Les procedes de recuit et de dopage laser du silicium ont ete etudies de maniere intensive au cours des precedentes decennies. Ces etudes ont d'ores et deja permis un transfert technologique pour la fabrication des semiconducteurs. Cependant les futures generations CMOS vont necessiter des techniques de dopage encore plus fines, capable de fabriquer les jonctions ultra-minces decrites dans la "roadmap" de l'ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors). Ce papier decrit des resultats recents obtenus dans le cadre du RMNT DOLAMI consacre au dopage laser de jonctions ultra-minces, ainsi que des applications du dopage laser pour les microtechnologies liees a la fabrication de MEMS.
{"title":"Dopage laser en microélectronique","authors":"T. Sarnet, M. Hernandez, D. Débarre","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006138023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006138023","url":null,"abstract":"Les procedes de recuit et de dopage laser du silicium ont ete etudies de maniere intensive au cours des precedentes decennies. Ces etudes ont d'ores et deja permis un transfert technologique pour la fabrication des semiconducteurs. Cependant les futures generations CMOS vont necessiter des techniques de dopage encore plus fines, capable de fabriquer les jonctions ultra-minces decrites dans la \"roadmap\" de l'ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors). Ce papier decrit des resultats recents obtenus dans le cadre du RMNT DOLAMI consacre au dopage laser de jonctions ultra-minces, ainsi que des applications du dopage laser pour les microtechnologies liees a la fabrication de MEMS.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"110 1","pages":"203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79297885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The last ten years have been characterized by a renewed worldwide effort of exploration of the Solar System, which has produced spectacular new data and concluded the "discovery" phase. The next decades will focus on refinement of knowledge and will tackle specific problems such as the boundary conditions for the onset and maintenance of life on planetary bodies. Final understanding of the formation and evolution of planetary systems is expected, also based on the observation of extra solar systems and possible detection of "habitable" extra solar planets.
{"title":"Future steps in the exploration of the Solar System","authors":"M. Coradini","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139004","url":null,"abstract":"The last ten years have been characterized by a renewed worldwide effort of exploration of the Solar System, which has produced spectacular new data and concluded the \"discovery\" phase. The next decades will focus on refinement of knowledge and will tackle specific problems such as the boundary conditions for the onset and maintenance of life on planetary bodies. Final understanding of the formation and evolution of planetary systems is expected, also based on the observation of extra solar systems and possible detection of \"habitable\" extra solar planets.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"228 1","pages":"21-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73412793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the text of a lesson explaining the concepts of kinetic gas theory, diffusion theory and thermodynamics used in describing the formation and growth of aerosol and cloud droplets in the atmosphere. The classical Koehler theory and its extensions are derived in a step-wise approach, starting from clean laboratory systems and ending with the polluted atmosphere. The meaning of the Koehler theory is analysed. Some comments follow regarding the central role the theory still plays in atmospheric research today; it indeed forms a formal framework to link air pollution and climate change.
{"title":"Take a glass of water [1]... concepts from physical chemistry used in describing the behaviour of aerosol and cloud droplets","authors":"F. Raes","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139006","url":null,"abstract":"This is the text of a lesson explaining the concepts of kinetic gas theory, diffusion theory and thermodynamics used in describing the formation and growth of aerosol and cloud droplets in the atmosphere. The classical Koehler theory and its extensions are derived in a step-wise approach, starting from clean laboratory systems and ending with the polluted atmosphere. The meaning of the Koehler theory is analysed. Some comments follow regarding the central role the theory still plays in atmospheric research today; it indeed forms a formal framework to link air pollution and climate change.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"81 1","pages":"63-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83906078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At present, the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and its contribution to global sea level change are poorly known. Current methods to determine AIS mass balance as well as the inherent uncertainties are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the increasingly important role of regional atmospheric climate models, which can reduce the uncertainties in surface accumulation, the correction for the firn layer depth and density in ice thickness calculations and moreover help in interpreting surface elevation changes in terms of accumulation and firn density variability. Some recent advances in these fields of research are presented.
{"title":"Towards quantifying the contribution of the Antarctic ice sheet to global sea level change","authors":"M. Broeke","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139013","url":null,"abstract":"At present, the mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) and its contribution to global sea level change are poorly known. Current methods to determine AIS mass balance as well as the inherent uncertainties are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the increasingly important role of regional atmospheric climate models, which can reduce the uncertainties in surface accumulation, the correction for the firn layer depth and density in ice thickness calculations and moreover help in interpreting surface elevation changes in terms of accumulation and firn density variability. Some recent advances in these fields of research are presented.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"44 1","pages":"175-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79937871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le projet Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) [1] initie en 1995 par le Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique a comme objectif d’etudier la fusion par confinement inertiel C’est un laser a verre dope au Neodyme et triple en frequence capable d’irradier avec 240 faisceaux des cibles a un niveau de 1.8 MJ / 500 TW a la longueur d’onde de 351 nm. La Ligne d’Integration Laser (LIL) est le prototype a l’echelle 1 d’une chaine du LMJ ; elle est constituee de 8 faisceaux regroupes par paquets de 4. Pendant les campagnes de qualification, une puissance de 2 TW et une energie de 9.5 kJ ont ete obtenus sur un seul faisceau, et la tache focale d’un quadruplet sur cible a ete completement caracterisee[2].
