A method is presented on how to quantify the moisture conditions of nuclear concrete containment walls. The method is based on first quantifying the boundary conditions at the outer and inner surfaces and then describing the moisture fixation and moisture transport within the concrete wall. The temperature and humidity conditions of the outdoor air and of the air close to the wall surfaces are monitored for a period of time and the vapour contents in the different points are compared. From the differences between the vapour contents the sources of moisture are identified and quantified. The previous and future climatic conditions are then predicted. An example is given for the conditions in the containment walls at Barseback nuclear power plant, where moisture measurements have been performed in situ and on samples taken from the walls.
{"title":"The moisture conditions of nuclear reactor concrete containment walls – an example for a BWR reactor","authors":"L. Nilsson, P. Johansson","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136015","url":null,"abstract":"A method is presented on how to quantify the moisture conditions of nuclear concrete containment walls. The method is based on first quantifying the boundary conditions at the outer and inner surfaces and then describing the moisture fixation and moisture transport within the concrete wall. The temperature and humidity conditions of the outdoor air and of the air close to the wall surfaces are monitored for a period of time and the vapour contents in the different points are compared. From the differences between the vapour contents the sources of moisture are identified and quantified. The previous and future climatic conditions are then predicted. An example is given for the conditions in the containment walls at Barseback nuclear power plant, where moisture measurements have been performed in situ and on samples taken from the walls.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"14 1","pages":"141-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75408600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper the authors concern the problem of determination of thermal properties of the object realized basing upon the results of photoacoustic measurements in pulse modulation mode. Due to high dependency of broad-band signal upon the parameters of experimental setup and very low noise-to-signal ratio of the signal, such an analysis can be done only in the frequency domain basing upon contrast frequency characteristics. The authors see at least two necessary conditions of correctness of such an analysis, which are as following: 1) the reduction of the influence of linear distortions on measured values, 2) lack of non-linear distortions.
{"title":"The concept of noise-to-signal ratio improvement for the photo-acoustic technique in pulse modulation mode","authors":"Z. Suszyński, R. Duer","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137066","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the authors concern the problem of determination of thermal properties of the object realized basing upon the results of photoacoustic measurements in pulse modulation mode. Due to high dependency of broad-band signal upon the parameters of experimental setup and very low noise-to-signal ratio of the signal, such an analysis can be done only in the frequency domain basing upon contrast frequency characteristics. The authors see at least two necessary conditions of correctness of such an analysis, which are as following: 1) the reduction of the influence of linear distortions on measured values, 2) lack of non-linear distortions.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"96 7 1","pages":"347-351"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87696609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the effect of different temperature levels on the chloride penetration through a saturated CEM I cementitious materials. The temperatures studied were 5, 21 and 35°C. In addition to experiments, a model based on the multi-ionic diffusion is proposed. It is highlighted that the temperature level has no impact on the chloride binding during immersion tests in NaCI solution, for the marine environment concentrations. The chloride diffusivity increases with the temperature on the basis of the Arrhenius relation. Finally, experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical profiles.
{"title":"Influence of the temperature on the chloride transport through cementitious materials","authors":"T. S. Nguyen, S. Lorente, M. Carcassès","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the effect of different temperature levels on the chloride penetration through a saturated CEM I cementitious materials. The temperatures studied were 5, 21 and 35°C. In addition to experiments, a model based on the multi-ionic diffusion is proposed. It is highlighted that the temperature level has no impact on the chloride binding during immersion tests in NaCI solution, for the marine environment concentrations. The chloride diffusivity increases with the temperature on the basis of the Arrhenius relation. Finally, experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical profiles.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"16 1","pages":"63-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84360977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Results of measurements of the thermal diffusivity of pure and doped lithium niobate single crystals are presented. A reference sample was a pure crystal. The others were doped with: Cu (0.05%at.), Dy (0.1 %at., 1.0%at., and 1.7%at.), and Er + Yb (1.0%at. Er + 1.0%at. Yb) ions. Thermal properties were determined in [100], [120] and [001] crystallographic directions. Experimental studies were carried out using photothermal method based on mirage effect. This method based on determination of a phase lag connected with propagation ofa thermal wave in investigated sample. Obtained results showed considerable anisotropy of the thermal diffusivity of pure crystal and doped samples. The thermal properties in [001] direction (c-axis) is higher than in directions perpendicular to it. Unexpectedly, anisotropy of the thermal diffusivity in plane (001) was also observed.
