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Sequence stratigraphic and petrophysical controls on the oil-reservoirs architecture: A case study from the Cretaceous meqasequence, Gulf of Suez region, Egypt 油藏结构的层序地层学和岩石物理控制:埃及苏伊士湾地区白垩纪meqasequence案例研究
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105412

This research aims to perform a comprehensive examination encompassing sequence stratigraphy and petrophysical assessment of the Cretaceous meqasequence along the Gulf of Suez region. Through an investigation of eight wells, spanning both offshore and onshore fields in the Gulf of Suez Basin, the sequence stratigraphic analysis reveals a division of the Cretaceous meqasequence into two distinct depositional sequences: Early Cretaceous (SQ-1) and Late Cretaceous megasequence. The Early Cretaceous megasequence comprises the Nubia Sandstones, while the Late Cretaceous megasequence includes the siliciclastic/carbonate sediments found within the Raha, Abu Qada, Wata, and Matulla Formations (SQ-2, SQ-3, and SQ-4). The distribution of the Cretaceous megasequences across the study area highlights a significant variation in thickness from the onshore to the offshore regions of the Gulf of Suez. This variation is primarily attributed to tectonic forces that governed both the deposition and erosion of sediments over time. The lowstand systems tracts (LSTs) and highstand systems tracts (HSTs) within both Cretaceous megasequences are characterized by sufficient sand content, making them favorable reservoirs.

Conversely, the transgressive systems tracts (TSTs) are identified as potential reservoir rocks. The analysis of petrophysical properties across different Cretaceous reservoirs reveals that the Early Cretaceous fluvial megasequence exhibits superior reservoir qualities compared to its Late Cretaceous counterpart. However, the Late Cretaceous megasequence comprises reservoirs with multiple levels and diverse petrophysical characteristics. The study offers valuable insights into how petrophysical properties and sequence stratigraphy influence Cretaceous reservoir architecture. Examining the depositional environments and petrophysical evaluation enhances our understanding of reservoir quality and distribution. Furthermore, it guides future exploration activities in the mixed siliciclastic and carbonate multi-level intervals of the Gulf of Suez and nearby basins, aiding in identifying potential hydrocarbon zones and optimizing drilling strategies.

这项研究旨在对苏伊士湾地区白垩纪地层序列进行全面检查,包括地层序列分析和岩石物理评估。通过对苏伊士湾盆地近海和陆上油田的八口油井进行调查,层序地层分析表明,白垩纪地层分为两个不同的沉积层序:早白垩世(SQ-1)和晚白垩世巨型序列。早白垩世大基序包括努比亚砂岩,而晚白垩世大基序包括拉哈、阿布卡达、瓦塔和马图拉地层(SQ-2、SQ-3 和 SQ-4)中的硅碎屑/碳酸盐沉积物。白垩纪巨型地层在整个研究区域的分布凸显了苏伊士湾从陆地到近海区域在厚度上的显著差异。这种变化主要归因于沉积物随时间沉积和侵蚀的构造作用。两个白垩纪巨型序列中的低地层系统带(LST)和高地层系统带(HST)都具有足够的含沙量,是有利的储层。对不同白垩纪储层岩石物理特性的分析表明,早白垩世河道巨序列的储层质量优于晚白垩世的同类巨序列。然而,晚白垩世巨型层序由具有多层次和不同岩石物理特征的储层组成。这项研究为了解岩石物理特性和层序地层如何影响白垩纪储层结构提供了宝贵的见解。对沉积环境和岩石物理评价的研究加深了我们对储层质量和分布的了解。此外,它还为今后在苏伊士湾及附近盆地的混合硅质岩和碳酸盐岩多层间的勘探活动提供了指导,有助于确定潜在的油气区并优化钻井策略。
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引用次数: 0
Targeting high-potential mineral prospects in the Ezzhiliga region, Moroccan central massif, using spectral data from the ASTER sensor 利用 ASTER 传感器提供的光谱数据,锁定摩洛哥中央丘陵埃兹日利加地区的高潜力矿产远景
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105410

This research paper introduces a comprehensive methodology for assessing hydrothermal alteration zones and structural complexity in the Ezzhiliga region, situated in the Hercynian Central Massif of Morocco. The approach utilizes ASTER imagery as the primary data source. The main objectives were to identify and analyze these geological features and then create a potential map for mineral exploration by integrating fuzzy logic and fractal concentration area analysis. Band ratios (RBD) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to detect and map argillic, phyllic, propylitic, and iron oxide alteration zones. Additionally, structural lineaments were extracted from the PC1 imagery to understand the structural pattern of the survey area. The incorporation of hydrothermal alteration zones and structural lineaments was achieved through the application of a fuzzy logic model, resulting in the generation of a mineral favorability map. The fuzzy logic model was customized to combine hydrothermal alteration and lineaments density maps, effectively eliminating false spectral anomalies induced by various interference factors. This map was then analyzed using the fractal concentration-area (C-A) model, which separated the anomaly from the geological background and generated a final mineral potential map. Analysis of fractal concentration-area was employed to define thresholds with greater precision, enhancing the reliability of mineral prospectivity assessments. Furthermore, laboratory analyses were performed to verify the outcomes of the mineral potential map. The obtained results revealed a significant affinity with the field data and indicated that the highly prospective zones are perfectly limited in spatial extent and generally associated with the contact of the Zaër granitic pluton with the metamorphic host rock, except for the anomaly identified to the southeast of the study area, along a major NE-SW trending fault.

