practices need to be scrutinized carefully in Fiji.
{"title":"Potassium Studies on Some Sugarcane Growing Soils in Fiji","authors":"J. Gawander, P. Gangaiya, R. Morrison","doi":"10.1071/SP02004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP02004","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the potassium (K) status of sugarcane growing soils in Fiji, using samples taken from fields under cultivation and also from sites that had not been cultivated for at least 30 years. Five sites were on highly weathered oxyhydroxide soils where the total K contents and K retention capacities were generally low. The two less weathered soils containing significant amounts of 2:1 expanding clay minerals had much higher total K and non-exchangeable K. Exchangeable K and soil solution K contents varied significantly, but were generally low for most soils. Exchangeable K contents were lower in the regularly cultivated fields at five sites out of the eight, were higher at 2 sites, while for one site there was no change. These variations may be due to different levels of K input, uptake by crop and losses due to leaching and erosion. The two less weathered soils (Sigatoka and Nawaicoba) had lower contents of both non-exchangeable and exchangeable K in the cultivated soil when compared with the fallow sites suggesting net loss of K due to cultivation. These soils, however, also had high surface negative charge and thus a better capacity to retain K. Since the K requirement of sugarcane is characteristically high and large amounts of K are removed in the harvested crop, K fertilizer practices need to be scrutinized carefully in Fiji.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127969375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
and Abstract The Island of Rotuma is facing widespread destruction and degradation of its flora. This investigation was conducted to determine the pollen fertility status in thirty two species of economic and environmentally important coastal species, which are reproducing freely thus most suitable to rehabilitate coastal areas. Pollen fertility status in these species varied from as low as 38% in Canavalia cathertica to as high as 100% in Hernandia nymphaeifolia and Vigna marina. It was interesting to note that species within same genus showed wide range of pollen viability. However, most of the species investigated had high pollen viability especially in those species, which grow close to sea. It was recorded that pollen fertility was low in small fragmented populations. This showed the effect of population size on reproduction. Larger sized populations showed high percentage of pollen fertility.
{"title":"Pollen Fertility Status in Coastal Plant Species of Rotuma Island","authors":"Reijieli R. Rigamoto, A. Tyagi","doi":"10.1071/SP02007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP02007","url":null,"abstract":"and Abstract The Island of Rotuma is facing widespread destruction and degradation of its flora. This investigation was conducted to determine the pollen fertility status in thirty two species of economic and environmentally important coastal species, which are reproducing freely thus most suitable to rehabilitate coastal areas. Pollen fertility status in these species varied from as low as 38% in Canavalia cathertica to as high as 100% in Hernandia nymphaeifolia and Vigna marina. It was interesting to note that species within same genus showed wide range of pollen viability. However, most of the species investigated had high pollen viability especially in those species, which grow close to sea. It was recorded that pollen fertility was low in small fragmented populations. This showed the effect of population size on reproduction. Larger sized populations showed high percentage of pollen fertility.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114473149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the classical problems in nonlinear control system analysis and design is to find a region of asymptotic stability by the Direct Method of Lyapunov. This paper tentatively shows, via a numercial example, that this problem can be easily solved using Quantifier Elimination (QE). In particular, if the governing equations are described by differential equations containing only polynomials, then the problem can be conveniently solved by a computer algebra software packages such as Qepcad or Redlog. In our case study, we use a simple Lyapunov function and Qepcad to estimate the stability region, and the results are verified by an optimization method based on Lagrange's method.
