We used Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) as a non-invasive optoelectronic tool of in-situ monitoring of plasma discharge. The low-temperature plasma, based on mixture of CH 4 and H 2 , was produced during Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (μPA CVD) synthesis process of thin diamond/DLC films. Molecular modelling showed that quality of the synthesized films is determined by total amount as well composition ratio of ions H + and CH + 3 , produced in an area of Electron Cyclotrone Resonance (ECR). Therefore, dissociation of H 2 molecules as well as excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms were a subject of the presented OES studies. Developed monitoring systems uses spectrometers coupled with the reaction chamber by a dedicated optical probe and a fibre bundle. Intensity of Balmer and Paschen series were measured as a function of main CVD process parameters.
{"title":"Optoelectronic monitoring of plasma discharge optimized for thin diamond film synthesis","authors":"R. Bogdanowicz, M. Gnyba, P. Wroczynski","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137011","url":null,"abstract":"We used Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) as a non-invasive optoelectronic tool of in-situ monitoring of plasma discharge. The low-temperature plasma, based on mixture of CH 4 and H 2 , was produced during Microwave Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (μPA CVD) synthesis process of thin diamond/DLC films. Molecular modelling showed that quality of the synthesized films is determined by total amount as well composition ratio of ions H + and CH + 3 , produced in an area of Electron Cyclotrone Resonance (ECR). Therefore, dissociation of H 2 molecules as well as excitation and ionization of hydrogen atoms were a subject of the presented OES studies. Developed monitoring systems uses spectrometers coupled with the reaction chamber by a dedicated optical probe and a fibre bundle. Intensity of Balmer and Paschen series were measured as a function of main CVD process parameters.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"99 1","pages":"57-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85813423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents the measurement results of the acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by partial discharges (PDs) at various thickness of the oil insulation layer. For the AE signals registered the time - frequency analysis was carried out based on the use of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Two- and three-dimensional spectrograms of the power spectrum density and the amplitude spectrum were determined. The evaluation of the influence of the propagation path length of the AE signal on the results of the time - frequency analysis was performed through the analysis of the spectrograms determined.
{"title":"The influence of the propagation path length on the results of the time–frequency analysis of the acoustic emission generated by partial discharges in insulation oil","authors":"T. Boczar, S. Borucki, A. Cichon, M. Lorenc","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137008","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the measurement results of the acoustic emission (AE) signals generated by partial discharges (PDs) at various thickness of the oil insulation layer. For the AE signals registered the time - frequency analysis was carried out based on the use of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Two- and three-dimensional spectrograms of the power spectrum density and the amplitude spectrum were determined. The evaluation of the influence of the propagation path length of the AE signal on the results of the time - frequency analysis was performed through the analysis of the spectrograms determined.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"35 1","pages":"35-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89768938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a numerical assessment of the differential interferometry phenomenon in a planar waveguide structure with a ferronematic cover layer. Planar waveguides were fabricated in BK-7 glass slabs utilizing the ion exchange method from a solution of the AgNO 3 in the NaNO 3 . Planar waveguides were coated with aligning polyimide resin layer that ensures the homeotropic alignment of the ferronematic layer. Ferronematic was composed of the nematic mixture and magnetite nanoparticles of mean diameter 12 nm. The differential interference is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the ferronematic layer. An influence of the optical and geometrical parameters of presented interferometer on a differential interferometry phenomenon is analysed.
{"title":"Numerical assessment of the differential interference in the ion exchange planar waveguides covered with ferronematic layer","authors":"C. Tyszkiewicz, T. Pustelny, R. Rogoziński","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137034","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a numerical assessment of the differential interferometry phenomenon in a planar waveguide structure with a ferronematic cover layer. Planar waveguides were fabricated in BK-7 glass slabs utilizing the ion exchange method from a solution of the AgNO 3 in the NaNO 3 . Planar waveguides were coated with aligning polyimide resin layer that ensures the homeotropic alignment of the ferronematic layer. Ferronematic was composed of the nematic mixture and magnetite nanoparticles of mean diameter 12 nm. The differential interference is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the ferronematic layer. An influence of the optical and geometrical parameters of presented interferometer on a differential interferometry phenomenon is analysed.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"16 1","pages":"165-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87944070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The acoustic method of investigating the carrier mobility in the near-surface region of a semiconductor is presented. In this method the transverse acoustoelectric voltage versus the absorbed surface acoustic wave power was measured to determine nondestructively the carrier mobilites. In the layered structure: piezoelectric - semiconductor, the majority and minority carrier mobilities can be determined basing on the field effect. Single GaP:Te( 110) crystals have been investigated after various kinds pf surface treatment. The carrier mobility values range from 75 to 120 (cm 2 / V s). The results determined by means of the TAV method are in satisfactory agreement with the results obtained by Hall measurements.
