The Earth behaves as a highly coupled, interdependent system of components and processes - all of which operate on a multitude of time and spatial scales. Humans - rather than simply affecting or being affected by the natural environment - are a central component in the Earth system. Within the Earth system, there are feedbacks and teleconnections that operate on a planetary scale, and in which humans are directly involved. This article presents examples of such feedback systems and of human interactions in the Earth system, and describes some of the research infrastructure necessary to pursue Earth System Science.
{"title":"Earth system science: Putting together the ``big picture'' puzzle","authors":"K. Noone","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139002","url":null,"abstract":"The Earth behaves as a highly coupled, interdependent system of components and processes - all of which operate on a multitude of time and spatial scales. Humans - rather than simply affecting or being affected by the natural environment - are a central component in the Earth system. Within the Earth system, there are feedbacks and teleconnections that operate on a planetary scale, and in which humans are directly involved. This article presents examples of such feedback systems and of human interactions in the Earth system, and describes some of the research infrastructure necessary to pursue Earth System Science.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"160 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75786584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After 27 years of continuous operations of the Rayleigh temperature lidar, many tools have been developed. The lidar is well adapted to study the dynamics at several time scales. It includes gravity waves, atmospheric tides, planetary waves and student stratospheric warmings, atmospheric reentry, interannual changes and satellite validations. Methods have been explained as well as the limitations and uncertainties of these analyses.
{"title":"Rayleigh temperature lidar applications: Tools and methods","authors":"P. Keckhut","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139022","url":null,"abstract":"After 27 years of continuous operations of the Rayleigh temperature lidar, many tools have been developed. The lidar is well adapted to study the dynamics at several time scales. It includes gravity waves, atmospheric tides, planetary waves and student stratospheric warmings, atmospheric reentry, interannual changes and satellite validations. Methods have been explained as well as the limitations and uncertainties of these analyses.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"34 1","pages":"337-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73786497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to give an overview of atmospheric research aircraft, offer the reader examples from current research platforms and provide key reference material for further study. The value of aircraft studies to atmospheric measurement science will be discussed in comparison with other measurement research platforms and the capabilities and deficiencies of the different platforms will be considered. The paper will then summarise the key aspects of instrument design that are critical for aircraft operations. Sample inlets are integral to successful sampling from aircraft platforms and these will be discussed in detail, focussing on "sticky" gases, radicals and aerosol particles and clouds. The remainder of the paper will focus on the planning of field missions and offer some examples of major results from aircraft experiments.
{"title":"Use of aircraft to probe the troposphere","authors":"H. Coe","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to give an overview of atmospheric research aircraft, offer the reader examples from current research platforms and provide key reference material for further study. The value of aircraft studies to atmospheric measurement science will be discussed in comparison with other measurement research platforms and the capabilities and deficiencies of the different platforms will be considered. The paper will then summarise the key aspects of instrument design that are critical for aircraft operations. Sample inlets are integral to successful sampling from aircraft platforms and these will be discussed in detail, focussing on \"sticky\" gases, radicals and aerosol particles and clouds. The remainder of the paper will focus on the planning of field missions and offer some examples of major results from aircraft experiments.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"35 230","pages":"295-320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73139189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Champeaux, P. Troussel, J. Boutin, G. Lidove, R. Marmoret, G. Soullié, R. Rosch
Le principe de la fusion par confinement inertiel consiste a faire imploser une cible spherique de petite taille, millimetrique, remplie d'un melange de deuterium et de tritium sous l'action des 240 faisceaux lasers impulsionnels de tres grande puissance du LMJ. Les etudes de cette physique d'implosion (mise en vitesse, symetrie d'implosion, instabilites hydrodynamiques) et de l'allumage (traceurs, point chaud) font appel aux techniques de l'imagerie et de la radiographie a haute resolution spatiale (μm) et temporelle (ps) avec selection spectrale dans le domaine d'energie de photons comprise entre 100eV et 20keV. Plusieurs Systemes d'Imagerie X (SIX), a haute resolution spatiale, ont donc ete developpes par le CEA-DIF et mis en oeuvre sur la Ligne d'Integration Laser (LIL) implantee au CEA-CESTA. Dans cet article nous presentons les principaux SIX, a base de microscopes a miroirs. Un exemple de microscope prototype nomme PIXEL (Plasma Imageur X pour les Experiences Lasers) developpe pour le LMJ est presente. Nous portons l'accent sur les problemes technologiques lies a l'environnement LMJ.