{"title":"Obtaining approximate region of asymptotic stability by computer algebra: a case study","authors":"S. Prakash, J. Vanualailai, T. Soma","doi":"10.1071/SP02011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP02011","url":null,"abstract":"One of the classical problems in nonlinear control system analysis and design is to find a region of asymptotic stability by the Direct Method of Lyapunov. This paper tentatively shows, via a numercial example, that this problem can be easily solved using Quantifier Elimination (QE). In particular, if the governing equations are described by differential equations containing only polynomials, then the problem can be conveniently solved by a computer algebra software packages such as Qepcad or Redlog. In our case study, we use a simple Lyapunov function and Qepcad to estimate the stability region, and the results are verified by an optimization method based on Lagrange's method.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123416340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2 Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; E-mail: sag32@cam.ac.uk Introduction Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Henschel., known as kuta or taria in vernacular Fijian, is a plant of cultural and economic importance in the western South Pacific. Harvested stems are dried, flattened and woven into fine mats. These are used as floor mats, infant cradles, blankets and ta’ovala, the traditional formal sash worn by Tongans. E. dulcis is a freshwater wetland species of the sedge family (Cyperaceae). It is widely distributed in warm tropical regions, being indigenous from tropical West Africa, through tropical Asia and Malesia, to northern Australia. In the Pacific Islands its range extends from Melanesia and Palau in the western Pacific to Tonga and Samoa in Polynesia. It is also cultivated in Hawaii (Smith 1979). In Fiji E. dulcis is regarded as native but because it is a species utilised by man, it may be an aboriginal introduction (Ash and Ash, 1984). It is one of three plant species in Fiji restricted to freshwater wetlands (Ash and Ash 1984). In the vanua of Buca, Vanua Levu, kuta has been used for a long time for the production of fine quality mats. In this district the women of two villages, Navakasobu and Korovuli, had been harvesting kuta plants from two or three shallow ponds in a nearby wetland, but in recent years forest clearing and the plantation of sugarcane and pine in an adjacent area had resulted in the establishment of weeds that degraded the wetland and thus the habitat for kuta. This degradation was so drastic that introduced weeds, in particular the pink water lily (Nymphaea capensis var. rosea), out-competed kuta and other native wetland species. As a result, kuta became extinct in these ponds. Over the last two years the Pacific People and Plants programme of the World Wide Fund for Nature have been involved in this area in a project to restore the kuta habitat. The project is carried out through the support and effort of the women of the two villages. The restoration is a success in as much as the plants can now again be harvested for use, but there are concerns that the ‘restored’ habitat is so fragile that without continuous and laborious management it will quickly revert to its ‘pre-restored’ state. Here I comment on the restoration of the kuta habitat in the wetland with reference to the guidelines on reintroduction and restoration of habitats provided by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (Akeroyd and Wyse Jackson 1995; Wyse Jackson and Akeroyd 1994; Maunder 1992), and report for the first time the morphology and septation of two stem types of Eleocharis dulcis (‘soft’ and ‘hard’ stems) present in the wetland ponds in Buca. The two stem types are important both ecologically and economically because they reflect the genetic variation of the kuta population in this wetland, and because only one of the two types is used for weaving mats.
2现地址:剑桥大学唐宁街植物科学系，英国剑桥CB2 3EA;E-mail: sag32@cam.ac.ukf。)指标。Henschel交货。在斐济方言中被称为库塔或塔里亚，是南太平洋西部一种具有重要文化和经济意义的植物。收获的茎被晒干，压平，编织成精细的垫子。它们被用作地垫、婴儿摇篮、毯子和汤加人佩戴的传统正式腰带ta 'ovala。杜鹃是莎草科的一种淡水湿地植物。它广泛分布在温暖的热带地区，原产于热带西非，热带亚洲和马来西亚，澳大利亚北部。在太平洋岛屿上，其分布范围从西太平洋的美拉尼西亚和帕劳一直延伸到波利尼西亚的汤加和萨摩亚。它也在夏威夷种植(Smith 1979)。在斐济，E. dulcis被认为是原生物种，但由于它是人类利用的物种，它可能是土著引进的(Ash和Ash, 1984)。它是斐济三种仅限于淡水湿地的植物之一(Ash and Ash 1984)。在瓦努瓦的布卡，瓦努瓦Levu，库塔已经被用于生产优质的垫子很长一段时间。在这个地区，Navakasobu和Korovuli两个村庄的妇女一直在附近湿地的两三个浅池塘里收割库塔植物，但近年来，在邻近地区砍伐森林和种植甘蔗和松树导致杂草丛生，使湿地退化，从而破坏了库塔的栖息地。这种退化是如此剧烈，以至于引入的杂草，特别是粉红睡莲(Nymphaea capensis var. rosea)，竞争了库塔和其他本地湿地物种。结果，库塔在这些池塘里灭绝了。在过去两年中，世界自然基金会的太平洋人与植物方案参与了这一领域的一个恢复库塔生境的项目。该项目是在两个村庄妇女的支持和努力下实施的。恢复是成功的，因为植物现在可以再次收获使用，但有人担心，“恢复”的栖息地非常脆弱，如果没有持续和艰苦的管理，它将很快恢复到“恢复前”的状态。在此，我参照国际植物园保护组织(Akeroyd and Wyse Jackson, 1995)提供的关于重新引进和恢复生境的准则，对湿地库塔栖息地的恢复发表评论;Wyse Jackson and Akeroyd 1994;Maunder 1992)，并首次报道了布卡湿地池塘中存在的两种茎型Eleocharis dulcis(“软”茎和“硬”茎)的形态和分隔。这两种茎型在生态和经济上都很重要，因为它们反映了该湿地库塔种群的遗传变异，而且两种茎型中只有一种用于编织席子。
{"title":"Eleocharis dulcis (kuta), a plant of economic and cultural importance in the South West Pacific: habitat restoration efforts in the vanua of Buca, Vanua Levu, Fiji","authors":"S. Ghazanfar","doi":"10.1071/SP01010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP01010","url":null,"abstract":"2 Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; E-mail: sag32@cam.ac.uk Introduction Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Henschel., known as kuta or taria in vernacular Fijian, is a plant of cultural and economic importance in the western South Pacific. Harvested stems are dried, flattened and woven into fine mats. These are used as floor mats, infant cradles, blankets and ta’ovala, the traditional formal sash worn by Tongans. E. dulcis is a freshwater wetland species of the sedge family (Cyperaceae). It is widely distributed in warm tropical regions, being indigenous from tropical West Africa, through tropical Asia and Malesia, to northern Australia. In the Pacific Islands its range extends from Melanesia and