{"title":"Métrologie des faisceaux et de la tache focale de la LIL","authors":"B. L. Garrec, J. M. Di-Nicola, V. Beau","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006138034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006138034","url":null,"abstract":"Le projet Laser MegaJoule (LMJ) [1] initie en 1995 par le Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique a comme objectif d’etudier la fusion par confinement inertiel C’est un laser a verre dope au Neodyme et triple en frequence capable d’irradier avec 240 faisceaux des cibles a un niveau de 1.8 MJ / 500 TW a la longueur d’onde de 351 nm. La Ligne d’Integration Laser (LIL) est le prototype a l’echelle 1 d’une chaine du LMJ ; elle est constituee de 8 faisceaux regroupes par paquets de 4. Pendant les campagnes de qualification, une puissance de 2 TW et une energie de 9.5 kJ ont ete obtenus sur un seul faisceau, et la tache focale d’un quadruplet sur cible a ete completement caracterisee[2].","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"28 1","pages":"297-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86128868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olivier Utéza, V. Tcheremiskine, R. Clady, G. Coustillier, M. Gastaud, Matthias P. L. Sentis, L. D. Mikheev, J. Chambaret
Cet article presente l'interet du concept de laser hybride (solide/gaz) et de l'amplification directe de puissance dans un milieu a excimeres pour les chaines laser de puissance ultrabreves a contraste eleve. L'architecture d'une chaine laser multiterawatt basee sur l'emploi du milieu amplificateur XeF(C-A) pompe par voie photolytique est ensuite detaillee, ainsi que les perspectives de dimensionnement de cette approche au niveau PW et EW.
{"title":"Chaînes laser intenses à contraste élevé par amplification directe dans un milieu gazeux à excimères","authors":"Olivier Utéza, V. Tcheremiskine, R. Clady, G. Coustillier, M. Gastaud, Matthias P. L. Sentis, L. D. Mikheev, J. Chambaret","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006138004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006138004","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article presente l'interet du concept de laser hybride (solide/gaz) et de l'amplification directe de puissance dans un milieu a excimeres pour les chaines laser de puissance ultrabreves a contraste eleve. L'architecture d'une chaine laser multiterawatt basee sur l'emploi du milieu amplificateur XeF(C-A) pompe par voie photolytique est ensuite detaillee, ainsi que les perspectives de dimensionnement de cette approche au niveau PW et EW.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"1 1","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88661169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kierys, S. Pasieczna, J. Ryczkowski, J. Goworek
The temperature resistance of chemically bonded phases on commercial silica gel. LiChrosorb RP 2, RP 8, RP 18 and unmodified Si 60 were tested at different temperatures by photoacoustic FT-IR spectroscopy. The surface characteristics and possible degradation of hydrocarbon phase at higher temperatures were investigated by means of FT-IR/PAS technique. For a series of investigated samples heated up to 423K, the FT-IR/PAS spectra are similar to those for initial silica samples. The most characteristic band for alkyl modified silica gel, i.e., RP 2, RP 8, and RP 18 was observed between 3200 cm-1 to 2800 cm-1 corresponding to various hydrocarbon species. The bands at 3745 cm-1, 3650 cm-1, and 3430 cm-1 observed in the photoacoustic FT-IR spectra may be ascribed to isolated silanol groups (Si-OH), geminal groups (si-(OH) 2 ) and hydrogen-bonded Si-OH groups, respectively. For all samples the intensity of the broad band in the region 3800 cm-1 to 3200 cm-1 decreases with the increasing temperature. The additional peak at 3745 cm-1 for chemically bonded long hydrocarbon chain, i.e., C18 and C8 after thermal treatment at 573 K is observed.