本研究论文介绍了一种综合方法,用于评估位于摩洛哥海西中央丘陵的埃兹日利加地区的热液蚀变区和结构复杂性。该方法利用 ASTER 图像作为主要数据源。主要目标是识别和分析这些地质特征,然后通过整合模糊逻辑和分形集中区域分析,绘制矿产勘探潜力图。利用波段比(RBD)和主成分分析(PCA)来检测和绘制霰粒岩、植酸岩、丙炔岩和氧化铁蚀变带。此外,还从 PC1 图像中提取了构造线型,以了解勘测区域的构造模式。热液蚀变区和构造线状线是通过应用模糊逻辑模型实现的,最终生成了矿物有利度图。对模糊逻辑模型进行了定制,将热液蚀变和构造线密度图结合起来,有效消除了各种干扰因素引起的虚假光谱异常。然后使用分形集中区(C-A)模型对该地图进行分析,将异常与地质背景分离,生成最终的矿产潜力地图。利用分形集聚区分析可以更精确地确定阈值,从而提高矿产远景评估的可靠性。此外,还进行了实验室分析,以验证矿产潜力图的结果。获得的结果显示与实地数据有很大的相似性,并表明高远景区的空间范围非常有限,一般与 Zaër 花岗岩柱岩与变质主岩的接触有关,但在研究区东南部沿东北-西南走向的主要断层发现的异常除外。
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引用次数: 0
Fluid flow in the Katanga Supergroup: From Lufilian brittle tectonic stages to the post-Lufilian period (Democratic Republic of Congo) 加丹加超群中的流体流动:从卢菲力脆性构造阶段到后卢菲力时期(刚果民主共和国)
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105414
<div><p>The metasedimentary rock succession of the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Katanga Supergroup in the Central Africa Copperbelt shows evidence of several complex tectonic events. The deformation of this supergroup started from the tectonic inversion at about 570 Ma and lasted up to today, but reached paroxysm at ∼550 Ma. This long period was characterized by folding and faulting throughout multiple compressive and extensional events, which controlled the regional fluid flow on the one hand, and played an important role during formation of the stratiform to stratabound Cu-Co (Ni, U) deposits and the polymetallic Cu-Zn-Pb (Ag, Ge, Mo, Cd) vein type deposits on the other hand. Based on the structural analysis and paleostress reconstruction, coupled with fluid inclusion characterization from mineralized structures in rocks from the Nguba, Kundelungu and Biano Groups, this study demonstrates that the composition of hydrothermal fluids changed during brittle tectonic deformation during the Lufilian orogeny and subsequent uplift and post-Lufilian faulting.</p><p>During early brittle tectonic deformation along strike slip faults with sinistral and dextral movement related to a NE-SW transpression, the Cu-mineralizing fluid was hypersaline (27.9–31.1 eq. wt% NaCl) with moderate temperatures (Th = 128–216 °C). The subsequent Cu or Cu (Zn, Pb) mineralization formed within an E-W extensional stress regime, related to the late Lufilian orogenic collapse. The fluid inclusions present in the gangue minerals associated with this latter mineralization show a large range in Th (50–264 °C) and salinity (26.7–36.0 eq. wt% NaCl). The decrease in temperature is interpreted to be due to migration of the fluids at shallower depth in the subsurface after uplift and erosion of the orogen. The increased salinity of the fluid is related to the dissolution of evaporites, mainly NaCl. A second H<sub>2</sub>O-NaCl-CaCl<sub>2</sub> fluid with a homogenization temperature below 55 °C has also been found associated with this brittle stage and mineralization phase, but only in rocks belonging to the Kundelungu Group. A third mineralization phase, also characterized by Cu or Cu (Zn, Pb), formed during the post-Lufilian period within a NW-SE transpressional inversion regime. The fluid inclusion in the gangue minerals of this mineralization phase have a smaller range in homogenization temperature (Th = 37–172 °C) and the largest range in salinity (0.71–30 eq. wt% NaCl), compared to the earlier fluid inclusions generations. This large range in salinity may be explained by the mixing of a high salinity fluid, already present during the earlier tectonic stages in the sedimentary basin, with meteoric water. During the more recent rift-related extension, a fluid with again a large and higher range in homogenization temperatures (Th = 47–257 °C) and with a typical low salinity (<10 eq. wt% NaCl) has been recognized in minerals filling NNE-SSW to NE-SW oriented faults and fractures. The u
非洲中部铜带新新生代-寒武纪加丹加超群的变质岩演替显示了多个复杂构造事件的证据。该超群的变形从大约 570 Ma 的构造反转开始,一直持续到今天,但在∼550 Ma 时达到顶峰。在这一漫长的时期内,褶皱和断层贯穿了多个压缩和延伸事件,一方面控制了区域流体的流动,另一方面在地层状至地层状铜-钴(镍、铀)矿床和多金属铜-锌-铅(银、锗、钼、镉)脉型矿床的形成过程中发挥了重要作用。根据结构分析和古应力重建,以及对恩古巴、昆德隆古和比阿诺群岩石中矿化结构的流体包裹体特征描述,本研究证明了热液的成分在陆相造山运动期间的脆性构造变形以及随后的隆起和后陆相断裂过程中发生了变化。在沿走向滑动断层的早期脆性构造变形过程中,与NE-SW换位有关的正弦和右旋运动,铜矿化流体为中温(Th=128-216 °C)的高盐流体(27.9-31.1 eq. wt% NaCl)。随后的铜矿化或铜(锌、铅)矿化是在东西向延伸应力机制下形成的,与晚期陆相造山塌陷有关。与后一种成矿作用相关的煤矸石矿物中的流体包裹体显示出较大的温度(50-264 °C)和盐度(26.7-36.0 eq. wt% NaCl)范围。据解释,温度的降低是由于造山带抬升和侵蚀之后,流体在次表层较浅的位置迁移所致。流体盐度的增加与蒸发岩(主要是氯化钠)的溶解有关。还发现了第二种H2O-NaCl-CaCl2流体,其均化温度低于55 °C,与这一脆性阶段和成矿阶段有关,但仅存在于属于昆德隆古组的岩石中。第三个成矿阶段也以铜或铜(锌、铅)为特征,形成于后陆相时期的西北-东南转位反转系统中。与前几代流体包裹体相比,该成矿期煤矸石矿物中的流体包裹体均化温度范围较小(Th = 37-172 °C),盐度范围最大(0.71-30 eq. wt% NaCl)。盐度范围如此之大,可能是由于沉积盆地早期构造阶段已经存在的高盐度流体与陨石水混合造成的。在近期与断裂有关的延伸过程中,在填充 NNE-SSW 至 NE-SW 向断层和断裂的矿物中发现了一种均化温度范围更大(Th = 47-257 °C)、盐度更低(<10 eq. wt% NaCl)的流体。相对低盐度的流体从地下深处向上迁移,解释了在这一构造事件中观察到的温度变化。
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引用次数: 0
Morphometry of the Mt Manengouba volcano: Insights into tephrostratigraphy of Eboga maars (South West Cameroon) Manengouba 火山的形态测量:对埃博加火山口(喀麦隆西南部)表层构造的启示
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105411