Palau in the western Pacific to Tonga and Samoa in Polynesia. It is also cultivated in Hawaii (Smith 1979). In Fiji E. dulcis is regarded as native but because it is a species utilised by man, it may be an aboriginal introduction (Ash and Ash, 1984). It is one of three plant species in Fiji restricted to freshwater wetlands (Ash and Ash 1984). In the vanua of Buca, Vanua Levu, kuta has been used for a long time for the production of fine quality mats. In this district the women of two villages, Navakasobu and Korovuli, had been harvesting kuta plants from two or three shallow ponds in a nearby wetland, but in recent years forest clearing and the plantation of sugarcane and pine in an adjacent area had resulted in the establishment of weeds that degraded the wetland and thus the habitat for kuta. This degradation was so drastic that introduced weeds, in particular the pink water lily (Nymphaea capensis var. rosea), out-competed kuta and other native wetland species. As a result, kuta became extinct in these ponds. Over the last two years the Pacific People and Plants programme of the World Wide Fund for Nature have been involved in this area in a project to restore the kuta habitat. The project is carried out through the support and effort of the women of the two villages. The restoration is a success in as much as the plants can now again be harvested for use, but there are concerns that the ‘restored’ habitat is so fragile that without continuous and laborious management it will quickly revert to its ‘pre-restored’ state. Here I comment on the restoration of the kuta habitat in the wetland with reference to the guidelines on reintroduction and restoration of habitats provided by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (Akeroyd and Wyse Jackson 1995; Wyse Jackson and Akeroyd 1994; Maunder 1992), and report for the first time the morphology and septation of two stem types of Eleocharis dulcis (‘soft’ and ‘hard’ stems) present in the wetland ponds in Buca. The two stem types are important both ecologically and economically because they reflect the genetic variation of the kuta population in this wetland, and because only one of the two types is used for weaving mats.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116001148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines histamine production in albacore, bigeye and yellowfin tuna caught by longliners operating in Fijian waters. The research was undertaken in collaboration with the Fijian Fisheries Division and the tuna industry. A comparison of histamine production between species, sampling location and temperatures was undertaken. The results reveal that histamine levels do increase with temperature but that there is no difference in histamine build-up between species at each temperature tested. There was no significant difference between the two sampling locations tested, one of which was taken from a low-value head region, and will potentially make a significant saving for operators. Histamine levels are well below the recommended maximum value when samples are stored at 6oC, which validates the recommended USFDA guidelines. A new ELISA test for determining histamine concentration (Veratox) and the AOAC fluorometric method were used. The Veratox ELISA kit was found to be inadequate for food safety monitoring as it tends to underestimate histamine levels.
{"title":"Histamine levels in longlined tuna in Fiji: A comparison of samples from two different body sites and the effect of storage at different temperatures.","authors":"T. Chamberlain","doi":"10.1071/SP01006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP01006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines histamine production in albacore, bigeye and yellowfin tuna caught by longliners operating in Fijian waters. The research was undertaken in collaboration with the Fijian Fisheries Division and the tuna industry. A comparison of histamine production between species, sampling location and temperatures was undertaken. The results reveal that histamine levels do increase with temperature but that there is no difference in histamine build-up between species at each temperature tested. There was no significant difference between the two sampling locations tested, one of which was taken from a low-value head region, and will potentially make a significant saving for operators. Histamine levels are well below the recommended maximum value when samples are stored at 6oC, which validates the recommended USFDA guidelines. A new ELISA test for determining histamine concentration (Veratox) and the AOAC fluorometric method were used. The Veratox ELISA kit was found to be inadequate for food safety monitoring as it tends to underestimate histamine levels.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133421524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Gangaiya, J. Tabudravu, R. South, S. Sotheeswaran
Contamination of the coastal environment of small island countries is of concern because people's livelihoods in these countries are intimately linked to the resources of the coastal zone. The Lami estuary in Fiji is located downstream of an industrial area and is used extensively for fishing and other recreational activities. Sediment samples from twenty-nine sites within the area were analysed for copper, lead and zinc to determine whether the area is contaminated with heavy metals. Within the estuary, significant enrichment is evident, with heavy metal concentrations exceeding some of those from other known contaminated sites in the country. Although copper contamination appears to be restricted to a few sites within the estuary, contamination with lead and zinc seems to be spreading to areas further away from the shore. Metal distribution patterns clearly indicate adjacent factories to be the main source of contamination. The results show that contrary to popular belief, highly contaminated sites do exist in the relatively pristine coastal environments of island countries like Fiji.
