The paper presents the results of investigations on a planar differential waveguide interferometer. Changes of the refraction index of the waveguide covert result in phase differences between the ortogonal modes of the same order, causing changes in the state of polarisation of the light at the outlet of the sensor.
{"title":"Differential interference in planar multimode waveguides","authors":"K. Gut","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137017","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of investigations on a planar differential waveguide interferometer. Changes of the refraction index of the waveguide covert result in phase differences between the ortogonal modes of the same order, causing changes in the state of polarisation of the light at the outlet of the sensor.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"33 1","pages":"91-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88005619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Miserque, B. Huet, G. Azou, D. Bendjaballah, V. L'Hostis
In the context of the prediction of the long-term behaviour of reinforced concrete structures involved in the nuclear waste storage, the corrosion mechanisms of steels have to be assessed. When mild steel rebars are embedded in concrete, the chemical environment of the reinforcement is progressively modified, due to the carbonation of the concrete matrix. This modification leads to the variation of iron oxides properties formed at the steel/concrete interface, and the active corrosion can be initiated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the passivation behaviour and to provide insights into the depassivation of mild steel in concrete pore solution. In a young concrete, due to the alkalinity of the interstitial solution, steel reinforcement remains passive. Immersion tests of mild steel substrate in various alkaline solutions (from pH 13 to 10) have been performed. Due to the low thickness of the corrosion layers formed, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize them. In the passive domain, the corrosion products are similar for the various solutions. The corrosion layer is composed of a mixture of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ . A similar approach is used to determine the depassivation mechanism. The effect of various components such as carbonates, sulfates and silicates resulting from the dissolution of minerals of cement during the carbonation process is investigated. In addition to the surface analysis, the evolution of the electrochemical behaviour as function of the solution nature (pH) is evaluated with the help of electrochemical measurements (free corrosion potential, cyclic voltamperometry).
{"title":"X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical studies of mild steel FeE500 passivation in concrete simulated water","authors":"F. Miserque, B. Huet, G. Azou, D. Bendjaballah, V. L'Hostis","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136010","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the prediction of the long-term behaviour of reinforced concrete structures involved in the nuclear waste storage, the corrosion mechanisms of steels have to be assessed. When mild steel rebars are embedded in concrete, the chemical environment of the reinforcement is progressively modified, due to the carbonation of the concrete matrix. This modification leads to the variation of iron oxides properties formed at the steel/concrete interface, and the active corrosion can be initiated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the passivation behaviour and to provide insights into the depassivation of mild steel in concrete pore solution. In a young concrete, due to the alkalinity of the interstitial solution, steel reinforcement remains passive. Immersion tests of mild steel substrate in various alkaline solutions (from pH 13 to 10) have been performed. Due to the low thickness of the corrosion layers formed, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize them. In the passive domain, the corrosion products are similar for the various solutions. The corrosion layer is composed of a mixture of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ . A similar approach is used to determine the depassivation mechanism. The effect of various components such as carbonates, sulfates and silicates resulting from the dissolution of minerals of cement during the carbonation process is investigated. In addition to the surface analysis, the evolution of the electrochemical behaviour as function of the solution nature (pH) is evaluated with the help of electrochemical measurements (free corrosion potential, cyclic voltamperometry).","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"43 1","pages":"89-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86741825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An Intermediate Level Waste Store facility for on-site waste storage is under construction to contain arisings from historic operations of the Hunterston 'A' NPS, Ayrshire. This paper updates previous a durability design strategy for reinforced concrete structures used in long-term storage (>100 years) of nuclear waste that incorporates design-limit flexural cracking. The approach, utilising probabilistic modelling of deterioration and reliability methods, gives greater flexibility to the decision-making process for management of concrete structures depending on the balance chosen between acceptable risk and maintenance philosophy. The results are compared with contemporary UK Codes concerning durability of reinforced concrete.