The GIS-based geomorphological and morphometric approaches were combined with field- and tephrostratigraphic analyses to reconstruct the history of the Mt Manengouba volcano including the Eboga maars in the southwestern part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). The elevation, slope, relative relief, topographic position and terrain ruggedness indexes from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM, 12.5 m) were determined to constrain two main geomorphic units corresponding to the Elengoum and Eboga nested stratovolcanoes which were affected by differential erosional processes. The studied grain size, shape, vesicularity, structure, degree of lithification, sorting, thickness, grading patterns, sedimentary features, spatial distribution revealed three tephrostratigraphic units: U1 (U1-1, lithic and juvenile; U1-2 dominantly juvenile), U2 (U2-1 ash- and juvenile rich-deposits; U2-2, juvenile-scoria with few lithic) and U3 (scoria cone deposits). The total volume of ∼0.199 km3 of tephra deposits ranges the Eboga maars volcanoes within the small-volume monogenetic types. These results revealed dry/wet phreatomagmatism and strombolian activity as a contribution to the seven phases-eruptive history of the Mt Manengouba volcano: the pre-Manengouba; emplacement of Elengoum stratovolcano; collapse of Elengoum summit and formation of Elengoum caldera; emplacement of Eboga stratovolcano; the collapse of Eboga summit and formation of Eboga caldera; a phreatomagmatic phase and emplacement of Female and Male maars ending with an explosive stage associated with the formation of scoria and parasitic cones.