{"title":"Systèmes d'imagerie à haute résolution dans le domaine des Rayons X pour le Laser Mégajoule","authors":"J. Champeaux, P. Troussel, J. Boutin, G. Lidove, R. Marmoret, G. Soullié, R. Rosch","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006138033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006138033","url":null,"abstract":"Le principe de la fusion par confinement inertiel consiste a faire imploser une cible spherique de petite taille, millimetrique, remplie d'un melange de deuterium et de tritium sous l'action des 240 faisceaux lasers impulsionnels de tres grande puissance du LMJ. Les etudes de cette physique d'implosion (mise en vitesse, symetrie d'implosion, instabilites hydrodynamiques) et de l'allumage (traceurs, point chaud) font appel aux techniques de l'imagerie et de la radiographie a haute resolution spatiale (μm) et temporelle (ps) avec selection spectrale dans le domaine d'energie de photons comprise entre 100eV et 20keV. Plusieurs Systemes d'Imagerie X (SIX), a haute resolution spatiale, ont donc ete developpes par le CEA-DIF et mis en oeuvre sur la Ligne d'Integration Laser (LIL) implantee au CEA-CESTA. Dans cet article nous presentons les principaux SIX, a base de microscopes a miroirs. Un exemple de microscope prototype nomme PIXEL (Plasma Imageur X pour les Experiences Lasers) developpe pour le LMJ est presente. Nous portons l'accent sur les problemes technologiques lies a l'environnement LMJ.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"6 1","pages":"285-295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73475354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Alloncle, B. Thomas, David Grojo, P. Delaporte, Marc L. Sentis, Sébastien Sanaur, Mickaël Barret, P. Collot
La microelectronique plastique connait un developpement sans precedent dans le domaine de la recherche. Cette etude s'interesse a l'utilisation des lasers impulsionnels pour la realisation de composants organiques sur supports souples. Les deux aspects plus particulierement etudies sont d'une part la gravure de polymere pour realiser un canal entre la source et le drain, et d'autre part le developpement d'un procede de depot appele LIFT pour Laser Induced Forward Transfer. Ce dernier pourrait notamment permettre de deposer des composes organiques non solubles.
{"title":"Ablation laser pour la microélectronique plastique","authors":"A. Alloncle, B. Thomas, David Grojo, P. Delaporte, Marc L. Sentis, Sébastien Sanaur, Mickaël Barret, P. Collot","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006138024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006138024","url":null,"abstract":"La microelectronique plastique connait un developpement sans precedent dans le domaine de la recherche. Cette etude s'interesse a l'utilisation des lasers impulsionnels pour la realisation de composants organiques sur supports souples. Les deux aspects plus particulierement etudies sont d'une part la gravure de polymere pour realiser un canal entre la source et le drain, et d'autre part le developpement d'un procede de depot appele LIFT pour Laser Induced Forward Transfer. Ce dernier pourrait notamment permettre de deposer des composes organiques non solubles.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"17 1","pages":"213-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83918860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Le pincement magnetique de type X-pinch permet de realiser un micro-plasma chaud et dense bien positionne dans l'espace qui presente une applicabilite pour la radiographie X d'objets peu denses de petite taille. Une batterie de diagnostics ayant tous une resolution spectrale a ete installee autour d'un X-pinch alimente par un banc de condensateurs rapide. Les resultats presentes portent sur la taille de la source integree en temps, sur la duree d'impulsion et sur le spectre d'emission X. Des exemples de radiographie confortent la determination de la taille. Des spectres a haute resolution spectrale integres en temps (1 a 3 keV) montrent que les ions multicharges presents dans le plasma (Al hydrogenoide et heliumoide, Cu et Mo neonoides) sont les memes que dans les X-pinches alimentes par des generateurs pulses bien plus puissants. Une spectroscopie large bande a haute resolution temporelle, basee sur des detecteurs innovants, a permis de mettre en evidence une emission dure sub-nanoseconde et de chiffrer la puissance spectrale instantanee et l'energie X emise entre 20eV et 8keV. La puissance maximale peut depasser 1GW pendant 0,4-0,7ns. La source emet 10 a 30J pendant 100-150ns en dessous de 400eV.
{"title":"Étude spectrale d'un micro-plasma d'implosion X-pinch","authors":"L. E. Aranchuk","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006138011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006138011","url":null,"abstract":"Le pincement magnetique de type X-pinch permet de realiser un micro-plasma chaud et dense bien positionne dans l'espace qui presente une applicabilite pour la radiographie X d'objets peu denses de petite taille. Une batterie de diagnostics ayant tous une resolution spectrale a ete installee autour d'un X-pinch alimente par un banc de condensateurs rapide. Les resultats presentes portent sur la taille de la source integree en temps, sur la duree d'impulsion et sur le spectre d'emission X. Des exemples de radiographie confortent la determination de la taille. Des spectres a haute resolution spectrale integres en temps (1 a 3 keV) montrent que les ions multicharges presents dans le plasma (Al hydrogenoide et heliumoide, Cu et Mo neonoides) sont les memes que dans les X-pinches alimentes par des generateurs pulses bien plus puissants. Une spectroscopie large bande a haute resolution temporelle, basee sur des detecteurs innovants, a permis de mettre en evidence une emission dure sub-nanoseconde et de chiffrer la puissance spectrale instantanee et l'energie X emise entre 20eV et 8keV. La puissance maximale peut depasser 1GW pendant 0,4-0,7ns. La source emet 10 a 30J pendant 100-150ns en dessous de 400eV.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"31 1","pages":"89-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90842429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter presents a general overview of ground-based lidar system for ozone measurements in the troposphere as well as in the stratosphere. The DIAL technique, generally used by the lidar teams for ozone measurements is explained. Afterwards, the different elements of the DIAL system are assessed in this work. Finally, a brief description of the ozone DIAL systems for different altitudes ranges operated at the Haute Provence Observatory (OHP) in Southern France as well as some scientist results are showed.