{"title":"Active facility management strategy for containment of ILW using risk-based service life modelling of reinforced concrete to incorporate in-service cracking","authors":"J. Knights, E. Lavery","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136005","url":null,"abstract":"An Intermediate Level Waste Store facility for on-site waste storage is under construction to contain arisings from historic operations of the Hunterston 'A' NPS, Ayrshire. This paper updates previous a durability design strategy for reinforced concrete structures used in long-term storage (>100 years) of nuclear waste that incorporates design-limit flexural cracking. The approach, utilising probabilistic modelling of deterioration and reliability methods, gives greater flexibility to the decision-making process for management of concrete structures depending on the balance chosen between acceptable risk and maintenance philosophy. The results are compared with contemporary UK Codes concerning durability of reinforced concrete.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90190623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zarycka, R. Zachariasz, M. Czerwiec, J. Ilczuk, J. Rymarczyk
In this work, the results of investigations of the PZT ceramics, received on the base of two - component solid solutions Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x )O 3 are presented. The samples were obtained by conventional ceramic sintering method with nanopowders received in the sol-gel method. The temperature dependencies of the electric conductivity σg or all samples, with different content Zr/Ti (0.35 ≤ x ≤ 0.65), in the range temperatures of 300 ÷ 750K, were performed. On the base of the InaT = f(1/T) dependencies, the activation energy E a was calculated. The determined values of the E a were limited in the range 0.53 ÷ 0.71 eV for ferroelectric phase as well as 0.75 ÷ 0.80 eV for paraelectric phase.
本文介绍了基于双组分固溶体Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x) o3制备PZT陶瓷的研究结果。采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米粉体，采用传统陶瓷烧结法制备样品。测定了不同Zr/Ti含量(0.35≤x≤0.65)样品在300 ~ 750K范围内的电导率σg与温度的关系。根据InaT = f(1/T)的依赖关系，计算活化能ea。铁电相的ea测定值在0.53 ~ 0.71 eV，准电相的ea测定值在0.75 ~ 0.80 eV。
{"title":"The influence of the Zr/Ti content of the PZT ceramics obtained by sol-gel method on the electric conductivity","authors":"A. Zarycka, R. Zachariasz, M. Czerwiec, J. Ilczuk, J. Rymarczyk","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137040","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, the results of investigations of the PZT ceramics, received on the base of two - component solid solutions Pb(Zr x Ti 1-x )O 3 are presented. The samples were obtained by conventional ceramic sintering method with nanopowders received in the sol-gel method. The temperature dependencies of the electric conductivity σg or all samples, with different content Zr/Ti (0.35 ≤ x ≤ 0.65), in the range temperatures of 300 ÷ 750K, were performed. On the base of the InaT = f(1/T) dependencies, the activation energy E a was calculated. The determined values of the E a were limited in the range 0.53 ÷ 0.71 eV for ferroelectric phase as well as 0.75 ÷ 0.80 eV for paraelectric phase.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"22 1","pages":"193-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87276431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Strąkowski, M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, B. Kosmowski, J. Plucinski, R. Hypszer
Optical Coherent Tomography is a measurement technique, which enables us to visualize the internal structure of the investigated object with very high resolution. In OCT systems on order to detect the measured signal the measurement techniques such as: optical frequency domain reflectometry to detect and optical low-coherent reflectometry (OLCR), are employed. In both methods it is necessary to use at Still, one most popular is configuration with Michelson Optical Coherent Tomography have been employed. Still, the most popular is configuration with Michelson interferometer, but also Fizuea is performed as well. Furthermore, it is known that using balanced configuration interferometer topologies is possible to effectively reduce noise-to-signal ratio. Hence, the use of the second interferometer is necessary. In this situtation a few of interferometer topologies for can be used. In this article the theoretical and experimental investigation of interferometer topologies for Optical Coherent Tomography will be analyzed. The optimal configuration of the designed system has been presented. By the use of a special configuration, our OCT system is sensitive to change of polarization of measured signals.