给出了纯铌酸锂单晶和掺杂铌酸锂单晶热扩散系数的测量结果。参考样品为纯晶体。其余分别掺杂:Cu (0.05%at.)， Dy (0.1% at.)。,在1.0%。， 1.7%at.)， Er + Yb (1.0%at.)。Er + 1.0%at。Yb)离子。在[100]，[120]和[001]晶体学方向上测定了热性能。采用基于海市蜃楼效应的光热方法进行了实验研究。该方法基于测定热波在被测样品中传播时的相位滞后。所得结果表明，纯晶体和掺杂样品的热扩散系数具有明显的各向异性。在[001]方向(c轴)的热性能高于垂直于它的方向。出乎意料的是，在平面(001)上也观察到了热扩散系数的各向异性。
{"title":"Photothermal measurement with mirage effect for investigation of LiNbO3 single crystals","authors":"J. Bodzenta, M. Pyka","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137052","url":null,"abstract":"Results of measurements of the thermal diffusivity of pure and doped lithium niobate single crystals are presented. A reference sample was a pure crystal. The others were doped with: Cu (0.05%at.), Dy (0.1 %at., 1.0%at., and 1.7%at.), and Er + Yb (1.0%at. Er + 1.0%at. Yb) ions. Thermal properties were determined in [100], [120] and [001] crystallographic directions. Experimental studies were carried out using photothermal method based on mirage effect. This method based on determination of a phase lag connected with propagation ofa thermal wave in investigated sample. Obtained results showed considerable anisotropy of the thermal diffusivity of pure crystal and doped samples. The thermal properties in [001] direction (c-axis) is higher than in directions perpendicular to it. Unexpectedly, anisotropy of the thermal diffusivity in plane (001) was also observed.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"43 1","pages":"259-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85486180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper deals with the main durability design objectives adopted for the Spanish Low-level waste disposal facility of El Cabril. The presentation summarizes the studies and models developed to represent the performance of the reinforced concrete vaults. Particular attention is paid to recent developments in modelling the water flow through the disposal system and its humidity saturation and their relation to the long term behaviour of the concrete barriers. It also describes the work being carried out to improve the existing models as a part of the required effort to maintain up to date the performance assessment of the facility.
{"title":"Long term water flow scenario in low-level waste disposal vaults, with particular regard to concrete structures in El Cabril, Cordoba, Spain","authors":"P. Zuloaga, C. Andrade, M. Saaltink","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the main durability design objectives adopted for the Spanish Low-level waste disposal facility of El Cabril. The presentation summarizes the studies and models developed to represent the performance of the reinforced concrete vaults. Particular attention is paid to recent developments in modelling the water flow through the disposal system and its humidity saturation and their relation to the long term behaviour of the concrete barriers. It also describes the work being carried out to improve the existing models as a part of the required effort to maintain up to date the performance assessment of the facility.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"62 1","pages":"49-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91088569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Duffó, S. Farina, E. A. Arva, C. Giordano, C. Lafont
The Argentine Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) is responsible of the development of a management nuclear waste disposal programme. This programme contemplates the design and construction of a facility for the final disposal of intermediate-level radioactive waste. The proposed concept is the near-surface monolithic repository similar to those in operation in El Cabril, Spain. The design of this type of repository is based on the use of multiple, independent and redundant barriers. Since the vault and cover are major components of the engineered barriers, the durability of these concrete structures is an important aspect for the facilities integrity. This work presents a laboratory and field investigation performed for the last 6 years on reinforced concrete specimens, in order to predict the service life of the intermediate level radioactive waste disposal vaults from data obtained from electrochemical techniques. On the other hand, the development of sensors that allow on-line measurements of rebar corrosion potential and corrosion current density; incoming oxygen flow that reaches the metal surface; concrete electrical resistivity and chloride concentration is shown. Those sensors, properly embedded in a new full scale vault (nowadays in construction), will allow the monitoring of the corrosion process of the steel rebars embedded in the structure.