{"title":"Heavy metal contamination of the Lami coastal environment, Fiji","authors":"P. Gangaiya, J. Tabudravu, R. South, S. Sotheeswaran","doi":"10.1071/SP01005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP01005","url":null,"abstract":"Contamination of the coastal environment of small island countries is of concern because people's livelihoods in these countries are intimately linked to the resources of the coastal zone. The Lami estuary in Fiji is located downstream of an industrial area and is used extensively for fishing and other recreational activities. Sediment samples from twenty-nine sites within the area were analysed for copper, lead and zinc to determine whether the area is contaminated with heavy metals. Within the estuary, significant enrichment is evident, with heavy metal concentrations exceeding some of those from other known contaminated sites in the country. Although copper contamination appears to be restricted to a few sites within the estuary, contamination with lead and zinc seems to be spreading to areas further away from the shore. Metal distribution patterns clearly indicate adjacent factories to be the main source of contamination. The results show that contrary to popular belief, highly contaminated sites do exist in the relatively pristine coastal environments of island countries like Fiji.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126049633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tri-n-butyltin (TBT) compounds are synthetic, multipurpose chemicals, which have been extensively used, in marine antifouling paints. They have been known to be extremely poisonous to mollusc fishery resources (oysters, clams, scallops, etc.). TBT levels in marine sediments from the main ports in Fiji were analysed using the GC/FPD method. The results indicated that these sites were among the worst polluted with TBT in the world. The most contaminated site recorded a TBT concentration of 360 μgg-1. TBT comprised 48-90% of the total organotins measured. Some stringent legislative means are needed to regulate the use of this contaminant in marine anti-fouling paints.
{"title":"A study on tributyltin contamination of marine sediments in the major ports of Fiji","authors":"M. Maata, K. Koshy","doi":"10.1071/SP01001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP01001","url":null,"abstract":"Tri-n-butyltin (TBT) compounds are synthetic, multipurpose chemicals, which have been extensively used, in marine antifouling paints. They have been known to be extremely poisonous to mollusc fishery resources (oysters, clams, scallops, etc.). TBT levels in marine sediments from the main ports in Fiji were analysed using the GC/FPD method. The results indicated that these sites were among the worst polluted with TBT in the world. The most contaminated site recorded a TBT concentration of 360 μgg-1. TBT comprised 48-90% of the total organotins measured. Some stringent legislative means are needed to regulate the use of this contaminant in marine anti-fouling paints.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114703748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a stochastic model for analyzing the influence of the physical environment on oceanic seed dispersal. The model requires a description of the spatial configuration of the region and of the dynamics of the physical processes involved (ocean and atmosphere dynamics). The degree of accuracy and resolution of these descriptions will determine the accuracy of the simulations. Parameters to characterize the species of interest will come from empirical knowledge about the species, via experiments and measurements in the field. Two modeling approaches could be used, a particle model or a density model. We discuss both options and provide some recommendations. The described model could be used to answer questions about the origin of the current spatial distributions of species dispersed by the ocean and to study metapopulation dynamics.
{"title":"The design of a spatially explicit stochastic model for the simulation of oceanic seed dispersal","authors":"J. Martín-Herrero, M. Calviño-Cancela","doi":"10.1071/SP01008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1071/SP01008","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a stochastic model for analyzing the influence of the physical environment on oceanic seed dispersal. The model requires a description of the spatial configuration of the region and of the dynamics of the physical processes involved (ocean and atmosphere dynamics). The degree of accuracy and resolution of these descriptions will determine the accuracy of the simulations. Parameters to characterize the species of interest will come from empirical knowledge about the species, via experiments and measurements in the field. Two modeling approaches could be used, a particle model or a density model. We discuss both options and provide some recommendations. The described model could be used to answer questions about the origin of the current spatial distributions of species dispersed by the ocean and to study metapopulation dynamics.","PeriodicalId":148381,"journal":{"name":"The South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122060537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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