{"title":"Theoretical and experimental investigation of Optical Coherent Tomography topologies","authors":"M. Strąkowski, M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, B. Kosmowski, J. Plucinski, R. Hypszer","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137030","url":null,"abstract":"Optical Coherent Tomography is a measurement technique, which enables us to visualize the internal structure of the investigated object with very high resolution. In OCT systems on order to detect the measured signal the measurement techniques such as: optical frequency domain reflectometry to detect and optical low-coherent reflectometry (OLCR), are employed. In both methods it is necessary to use at Still, one most popular is configuration with Michelson Optical Coherent Tomography have been employed. Still, the most popular is configuration with Michelson interferometer, but also Fizuea is performed as well. Furthermore, it is known that using balanced configuration interferometer topologies is possible to effectively reduce noise-to-signal ratio. Hence, the use of the second interferometer is necessary. In this situtation a few of interferometer topologies for can be used. In this article the theoretical and experimental investigation of interferometer topologies for Optical Coherent Tomography will be analyzed. The optimal configuration of the designed system has been presented. By the use of a special configuration, our OCT system is sensitive to change of polarization of measured signals.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"17 1","pages":"149-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85364251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Birefringent components, such as waveplates, Wollaston or Nomarski prisms, used in acoustic transducers can be made from Liquid Crystals or Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs). This may result in better integration of optical setups and in reduced cost and complexity of these transducers. Since Wollaston or Nomarski prisms made from these materials differ from those made from crystalline materially their key properties warrant closer examination. Modelling of light propagation in selected Nomarski prisms made from LCPs was performed using a birefringent ray-tracing algorithm. Obtained results were compared with those for corresponding prisms made from a crystalline material. Investigated Nomarski prisms made from LCPs have the plane of apparent splitting placed inside the component, which may be inconvenient for certain applications.
{"title":"Modelling of optical components made of liquid crystals and liquid crystalline polymers","authors":"P. Wierzba, M. Gnyba","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137036","url":null,"abstract":"Birefringent components, such as waveplates, Wollaston or Nomarski prisms, used in acoustic transducers can be made from Liquid Crystals or Liquid Crystalline Polymers (LCPs). This may result in better integration of optical setups and in reduced cost and complexity of these transducers. Since Wollaston or Nomarski prisms made from these materials differ from those made from crystalline materially their key properties warrant closer examination. Modelling of light propagation in selected Nomarski prisms made from LCPs was performed using a birefringent ray-tracing algorithm. Obtained results were compared with those for corresponding prisms made from a crystalline material. Investigated Nomarski prisms made from LCPs have the plane of apparent splitting placed inside the component, which may be inconvenient for certain applications.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"20 1","pages":"175-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90709005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Marczak, T. Kowalska, M. Bucek, D. Piotrowski, M. Sajewicz
Naproxen, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. All of them belong to chiral 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs). Chiral compounds may remain in a patient's body as two antimers, even if administered as a single one, due to transenantiomerization. That is dangerous if therapeutic enantiomer has a toxic antipode. Chromatographic data suggest that solutions of 5-(+)-naproxen in acetonitrile are stiffer than the pure solvent that favours oscillatory transenantiomerisation. Acoustic and volumetric studies of dilute solutions of naproxen in acetonitrile have been undertaken to verify that supposition. The molar adiabatic compressibility and volume depend linearly on the molar percent of naproxen at temperatures from 298.15 K to 313.15 K. Limiting partial compressibility of naproxen is close to zero and decreases slightly with increasing temperature. Thus, the compressibility of dilute solutions is mainly due to compressibility of acetonitrile, while naproxen is virtually incompressible. The hydrogen-bonded dimers of naproxen probably remain intact, even at infinite dilution.