{"title":"Studies concerning the durability of concrete vaults for intermediate level radioactive waste disposal: Electrochemical monitoring and corrosion aspects","authors":"G. Duffó, S. Farina, E. A. Arva, C. Giordano, C. Lafont","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136002","url":null,"abstract":"The Argentine Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) is responsible of the development of a management nuclear waste disposal programme. This programme contemplates the design and construction of a facility for the final disposal of intermediate-level radioactive waste. The proposed concept is the near-surface monolithic repository similar to those in operation in El Cabril, Spain. The design of this type of repository is based on the use of multiple, independent and redundant barriers. Since the vault and cover are major components of the engineered barriers, the durability of these concrete structures is an important aspect for the facilities integrity. This work presents a laboratory and field investigation performed for the last 6 years on reinforced concrete specimens, in order to predict the service life of the intermediate level radioactive waste disposal vaults from data obtained from electrochemical techniques. On the other hand, the development of sensors that allow on-line measurements of rebar corrosion potential and corrosion current density; incoming oxygen flow that reaches the metal surface; concrete electrical resistivity and chloride concentration is shown. Those sensors, properly embedded in a new full scale vault (nowadays in construction), will allow the monitoring of the corrosion process of the steel rebars embedded in the structure.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"3 1","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88482342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Presented here are the preliminary results concerning an investigations of a novel bilayer sensor structure of polyaniline and Nafion as a toxic gas sensors in a Surface Acoustic Wave system. The investigations were performed with different concentrations of the various toxic gases like SO 2 , CO, H 2 S and ammonia (NH 3 ) in synthetic dry air. The prototype polyaniline and nafion bilayer structure has been manufactured by two deposition technologies: 180 nm of PANI by PVD technology and thin Nafion film by spin coating technology and specific process of annealing. A good interaction with various concentrations of ammonia for the bilayer structure (PANI film with Nafion) has been observed.
{"title":"Investigations of the polyaniline and nafion bilayer sensor structure in SAW system","authors":"W. Jakubik, M. Urbanczyk, E. Maciak","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137019","url":null,"abstract":"Presented here are the preliminary results concerning an investigations of a novel bilayer sensor structure of polyaniline and Nafion as a toxic gas sensors in a Surface Acoustic Wave system. The investigations were performed with different concentrations of the various toxic gases like SO 2 , CO, H 2 S and ammonia (NH 3 ) in synthetic dry air. The prototype polyaniline and nafion bilayer structure has been manufactured by two deposition technologies: 180 nm of PANI by PVD technology and thin Nafion film by spin coating technology and specific process of annealing. A good interaction with various concentrations of ammonia for the bilayer structure (PANI film with Nafion) has been observed.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"14 1","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90095484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the work the comparison of the ray theory, the wave theory with the complex ray theory is presented. The results of the comparison are shown on graphs of the photodeflection signal dependence on some parameters of the experimental setup. There was pointed out in the paper that the differencies between all presented theories occur for the probe beam radius a comparable with the length of the thermal wave λ g .
{"title":"Comparison of theories describing the photodeflection detection in photothermal experiments: The complex geometrical optics, the ray model and the wave geometrical optics","authors":"D. K. Kobylińska","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137058","url":null,"abstract":"In the work the comparison of the ray theory, the wave theory with the complex ray theory is presented. The results of the comparison are shown on graphs of the photodeflection signal dependence on some parameters of the experimental setup. There was pointed out in the paper that the differencies between all presented theories occur for the probe beam radius a comparable with the length of the thermal wave λ g .","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"43 1","pages":"297-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80925176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Łukasiewicz, A. Dudkowiak, H. Pienkowska, D. Frąckowiak
The absorption, steady state photoacoustic, fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of unbleached oils obtained by pressing the seeds of: evening primrose, borage, rape and viper's burgloss have been taken. Results obtained for samples under air and washed by nitrogen have been compared. In order to establish the occurrence of the slow thermal processes usually related to very photochemically active triplet states, the thermal deactivation in the absorption regions of carotenoids and the pheophytins has been observed at various frequencies of acting light modulations. The interactions between oil pigments are discussed. The generation of triplet states of dyes and singlet oxygen production in oils with different content of carotenoids and pheophytins is evaluated.