基于地理信息系统(GIS)的地貌学和形态计量学方法与实地和表层分析相结合,重建了喀麦隆火山线(CVL)西南部马嫩古巴火山(包括埃博加火山口)的历史。通过数字高程模型(DEM,12.5 米)确定了高程、坡度、相对地形、地形位置和地形崎岖指数,从而确定了两个主要地貌单元,分别对应于受到不同侵蚀过程影响的埃伦古姆和埃博加嵌套地层火山。研究的粒度、形状、泡状、结构、岩化程度、分选、厚度、分级模式、沉积特征、空间分布揭示了三个表层地层单元:U1(U1-1,石质和稚石;U1-2 以稚石为主)、U2(U2-1 灰质和稚石丰富的沉积;U2-2,稚石-焦岩,少量石质)和 U3(焦岩锥沉积)。总体积为 0.199 平方公里的埃博加火成岩沉积物属于小体积单源类型。这些结果表明,干/湿喷火和血栓活动是马嫩古巴火山七期喷发历史的组成部分:前马嫩古巴火山;埃伦古姆地层火山的喷发;埃伦古姆山顶的坍塌和埃伦古姆火山口的形成;埃博加地层火山的喷发;埃博加山顶的坍塌和埃博加火山口的形成;喷火阶段以及雌火山和雄火山的喷发,最后是与火山渣和寄生锥的形成有关的爆炸阶段。
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引用次数: 0
Integrated seismic, petrophysical, and geochemical studies for evaluating the petroleum system of the Upper Bahariya-Abu Roash G sequence in the Karama Field, Abu Gharadig Basin, North Western Desert, Egypt 为评价埃及西北沙漠阿布卡拉迪格盆地卡拉马油田上巴哈里亚-阿布罗阿什 G 层序石油系统而进行的地震、岩石物理和地球化学综合研究
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105413

The main aim of this study is to delineate the hydrocarbon potential and evaluate the petroleum system elements of the Cenomanian Abu Roash G (AR/G) and the Upper Bahariya Members in the Karama Field. It lies at the southeast borders of the Abu Gharadig Basin, a well-known basin in the W.D. to the NE of Africa. We accomplish this study by analyzing a total of thirty 2D seismic profiles, a complete data set of well logs for five wells, and their geochemical data. The workflow starts with illustrating the dominant subsurface structural features, defining the main potential reservoirs and their parameters, and checking the maturity of the probable source rocks. The seismic interpretation indicated that the research area had been influenced by a NE-SW anticlinal structure accompanied by a set of WNW-ESE and NW-SE normal faults that are controlled by the positive compression inversion process that dominated during the Late Cretaceous. Analyzing and processing the well log data sets suggest that the reservoirs of the Abu Roash G (AR/G) and the Upper Bahariya Members are characterized by poor to good reservoir settings with net-pay thickness reaching up to 13–50 feet in the different wells (av. Effective porosity (eff) = 17.7 % and 15.6% for the AR/G and the Upper Bahariya Members, av. Shale volume (Vsh) = 17.4 % and 13.6 %, av. Water saturation (Sw) = 38.9 % and 39.8 %, while av. Hydrocarbon saturation values (So) = 60.2 % and 61.1%, respectively). The geochemical and maturity analyses assisted in determining the potential mature source rocks of the Jurassic Khatatba Shale (TOC = 0.70–5.67%; S1+S2 = 0.43–5.97 mg/g, Ro = 0.54–1.06 %) with some contribution from the Cretaceous sources (Alam El-Bueib and Bahariya Formations). Studying elements of the petroleum regime of the Karama Field indicates that the trapped hydrocarbons are structurally controlled by three-way dip closures, horst blocks, sealing faults, and vertical sealing by impervious shale and limestone beds. This case study could be applied to similar analogs in other oil fields in the Egyptian Western Desert to delineate their hydrocarbon potential and structural setting.

本研究的主要目的是对卡拉马油田的仙人掌元古代阿布-罗阿什 G(AR/G)和上巴哈里亚层的碳氢化合物潜力进行划分,并对石油系统要素进行评估。该油田位于阿布卡拉迪格盆地的东南边界,阿布卡拉迪格盆地是非洲西北部的一个著名盆地。我们通过分析总共三十条二维地震剖面、五口井的完整测井记录数据集及其地球化学数据完成了这项研究。工作流程首先说明了主要的地下结构特征,确定了主要的潜在储层及其参数,并检查了可能的源岩的成熟度。地震解释表明,研究区域受到 NE-SW 向反斜构造的影响,同时伴有一组 WNW-ESE 和 NW-SE 向正断层,这些正断层受到晚白垩世期间占主导地位的正压缩反转过程的控制。对测井数据集的分析和处理表明,Abu Roash G(AR/G)和上巴哈里亚(Upper Bahariya)组的储层特征是储层赋存条件从差到好,不同油井的净付油厚度可达 13-50 英尺(平均每口井 13 英尺)。AR/G和上巴哈里亚层的有效孔隙度(∅eff)分别为17.7%和15.6%,AR/G和上巴哈里亚层的平均有效孔隙度(∅eff)分别为17.7%和15.6%。页岩体积 (Vsh) = 17.4 % 和 13.6 %,平均值(±0.5%)。水饱和度(Sw)= 38.9 % 和 39.8 %,而碳氢饱和度(So)的平均值则为 38.9 % 和 39.8 %。烃饱和度 (So) 分别为 60.2 % 和 61.1%)。地球化学和成熟度分析有助于确定侏罗纪哈特巴页岩的潜在成熟源岩(TOC = 0.70-5.67%;S1+S2 = 0.43-5.97 mg/g,Ro = 0.54-1.06%)以及白垩纪源岩(Alam El-Bueib 和 Bahariya 地层)的一些贡献。对卡拉马油田石油体系要素的研究表明,受困碳氢化合物在结构上受到三向倾角封闭、角块、封闭断层以及不透水页岩和石灰岩床的垂直封闭的控制。这一案例研究可应用于埃及西部沙漠其他油田的类似情况,以确定其碳氢化合物潜力和构造环境。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal studies on the lower Carboniferous basins of Khenifra and Qasbat-Tadla, Morocco: What do they teach us about the pre-Variscan stages in NW Africa? 对摩洛哥 Khenifra 和 Qasbat-Tadla 下石炭纪盆地的热研究:它们对西北非洲的前瓦利斯坎阶段有何启示?
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105406