提出了研究半导体近表面载流子迁移率的声学方法。在该方法中，测量了横向声电压与吸收的表面声波功率的关系，以无损地确定载流子的迁移率。在压电半导体层状结构中，根据场效应可以确定多数载流子和少数载流子的迁移率。单GaP:Te(110)晶体在经过各种表面处理后进行了研究。载流子迁移率值在75 ~ 120 (cm 2 / V s)之间，TAV法测定的结果与霍尔测量的结果吻合较好。
{"title":"The acoustic method of investigating the electrical carrier mobility of the real GaP:Te (110) surface$^*$","authors":"T. Pustelny, B. Pustelny","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137046","url":null,"abstract":"The acoustic method of investigating the carrier mobility in the near-surface region of a semiconductor is presented. In this method the transverse acoustoelectric voltage versus the absorbed surface acoustic wave power was measured to determine nondestructively the carrier mobilites. In the layered structure: piezoelectric - semiconductor, the majority and minority carrier mobilities can be determined basing on the field effect. Single GaP:Te( 110) crystals have been investigated after various kinds pf surface treatment. The carrier mobility values range from 75 to 120 (cm 2 / V s). The results determined by means of the TAV method are in satisfactory agreement with the results obtained by Hall measurements.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"14 1","pages":"223-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80287658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presented paper deals with investigations concerning special optical fibers of the type D. The presented results constitute a continuation of investigations carried out by the authors for several years on new fibers displaying good magnetooptic properties and resistant to external factors. The paper concentrates on tests of magnetooptic and elastooptic effects in special optical fibers. The possibilities of their application in optical fiber sensors of the magnetic field and in electric current sensors have been discussed, too.
{"title":"Magnetooptic properties of special optical type D fibers","authors":"K. Barczak, T. Pustelny","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137004","url":null,"abstract":"The presented paper deals with investigations concerning special optical fibers of the type D. The presented results constitute a continuation of investigations carried out by the authors for several years on new fibers displaying good magnetooptic properties and resistant to external factors. The paper concentrates on tests of magnetooptic and elastooptic effects in special optical fibers. The possibilities of their application in optical fiber sensors of the magnetic field and in electric current sensors have been discussed, too.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"49 1","pages":"15-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77742916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Sikorska, D. Dadarlat, B. Linde, M. Streza, C. Neamtu, A. Śliwiński
Two photothermal (PT) techniques have been applied for investigation of some water-based binary liquid mixtures. Photopyroelectric (PPE) method in back configuration, using the sample thickness scan of the phase of the PPE signal, has been applied for thermal diffusivity measurements. Thermal effusivity investigation has been performed using photoacoustic (PA) open cell with microphone recording. A linear dependence of thermal effusivity on mass concentration of a liquid admixture was observed in the case of non-interacting liquids. For the case of interacting liquids the dependence of relative excess values of both thermal diffusivity and effusivity on mass fraction revealed distinct minima. The results of the PT experiments have been analysed with a simple theoretical model. Adiabatic compressibility variation versus mole fraction of the liquid admixture was also determined, by means of ultrasonic method, for comparison purposes. The obtained PT results support the conclusions drawn from the investigation of the elastic parameter.
{"title":"Photoacoustic and photopyroelectric investigations of thermal parameters in water mixed with organic liquids","authors":"A. Sikorska, D. Dadarlat, B. Linde, M. Streza, C. Neamtu, A. Śliwiński","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137065","url":null,"abstract":"Two photothermal (PT) techniques have been applied for investigation of some water-based binary liquid mixtures. Photopyroelectric (PPE) method in back configuration, using the sample thickness scan of the phase of the PPE signal, has been applied for thermal diffusivity measurements. Thermal effusivity investigation has been performed using photoacoustic (PA) open cell with microphone recording. A linear dependence of thermal effusivity on mass concentration of a liquid admixture was observed in the case of non-interacting liquids. For the case of interacting liquids the dependence of relative excess values of both thermal diffusivity and effusivity on mass fraction revealed distinct minima. The results of the PT experiments have been analysed with a simple theoretical model. Adiabatic compressibility variation versus mole fraction of the liquid admixture was also determined, by means of ultrasonic method, for comparison purposes. The obtained PT results support the conclusions drawn from the investigation of the elastic parameter.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"49 1","pages":"341-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77832822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The conditions required for the accurate measurement of the thermal diffusivity of solids by the modified Angstrom's method are studied. Authors know that this method is suitable for determination of the thermal diffusivity of thick samples with low thermal diffusivity and it is difficult to determine thermal diffusivity of relatively thin samples of good thermal conductors. Up till now thermal properties of the transitional layers - layers between the thermocouple and the sample - were not taken into account in data analysis. It is shown that thermal resistances of the intermediate layers and noises should be taken into account in analysis of measured signals. Based on that new methodology for analysis of experimental data is proposed.