{"title":"Radiative and nonradiative deexcitation of pigments from natural oils","authors":"J. Łukasiewicz, A. Dudkowiak, H. Pienkowska, D. Frąckowiak","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137060","url":null,"abstract":"The absorption, steady state photoacoustic, fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of unbleached oils obtained by pressing the seeds of: evening primrose, borage, rape and viper's burgloss have been taken. Results obtained for samples under air and washed by nitrogen have been compared. In order to establish the occurrence of the slow thermal processes usually related to very photochemically active triplet states, the thermal deactivation in the absorption regions of carotenoids and the pheophytins has been observed at various frequencies of acting light modulations. The interactions between oil pigments are discussed. The generation of triplet states of dyes and singlet oxygen production in oils with different content of carotenoids and pheophytins is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"99 1","pages":"309-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84627207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The El Cabril repository has a design life of 300-500 years and therefore, these structures should keep its integrity much longer than the back experience we have on reinforced concrete structures. This lack of record on structures older than 100-150 years makes a challenge the design of nuclear waste disposals and calls for more specific studies to try to anticipate the long term behavior. In order to study the real on-site aging of concrete, Enresa has undertaken a monitoring program in collaboration with IETcc and Geocisa by the installation of permanent sensors in a pilot nuclear waste container. These sensors were installed in 1995 for monitoring durability parameters. In the paper the evolution from 1995 of corrosion parameters obtained in a pilot container buried in real conditions in the repository of El-Carbril-Spain is presented. The non destructive tests (NDT) applied are based in electrochemical and mechanical measurements (corrosion rate, corrosion potential, electrical resistivity, concrete strains, oxygen availability). Relations between the climatic influence and the corrosion parameters are also presented. The results indicate that the temperature is a very relevant variable influencing the measurements. Some further analyses are given on the behavior with time of the corrosion.
El Cabril储存库的设计寿命为300-500年，因此，这些结构的完整性应该比我们在钢筋混凝土结构上的经验要长得多。由于缺乏超过100-150年历史的结构的记录，这对核废料处理的设计提出了挑战，并要求进行更具体的研究，试图预测其长期行为。为了研究混凝土的实际现场老化，Enresa与IETcc和Geocisa合作开展了一项监测计划，在试点核废料容器中安装永久性传感器。这些传感器于1995年安装，用于监测耐久性参数。本文介绍了1995年以来在西班牙El-Carbril-Spain储存库中实际埋藏的试验容器中腐蚀参数的演变情况。应用的无损检测(NDT)基于电化学和机械测量(腐蚀速率、腐蚀电位、电阻率、混凝土应变、氧气可用性)。给出了气候影响与腐蚀参数之间的关系。结果表明，温度是影响测量结果的一个非常相关的变量。进一步分析了腐蚀随时间的变化规律。
{"title":"Environmental influence in the corrosion parameters registered in a buried pilot nuclear waste container","authors":"C. Andrade, I. Martinez, P. Zuloaga","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136032","url":null,"abstract":"The El Cabril repository has a design life of 300-500 years and therefore, these structures should keep its integrity much longer than the back experience we have on reinforced concrete structures. This lack of record on structures older than 100-150 years makes a challenge the design of nuclear waste disposals and calls for more specific studies to try to anticipate the long term behavior. In order to study the real on-site aging of concrete, Enresa has undertaken a monitoring program in collaboration with IETcc and Geocisa by the installation of permanent sensors in a pilot nuclear waste container. These sensors were installed in 1995 for monitoring durability parameters. In the paper the evolution from 1995 of corrosion parameters obtained in a pilot container buried in real conditions in the repository of El-Carbril-Spain is presented. The non destructive tests (NDT) applied are based in electrochemical and mechanical measurements (corrosion rate, corrosion potential, electrical resistivity, concrete strains, oxygen availability). Relations between the climatic influence and the corrosion parameters are also presented. The results indicate that the temperature is a very relevant variable influencing the measurements. Some further analyses are given on the behavior with time of the corrosion.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"460 1","pages":"321-330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82976846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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