{"title":"DIAL lidar for ozone measurements","authors":"A. Pazmino","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139023","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a general overview of ground-based lidar system for ozone measurements in the troposphere as well as in the stratosphere. The DIAL technique, generally used by the lidar teams for ozone measurements is explained. Afterwards, the different elements of the DIAL system are assessed in this work. Finally, a brief description of the ozone DIAL systems for different altitudes ranges operated at the Haute Provence Observatory (OHP) in Southern France as well as some scientist results are showed.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"23 1","pages":"361-372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76564576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Quaternary period is a critical one for understanding the working of the Earth System because it shows a wide range of climates under a geography similar to the present. Ice cores are an important palaeorecord because they record aspects of the atmosphere (including trace gas concentrations) rather directly. This paper takes advantage of recently published results from ice cores completed since an earlier ERCA chapter was published. These extend the ice core record from Antarctica back towards 800,000 years, confirming the close relationship between different parameters (particularly CO 2 and Antarctic temperature), but showing a different behaviour (with cooler interglacials) in the period preceding 450,000 years before present compared to the later period. New records of the last glacial cycle have documented the entire suite of rapid climate warmings (Dansgaard-Oeschger events) in this period, shown the behaviour of Antarctica during these events, and given us a first clear view of Greenland climate in the later parts of the last interglacial. Taken together these results present a compilation of the behaviour of the Earth that challenges palaeoclimatologists and Earth System modellers towards better understanding of the system.
{"title":"The challenge from ice cores: understanding the climate and atmospheric composition of the late Quaternary","authors":"E. Wolff","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139014","url":null,"abstract":"The Quaternary period is a critical one for understanding the working of the Earth System because it shows a wide range of climates under a geography similar to the present. Ice cores are an important palaeorecord because they record aspects of the atmosphere (including trace gas concentrations) rather directly. This paper takes advantage of recently published results from ice cores completed since an earlier ERCA chapter was published. These extend the ice core record from Antarctica back towards 800,000 years, confirming the close relationship between different parameters (particularly CO 2 and Antarctic temperature), but showing a different behaviour (with cooler interglacials) in the period preceding 450,000 years before present compared to the later period. New records of the last glacial cycle have documented the entire suite of rapid climate warmings (Dansgaard-Oeschger events) in this period, shown the behaviour of Antarctica during these events, and given us a first clear view of Greenland climate in the later parts of the last interglacial. Taken together these results present a compilation of the behaviour of the Earth that challenges palaeoclimatologists and Earth System modellers towards better understanding of the system.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"43 1","pages":"185-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79387988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The environmental significance of dust storms (impact on air quality, climatic effects, health effects) is described first in a general terms then in context with the local environment of metropolitan Beijing, China. The regional characteristics of dust storms in China, their sources and transport pathways, the chemical composition and the mixing and interaction with other air pollutants are reviewed.
{"title":"Asian dust events: Environmental significance in beijing","authors":"F. Adams, X. Liu","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006139018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006139018","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental significance of dust storms (impact on air quality, climatic effects, health effects) is described first in a general terms then in context with the local environment of metropolitan Beijing, China. The regional characteristics of dust storms in China, their sources and transport pathways, the chemical composition and the mixing and interaction with other air pollutants are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"22 1","pages":"257-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79086470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Deiss, N. Rohringer, J. Burgdörfer, E. Lamour, C. Prigent, J. Rozet, D. Vernhet
We investigate the efficient heating of quasi-free electrons during the interaction of short infrared laser pulses with large rare-gas clusters. In the framework of our mean-field classical transport simulation we are able to explain the emission of characteristic x-rays at moderate laser intensities (I ∼ 10 15 Wcm -2 ) where the ponderomotive energy of the electrons is by far to low to allow for the creation of inner-shell vacancies. We identify large-angle elastic electron-ion scattering as an important heating mechanism at moderate laser intensities.
{"title":"X-ray generation by laser-cluster interaction","authors":"C. Deiss, N. Rohringer, J. Burgdörfer, E. Lamour, C. Prigent, J. Rozet, D. Vernhet","doi":"10.1051/JP4:2006138007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/JP4:2006138007","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the efficient heating of quasi-free electrons during the interaction of short infrared laser pulses with large rare-gas clusters. In the framework of our mean-field classical transport simulation we are able to explain the emission of characteristic x-rays at moderate laser intensities (I ∼ 10 15 Wcm -2 ) where the ponderomotive energy of the electrons is by far to low to allow for the creation of inner-shell vacancies. We identify large-angle elastic electron-ion scattering as an important heating mechanism at moderate laser intensities.","PeriodicalId":14838,"journal":{"name":"Journal De Physique Iv","volume":"17 1","pages":"55-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73181336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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