{"title":"New approach to data analysis in modified Angstrom's method","authors":"J. Bodzenta, A. Kaźmierczak-Bałata, M. Pyka","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137051","url":null,"abstract":"The conditions required for the accurate measurement of the thermal diffusivity of solids by the modified Angstrom's method are studied. Authors know that this method is suitable for determination of the thermal diffusivity of thick samples with low thermal diffusivity and it is difficult to determine thermal diffusivity of relatively thin samples of good thermal conductors. Up till now thermal properties of the transitional layers - layers between the thermocouple and the sample - were not taken into account in data analysis. It is shown that thermal resistances of the intermediate layers and noises should be taken into account in analysis of measured signals. Based on that new methodology for analysis of experimental data is proposed.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"5 1","pages":"251-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73022517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims at presenting the numerical modelling tools used for the description of the nonlinear behaviour up to rupture of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams sustaining both chemical and mechanical loadings. Continuum Damage Mechanics applied to concrete and steel, coupled with a multifibre description of the structure seems to be a relevant choice for such a purpose.
{"title":"Multifiber analysis of reinforced concrete beams affected by corrosion","authors":"F. Ragueneau, Quang Thanh Nguyen, Y. Berthaud","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims at presenting the numerical modelling tools used for the description of the nonlinear behaviour up to rupture of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams sustaining both chemical and mechanical loadings. Continuum Damage Mechanics applied to concrete and steel, coupled with a multifibre description of the structure seems to be a relevant choice for such a purpose.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"7 1","pages":"159-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81926976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Models to predict chloride ingress are numerous but all of them have serious limitations that restrict the present use for long term predictions. An overview is given of the fundamental differences between various models, from those based on Fick's 2nd with constant or time-dependent diffusion coefficients and surface chloride contents, to those based on chloride transport equations with or without a multi-species approach. The key advantages and limitations of each type of model are identified and the research needs are summarized and discussed. The three main limitations are shown to be (i) the lack of understanding the time-dependency of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficients, (ii) the lack of good long-term data, the chloride content increase with time close to the exposed surface and (iii) the difficulties in quantifying the boundary conditions for sophisticated ingress models.
{"title":"Present limitations of models for predicting chloride ingress into reinforced concrete structures","authors":"L. Nilsson","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136013","url":null,"abstract":"Models to predict chloride ingress are numerous but all of them have serious limitations that restrict the present use for long term predictions. An overview is given of the fundamental differences between various models, from those based on Fick's 2nd with constant or time-dependent diffusion coefficients and surface chloride contents, to those based on chloride transport equations with or without a multi-species approach. The key advantages and limitations of each type of model are identified and the research needs are summarized and discussed. The three main limitations are shown to be (i) the lack of understanding the time-dependency of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficients, (ii) the lack of good long-term data, the chloride content increase with time close to the exposed surface and (iii) the difficulties in quantifying the boundary conditions for sophisticated ingress models.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"1 1","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78836022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Gallé, H. Peycelon, P. Bescop, S. Béjaoui, V. L'Hostis, B. Bary, P. Bouniol, C. Richet
This paper draws the main lines of the scientific strategy adopted by CEA for its R&D programme dedicated to the study of the long-term behaviour of cement-based materials in relationship with cemented nuclear waste management. In the framework of the safety assessment analysis, the long-term stability of waste package confinement and mechanical properties is required. This analysis was achieved considering the different environmental conditions - atmospheric and water saturated environments - which could affect the waste package. As far as the unsaturated phase (storage) is concerned, corrosion and air carbonation of reinforced concrete were identified as the two main phenomena which could jeopardize the waste package long-term performances. During the disposal phase, underground water leaching may significantly contribute to the chemical degradation of concrete. The understanding and modelling of phenomena and mechanisms responsible of such degradation are therefore essential to make relevant and robust long-term predictions. With this aim, CEA has developed an extended research programme to assess the long-term degradation of concrete through a chemistry-transport and mechanical coupled approach. The relevancy and validity of such a programme are discussed here.
{"title":"Concrete long-term behaviour in the context of nuclear waste management: Experimental and modelling research strategy","authors":"C. Gallé, H. Peycelon, P. Bescop, S. Béjaoui, V. L'Hostis, B. Bary, P. Bouniol, C. Richet","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper draws the main lines of the scientific strategy adopted by CEA for its R&D programme dedicated to the study of the long-term behaviour of cement-based materials in relationship with cemented nuclear waste management. In the framework of the safety assessment analysis, the long-term stability of waste package confinement and mechanical properties is required. This analysis was achieved considering the different environmental conditions - atmospheric and water saturated environments - which could affect the waste package. As far as the unsaturated phase (storage) is concerned, corrosion and air carbonation of reinforced concrete were identified as the two main phenomena which could jeopardize the waste package long-term performances. During the disposal phase, underground water leaching may significantly contribute to the chemical degradation of concrete. The understanding and modelling of phenomena and mechanisms responsible of such degradation are therefore essential to make relevant and robust long-term predictions. With this aim, CEA has developed an extended research programme to assess the long-term degradation of concrete through a chemistry-transport and mechanical coupled approach. The relevancy and validity of such a programme are discussed here.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"24 1","pages":"25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77545489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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