Within the Variscan Belt of Morocco, the Central Massif preserves Early Carboniferous rift basins. The Lower Carboniferous Khenifra and Qasbat-Tadla basins are aborted rifts, developed just before the Variscan orogenesis in Morocco that occurred during the Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian in NW Africa. Due to both weak inversion of these basins during the Variscan orogeny and limited burial afterwards, these basins offer the opportunity to study the Early Carboniferous pre-orogenic thermal regimes. In the Khenifra basin, 77 samples collected across the basin and its basement's boundaries, allowed the determination of the maximal temperature reached during the rocks burial by means of Raman spectroscopic analyses. The Ordovician basement shows mean temperatures between 230 and 300 °C whereas the upper Visean/Serpukhovian infill has a wide range, from temperatures <160 °C to 250–260 °C. This thermal variation within the basinal series has been evidenced from west to east and cannot have been acquired during the Variscan events. The acquisition of these maximal temperatures occurred between Late Devonian to Upper Visean/Serpukhovian and is thought to result from the formation of an extended rift. In the Qasbat-Tadla basin, Rock-Eval data from Ordovician to Devonian source-rocks indicate significantly lower maximal temperatures reached by pre-Carboniferous samples that are within the oil window. Our results are in favor of a heterodox model for the Variscan belt in Morocco and NW African in general, suggesting that no pre-Variscan compressional events are needed. Instead, the development of the intraplate Variscan belt in NW Africa was permitted through the development of hot and weak Lower Carboniferous basins, subsequently inverted in a far-field stress field. The striking thermal differences between the Khenifra and Qasbat-Tadla basins suggest that important tectonic segmentation must have shaped the area during the Early Carboniferous extensional phase.

在摩洛哥的瓦利斯坎带,中央丘保留了早石炭世裂谷盆地。下石炭统 Khenifra 和 Qasbat-Tadla 盆地是中止的裂谷,是在西北非宾夕法尼亚-志留纪期间发生的摩洛哥瓦里斯坎造山运动之前形成的。由于这些盆地在瓦里肯造山运动期间的反转作用较弱,而造山运动之后的埋藏作用有限,因此这些盆地为研究早石炭世前造山运动的热机制提供了机会。在 Khenifra 盆地,通过对盆地及其基底边界采集的 77 个样本进行拉曼光谱分析,确定了岩石埋藏期间达到的最高温度。奥陶纪基底的平均温度在 230 ° C 到 300 ° C 之间,而上维谢安/塞普霍夫页岩的填充温度范围很广,从 160 ° C 到 250-260 ° C 不等。基底系列内的这种热量变化是自西向东的,不可能是在瓦利斯坎时期获得的。这些最高温度的获得发生在晚泥盆世至上维西期/上塞普霍夫期,被认为是延伸裂谷形成的结果。在卡斯巴特-塔德拉盆地,来自奥陶纪至泥盆纪源岩的岩石-评价数据表明,石炭纪以前的样本所达到的最高温度要低得多,而这些样本都在石油窗口之内。我们的研究结果表明,摩洛哥和整个西北非洲的瓦利斯坎带采用的是一种非正统模型,即不需要发生瓦利斯坎前的压缩事件。相反,西北非洲板内瓦里斯坎带的发展是通过下石炭纪热而弱的盆地的发展实现的,这些盆地随后在远场应力场中发生了倒转。Khenifra盆地和Qasbat-Tadla盆地之间显著的热差异表明,在早石炭世的伸展阶段,该地区一定发生了重要的构造分段。
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引用次数: 0
Coastal water quality dynamics of the Red Sea, southeast coast of Egypt using GeoAI and ChatGPT 利用 GeoAI 和 ChatGPT 研究埃及东南海岸红海的沿海水质动态
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105409