{"title":"Thermal stability of chemically bonded phases on silica gel by photoacoustic FT-IR spectroscopy","authors":"A. Kierys, S. Pasieczna, J. Ryczkowski, J. Goworek","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137057","url":null,"abstract":"The temperature resistance of chemically bonded phases on commercial silica gel. LiChrosorb RP 2, RP 8, RP 18 and unmodified Si 60 were tested at different temperatures by photoacoustic FT-IR spectroscopy. The surface characteristics and possible degradation of hydrocarbon phase at higher temperatures were investigated by means of FT-IR/PAS technique. For a series of investigated samples heated up to 423K, the FT-IR/PAS spectra are similar to those for initial silica samples. The most characteristic band for alkyl modified silica gel, i.e., RP 2, RP 8, and RP 18 was observed between 3200 cm-1 to 2800 cm-1 corresponding to various hydrocarbon species. The bands at 3745 cm-1, 3650 cm-1, and 3430 cm-1 observed in the photoacoustic FT-IR spectra may be ascribed to isolated silanol groups (Si-OH), geminal groups (si-(OH) 2 ) and hydrogen-bonded Si-OH groups, respectively. For all samples the intensity of the broad band in the region 3800 cm-1 to 3200 cm-1 decreases with the increasing temperature. The additional peak at 3745 cm-1 for chemically bonded long hydrocarbon chain, i.e., C18 and C8 after thermal treatment at 573 K is observed.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"25 1","pages":"291-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74423941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Gens, J. Bel, A. Pourbaix, M. Hélie, S. Wickham, D. Bennett
ONDRAF-NIRAS is evaluating the supercontainer concept for disposal of high-level waste (HLW) and spent fuel. In the supercontainer, a carbon steel overpack surrounds the HLW canisters or spent fuel assemblies. The overpack is surrounded by a concrete buffer, which creates a favourable alkaline geochemical environment. The buffer is enclosed by a stainless steel liner, which facilitates supercontainer construction and handling. The primary function of the overpack is to provide total containment of the radionuclides during the thermal phase. As part of the Supercontainer Project, a review was undertaken of corrosion processes and associated gas generation that might occur during the evolution of the supercontainer. This paper reports the main findings of the study, and focuses on the corrosion evolution of the overpack and liner.
{"title":"Corrosion processes and the expected evolution of the BSC-1 Supercontainer design for disposal of Belgian HLW and spent fuel","authors":"R. Gens, J. Bel, A. Pourbaix, M. Hélie, S. Wickham, D. Bennett","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006136003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006136003","url":null,"abstract":"ONDRAF-NIRAS is evaluating the supercontainer concept for disposal of high-level waste (HLW) and spent fuel. In the supercontainer, a carbon steel overpack surrounds the HLW canisters or spent fuel assemblies. The overpack is surrounded by a concrete buffer, which creates a favourable alkaline geochemical environment. The buffer is enclosed by a stainless steel liner, which facilitates supercontainer construction and handling. The primary function of the overpack is to provide total containment of the radionuclides during the thermal phase. As part of the Supercontainer Project, a review was undertaken of corrosion processes and associated gas generation that might occur during the evolution of the supercontainer. This paper reports the main findings of the study, and focuses on the corrosion evolution of the overpack and liner.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"120 1","pages":"13-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74556656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject matter of this paper refers to the next stage of the research work connected with the improvement of the acoustic emission method (AE) used for the evaluation of partial discharges (PDs) generated in paper-oil insulation systems of high-voltage power appliances. The subject matter discussed here refers to one of the aspects of the analysis of the signals registered - a correct and effective recognition of the AE signals generated by basic PD forms. The paper presents research results of the application of the unidirectional artificial neuron networks (ANN) used for the recognition of basic PD forms that can occur in paper-oil insulation impaired by aging processes.
{"title":"The influence of the momentum coefficient and the number of the averaging points of the power spectrum density on the recognition effectiveness of the AE signals generated by basic PD forms by the neuron network","authors":"T. Boczar, S. Borucki, A. Cichon, M. Lorenc","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137009","url":null,"abstract":"The subject matter of this paper refers to the next stage of the research work connected with the improvement of the acoustic emission method (AE) used for the evaluation of partial discharges (PDs) generated in paper-oil insulation systems of high-voltage power appliances. The subject matter discussed here refers to one of the aspects of the analysis of the signals registered - a correct and effective recognition of the AE signals generated by basic PD forms. The paper presents research results of the application of the unidirectional artificial neuron networks (ANN) used for the recognition of basic PD forms that can occur in paper-oil insulation impaired by aging processes.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"20 1","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81014964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The problem touched in the article is decomposition of frequency characteristic of AE signals into elementary form of three-parametrical Gauss function. At the first stage, for modelled curves in form of sum of three-parametrical Gauss peaks, accordance of modelled curve and a curve resulting from a solutions obtained using method with dynamic windows, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, genetic algorithms and differential evolution algorithm are discussed. It is founded that analyses carried out by means differential evolution algorithm are effective and the computer system served an analysis of AE signal frequency characteristics was constructed. Decomposition of frequency characteristics for selected AE signals coming from modelled PD sources using different ends of the bushing, and real PD sources in generator coil bars are carried out.
{"title":"DECOMPOSITION OF FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SIGNALS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF PARTIAL DISCHARGES SOURCES","authors":"F. Witos, Z. Gacek, P. Paduch","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006137037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006137037","url":null,"abstract":"The problem touched in the article is decomposition of frequency characteristic of AE signals into elementary form of three-parametrical Gauss function. At the first stage, for modelled curves in form of sum of three-parametrical Gauss peaks, accordance of modelled curve and a curve resulting from a solutions obtained using method with dynamic windows, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, genetic algorithms and differential evolution algorithm are discussed. It is founded that analyses carried out by means differential evolution algorithm are effective and the computer system served an analysis of AE signal frequency characteristics was constructed. Decomposition of frequency characteristics for selected AE signals coming from modelled PD sources using different ends of the bushing, and real PD sources in generator coil bars are carried out.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"4 1 1","pages":"179-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78856262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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