{"title":"Effect of dilution on compressibility of naproxen in acetonitrile studied by ultrasonic method","authors":"W. Marczak, T. Kowalska, M. Bucek, D. Piotrowski, M. Sajewicz","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137045","url":null,"abstract":"Naproxen, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. All of them belong to chiral 2-arylpropionic acids (2-APAs). Chiral compounds may remain in a patient's body as two antimers, even if administered as a single one, due to transenantiomerization. That is dangerous if therapeutic enantiomer has a toxic antipode. Chromatographic data suggest that solutions of 5-(+)-naproxen in acetonitrile are stiffer than the pure solvent that favours oscillatory transenantiomerisation. Acoustic and volumetric studies of dilute solutions of naproxen in acetonitrile have been undertaken to verify that supposition. The molar adiabatic compressibility and volume depend linearly on the molar percent of naproxen at temperatures from 298.15 K to 313.15 K. Limiting partial compressibility of naproxen is close to zero and decreases slightly with increasing temperature. Thus, the compressibility of dilute solutions is mainly due to compressibility of acetonitrile, while naproxen is virtually incompressible. The hydrogen-bonded dimers of naproxen probably remain intact, even at infinite dilution.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"33 2 1","pages":"219-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91268959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several methods, simple or more sophisticated, are tested to determine useful information for reliability problems involving spatial variability. The methods are developed around a simple example of a reinforced concrete beam subjected to carbonation inducing corrosion. A point-in-space reliability analysis is conducted to estimate a first indicator on the length to be replaced. Then, random field are introduced and are taken into account in the reliability problem using simulations methods to determine the empirical cumulative density function (CDF) of the length to be repaired and its moments. Finally, analytical formulations are used to estimate the same moments but with small computational effort.
{"title":"Using spatial reliability in the probabilistic study of concrete structures: The example of a reinforced concrete beam subjected to carbonatation inducing corrosion","authors":"G. Defaux, M. Pendola, B. Sudret","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136025","url":null,"abstract":"Several methods, simple or more sophisticated, are tested to determine useful information for reliability problems involving spatial variability. The methods are developed around a simple example of a reinforced concrete beam subjected to carbonation inducing corrosion. A point-in-space reliability analysis is conducted to estimate a first indicator on the length to be replaced. Then, random field are introduced and are taken into account in the reliability problem using simulations methods to determine the empirical cumulative density function (CDF) of the length to be repaired and its moments. Finally, analytical formulations are used to estimate the same moments but with small computational effort.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"1 1","pages":"243-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73112998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most ancient buildings made of reinforced concrete encountered in the field of historical monuments date back to the beginning of the 20 th century. Carbonation, inducing a corrosion of the rebars, is the main weathering mechanism of those edifices. Even if largely studied, this decay phenomenon remains quite complex, field studies being sometimes in contradiction with theories on carbonation progression for example, as high depths of carbonation can be reached within 50 years. Several case studies of buildings of different ages will illustrate the complexity of the carbonation development, strongly linked to environmental conditions, but also to concrete performance.
{"title":"Carbonation and historical buildings made of concrete","authors":"E. Marie-Victoire, E. Cailleux, A. Texier","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136031","url":null,"abstract":"The most ancient buildings made of reinforced concrete encountered in the field of historical monuments date back to the beginning of the 20 th century. Carbonation, inducing a corrosion of the rebars, is the main weathering mechanism of those edifices. Even if largely studied, this decay phenomenon remains quite complex, field studies being sometimes in contradiction with theories on carbonation progression for example, as high depths of carbonation can be reached within 50 years. Several case studies of buildings of different ages will illustrate the complexity of the carbonation development, strongly linked to environmental conditions, but also to concrete performance.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"16 1","pages":"305-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73971406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of low frequency sound on the changes of morphology of the spectral power density function of EEC signals were studied as a part of the research program f = 40Hz, Lp = 110dB HP. The research program involved 33 experiments. A quantitative analysis was conducted of the driving response effect for the fundamental frequency and its harmonics to find the frequency of the driving response effect occurrence depending on the sex of participants.
{"title":"The influence of low frequency sound on the changes of EEG signal morphology","authors":"Z. Damijan, J. Wiciak","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137012","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of low frequency sound on the changes of morphology of the spectral power density function of EEC signals were studied as a part of the research program f = 40Hz, Lp = 110dB HP. The research program involved 33 experiments. A quantitative analysis was conducted of the driving response effect for the fundamental frequency and its harmonics to find the frequency of the driving response effect occurrence depending on the sex of participants.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"82 1","pages":"61-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82308790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：