The Red Sea coastal environment of Halayeb and Shalateen area is renowned for its abundant marine flora and fauna. It also holds significant economic and cultural importance for local communities. However, this region is currently confronted with various challenges, including climate change and habitat destruction. To effectively address and mitigate these issues, advanced technologies that offer a holistic understanding of the area's environmental conditions are required. This paper applies the integration of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) and ChatGPT to study the Red Sea Coastal water quality dynamics of Halayeb and Shalateen Area. Landsat imagery and Copernicus Marine Service were used to retrieve area boundaries and monitor the physicochemical characteristics of the coastal water respectively. ChatGPT was utilized to generate Python code that facilitates the creation of optimal distribution maps for each physical and chemical property criterion. The Python codes were incorporated into the Python program within the ArcGIS 10.7.1 and executed to generate the desired maps representing the dynamics of physical and chemical properties. It was found an observed fluctuation in chemical properties next to the coastline around the mouth of two main wadies; Wadi Hudain, and Wadi Da'eb. The degree of stability increased away from the coast toward the deep water. That proved the effect of the runoff on the seawater, as the runoff plays an essential role in the water state, especially in such semi-closed water bodies like the Red Sea where the flashfloods are the main source that can enrich water with sediment and nutrients. The state of seawater in terms of physical properties was not characterized by a specific pattern. The distribution of physical parameters in the Red Sea is influenced by factors such as regional climate variations, monsoonal winds, and local topography. This paper serves as a stepping stone for future research endeavors, exploring the full potential of this integrated approach. It can be concluded that the fusion of GeoAI and ChatGPT technologies has the potential to revolutionize our approach to studying and managing the coastal environment.

Halayeb 和 Shalateen 地区的红海沿海环境以其丰富的海洋动植物群而闻名。它对当地社区的经济和文化也具有重要意义。然而,该地区目前面临着各种挑战,包括气候变化和生境破坏。为了有效应对和缓解这些问题,需要能够全面了解该地区环境状况的先进技术。本文将地理空间人工智能(GeoAI)与 ChatGPT 相结合,研究 Halayeb 和 Shalateen 地区的红海沿海水质动态。大地卫星图像和哥白尼海洋服务分别用于检索区域边界和监测沿海水域的物理化学特征。利用 ChatGPT 生成 Python 代码,以便为每个物理和化学特性标准创建最佳分布图。Python 代码被纳入 ArcGIS 10.7.1 中的 Python 程序,并被执行以生成所需的物理和化学特性动态分布图。研究发现,在两个主要河谷(Wadi Hudain 和 Wadi Da'eb)河口附近的海岸线附近,化学特性出现了波动。在远离海岸的深水区,稳定程度有所提高。这证明了径流对海水的影响,因为径流对水体状态起着至关重要的作用,特别是在像红海这样的半封闭水体中,山洪是使水体富含沉积物和营养物质的主要来源。海水的物理性质状态没有特定的模式。红海物理参数的分布受区域气候变化、季风和当地地形等因素的影响。本文为今后的研究工作提供了一个基石,探索了这一综合方法的全部潜力。可以说,GeoAI 和 ChatGPT 技术的融合有可能彻底改变我们研究和管理沿海环境的方法。
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引用次数: 0
The yengejeh diasporic karst bauxite deposit, NW Iran: Constraints on distribution and fractionation of major and rare earth elements 伊朗西北部 yengejeh 散居岩溶铝土矿:主要元素和稀土元素分布与分馏的制约因素
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105408

The Yengejeh diasporic karst bauxite deposit (NW Iran) was developed as discontinuous layers and lenses along the contact of dolomitic limestone of the Ruteh Formation (middle-upper Permian) and dolomite of the Elika Formation (Triassic). This deposit is constituted by two conspicuous subset layers, (1) green bauxite (GB) and (2) red bauxite (RB). The XRD analytic data revealed that diaspore is accompanied by chlorite and anatase in the GB subset and by hematite in the RB subset. Minerals such as pyrophyllite, kaolinite, illite, and rutile are present within the both subsets. The antithetical distributions of Al with Fe and Al with Ti in the deposit are indicative of the controlling role of climatic changes of the depositional environment and the function of post-formation diagenetic processes. The increment in certain geochemical ratios like La/Y, (La/Yb)N, and (LREE/HREE)N from the top toward the bottom of the horizon is designative of pH increase in depositional milieu by buffering of the percolating solutions, and of preferential scavenging of LREE by hematite. The positive Ce anomaly in the GB subset took place as the result of change in the oxidation state of this element from Ce3+ to Ce4+. However, the positive Ce anomalies in the RB subset implicates preferential scavenging of Ce onto hematite. The marked variation range in anomaly values of Eu/Eu* (0.38–1.01) at Yengejeh reveals that this index acted as non-conservative during the evolution of this deposit, and this behavior is related most likely to influences of post-formation diagenetic processes.

Yengejeh散居岩溶铝土矿(伊朗西北部)沿鲁特地层(中-上二叠统)白云质灰岩和埃利卡地层(三叠统)白云岩的接触面发育为不连续的层和透镜体。该矿床由两个明显的子集层构成:(1)绿色铝土矿(GB)和(2)红色铝土矿(RB)。XRD 分析数据显示,在 GB 亚层中,绿泥石和锐钛矿与斜长石伴生,而在 RB 亚层中,赤铁矿与斜长石伴生。在这两个子集中还存在辉石、高岭石、伊利石和金红石等矿物。矿床中 Al 与 Fe 和 Al 与 Ti 的反向分布表明了沉积环境气候变化的控制作用和成岩后成岩过程的作用。某些地球化学比率,如 La/Y、(La/Yb)N 和 (LREE/HREE)N 从地层顶部向地层底部的递增,表明沉积环境中的 pH 值因渗流溶液的缓冲作用而升高,以及赤铁矿对 LREE 的优先清除作用。GB 子集中的正 Ce 异常是由于该元素的氧化态从 Ce3+ 变为 Ce4+ 的结果。然而,RB 子集中的正 Ce 异常表明赤铁矿优先清除了 Ce。在 Yengejeh,Eu/Eu*异常值(0.38-1.01)的明显变化范围表明,在该矿床的演化过程中,该指标是非保守的,这种行为很可能与成岩后成岩过程的影响有关。
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引用次数: 0
Formation conditions and geochemistry of the Tütün Tepeleri (Baskil-Elazig/Türkiye) Fe-oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) mineralization Tütün Tepeleri(Baskil-Elazig/土耳其)铁-氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿化的形成条件和地球化学特征
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105407
The Tütün Tepeleri Fe-Oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) mineralization is located in the Eastern Taurus Mountains (Baskil-Elazığ/Turkey) and it is associated with Baskil magmatites (diorite, gabbro and tonalite) cut by Late Cretaceous Bilaser Tepe magmatites (quartized diorite, granite, granodiorite, tonalite porphyry, monzosyenite, monzonite, aplite and diorite porphyry). Baskil Magmatites are Coniacian-Santonian (82–86 Ma), calc-alkaline in character and I-type. Bilaser Tepe Magmatics are Campanian (73–74 Ma) and represent an extensional environment after the collision of oceanic arc and the Taurus platform. In this study, the Sodic-calcic alteration zone in the Tütün Tepeleri region, which was determined as Porphyry type mineralization by different researchers, was determined for the first time and the mineralizations were evaluated in terms of Fe-Oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposits. Three types of alteration zones have been identified in the region, including the sodic-calcic alteration zone. These are sodic-calcic (tremolite-actinolite, albite, epidote, chlorite, magnetite), potassic (biotite, quartz, chlorite, K-feldspar, anhydrite) and sericitic (sericite, carbonate, quartz, chlorite, illite) alterations. Sodic-calcic alteration is more widespread in the region than >1 km2, reaches thicknesses of 500 m, and is occasionally overlain by potassic alterations, just like similar Fe-Oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposits in the world. Tütün Tepeleri mineralizations are in the form of rare magnetite veins with intense magnetite dispersion within the sodic-calcic alteration developed in diorites. Mineral paragenesis is in the form of magnetite, molybdenite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, hematite, malachite and azurite, and Ti content in magnetites is determined as 0.13–0.64%. Fe content is 20.13% on average. Formation temperatures in fluid inclusions measured in ore-bearing quartz veins are 320.3 °C on average and salinity is 11.32% NaCl equivalent on average. Isotope analysis results of these mineralizations show δ34Spyrite = 6–8.9; δ34Sc.pyrite = 3.8–5.5; δ18Oquartz was determined in the range of 10.8–13.2 and δD = (−37) – (−53). When the alteration types determined with isotope analysis results showing that the mineralization occurred in a magmatic-hydrothermal system, the low Ti content in the magnetites, the formation temperature and salinity values are evaluated together, it was anticipated that Tütün Tepeleri mineralization is an example of Fe-Oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposits formed in a hydrothermal-magmatic system.
Tütün Tepeleri 铁-氧-铜-金(IOCG)矿化位于东陶勒斯山脉(土耳其巴斯基尔-埃拉泽),与被晚白垩世 Bilaser Tepe 岩浆岩(四分闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、辉长岩斑岩、单斜闪长岩、单长岩、辉绿岩和闪长岩斑岩)切割的 Baskil 岩浆岩(闪长岩、辉长岩和辉绿岩)有关。巴斯基尔岩浆岩属于康尼阿世-山东安世(82-86 Ma),具有钙碱性和 I 型。Bilaser Tepe Magmatics 属康庞纪(73-74 Ma),代表大洋弧与金牛座地台碰撞后的延伸环境。本研究首次确定了 Tütün Tepeleri 地区的钠钙质蚀变带,该蚀变带被不同的研究人员确定为斑岩型矿化,并从铁-氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿床的角度对矿化进行了评估。该地区已发现三种蚀变带,包括钠钙质蚀变带。它们分别是钠钙质蚀变带(透闪石-阳起石、白云石、绿泥石、磁铁矿)、钾长石蚀变带(黑云母、石英、绿泥石、K 长石、无水石膏)和绢云母蚀变带(绢云母、碳酸盐、石英、绿泥石、伊利石)。钠钙质蚀变在该地区的分布范围超过 1 平方公里,厚度达 500 米,偶尔会被钾盐蚀变覆盖,就像世界上类似的铁-氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)矿床一样。Tütün Tepeleri 的矿化物是稀有的磁铁矿脉,在闪长岩中发育的钠钙质蚀变中具有强烈的磁铁矿分散性。矿物成因形式为磁铁矿、辉钼矿、黄铁矿、砷黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿、方铅矿、赤铁矿、孔雀石和天青石,磁铁矿中的钛含量被测定为 0.13-0.64%。铁含量平均为 20.13%。在含矿石英脉中测量到的流体包裹体的形成温度平均为 320.3 °C,盐度平均为 11.32% 的 NaCl 当量。这些矿化物的同位素分析结果显示,δ34Spyrite = 6-8.9;δ34Sc.pyrite = 3.8-5.5;δ18Oquartz 的测定范围为 10.8-13.2 和 δD = (-37) - (-53)。根据同位素分析结果确定的蚀变类型表明矿化发生在岩浆-热液系统中,再结合磁铁矿中较低的钛含量、形成温度和盐度值进行评估,预计 Tütün Tepeleri 矿化是在热液-岩浆系统中形成的铁-氧化物-铜-金 (IOCG) 矿床的一个实例。
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引用次数: 0
Contribution of Magnetotelluric inversion and potential field modeling to map the Gour Oumelalen deep geological Structure, Central Hoggar, Algeria 磁位反演和电位场建模对绘制阿尔及利亚霍加尔中部 Gour Oumelalen 深部地质结构图的贡献
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2024.105398

The Gour Oumelalen area is situated in the northern part of the Egere-Aleksod terrane (Central Hoggar, South of Algeria). This area is one of the best preserved Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean zones in Central Hoggar. The aim of this study based on a survey of 33 Magnetotelluric (MT) soundings, aeromagnetics and gravity data, is to investigate the crustal structure and its architecture beneath this area.

As the first stage, we have determined dimensionality of the regional electric conductivity structure. For this purpose, we have used the impedance and phase tensor approaches. Our results suggest that the underling regional conductivity structure is complex. In the central part it presents a 3D geometry, and beyond, it is mainly 2D; with a strike direction oriented in the North-South direction. Thus, the MT data were inverted using the Occam's inversion algorithm (v.3); which is a powerful tool to modeling and inverting the 2-D MT data. The obtained geo-eletric models, show clearly a high resistive upper crust with a resistivity up to 1000 Ω m; overlies a conductive lower crust with a resistivity approximately less then 100 Ω m. Although, our resulting cross-sections confirm the major Precambrian faults, especially the Ounan shear zone, which is characterized by a high conductivity anomaly.

At the second stage, using the joint modeling of gravity and magnetic data, we have characterized the different geological units. Although, our modeling reveals that the thicknesse of the upper crust is deeping toward the East, from 16 to 25 km. The Moho depth reaches an average value of 40 Km. Moreover, in the centre of the survey area, the Moho depth decreases and becomes equal to 20 Km. This uplifting of the upper mantle may corresponds to the high magnetic anomaly of the Tisseliline pluton. It seems also related to the magmatic intrusion along the Ounan Shear Zone.

古尔乌梅拉伦地区位于埃盖尔-阿勒科索德地层(中部霍加尔,阿尔及利亚南部)的北部。该地区是霍加尔中部古生代和太古宙保存最完好的地区之一。这项研究基于对 33 个磁层探测(MT)、航空磁学和重力数据的调查,旨在研究该地区地下的地壳结构及其构造。为此,我们采用了阻抗和相位张量方法。我们的结果表明,区域导电结构的底层是复杂的。在中部,它呈现出三维几何结构,而在外部,它主要是二维结构;其走向为南北方向。因此,使用奥卡姆反演算法(v.3)对 MT 数据进行了反演;该算法是对二维 MT 数据进行建模和反演的强大工具。所获得的地质电学模型清楚地显示了电阻率高达 1000 Ω m 的高电阻率上地壳,覆盖着电阻率约小于 100 Ω m 的导电下地壳。第二阶段,我们利用重力和磁力数据联合建模,确定了不同地质单元的特征。尽管如此,我们的建模显示,上地壳厚度向东加深,从 16 千米到 25 千米不等。莫霍深度的平均值为 40 千米。此外,在勘测区域的中心,莫霍深度减小,等于 20 千米。上地幔的隆起可能与 Tisseliline 长岩的高磁异常相对应。这似乎也与沿乌南剪切带的岩浆侵入有关。
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Journal of African Earth Sciences
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