Journal of Aerosol Science最新文献

{"title":"ToF-SIMS analyses of brake wear particles in human epithelial Caco-2 cells","authors":"Robin Rydbergh ,&nbsp;Lisa-Marie Witte ,&nbsp;Jonas Sjöblom ,&nbsp;Nathalie Scheers ,&nbsp;Amir Saeid Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Eric Voortman Landström ,&nbsp;Tore V. Vernersson ,&nbsp;Per Malmberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollutants, especially fine particulate matter (diameter of &lt;2.5 μm), are associated with severe health risks including increased cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality and development of neurodegenerative diseases. This study introduces a novel methodology that begins with <em>in situ</em> particulate pollution collection, proceeds to exposing non-animal human epithelial cell models which are then analyzed through high spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging to differentiate the chemistry of particles among exposed cells. During regular train operations, brake wear particles (BWP) are primarily generated from brake pad abrasion. For this work, a custom train brake rig was used to generate BWP, which were then introduced to human epithelial Caco-2 cells. First, the BWP size distributions were characterized using an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor and particles ranging from 1.1 to 2.7 μm were collected with a gravimetric impactor. A suspension of these BWP, characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering, was added to Caco-2 cells cultured on coverslips. After incubation, the cells were washed and fixed by freeze-drying to preserve the epithelial structure. Subsequent analyses with SEM and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) established substantial, partially agglomerated, BWP deposits on the surface of the epithelial cellular structures. Further analysis of the ToF-SIMS data using Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares, achieved a better separation of underlying chemical distributions. This enhanced image contrast facilitated the observation of particle-cell interactions. The results demonstrate the efficacy and potential of ToF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging in distinguishing and potentially characterizing particle-cell interactions. This methodology may be further refined by incorporating complementary analytical techniques such as ICP-MS to better quantify metal content in particles and attempts with smaller particles might help assess cellular particle penetration and accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Condensational growth of spherical water droplets altered under external electric fields","authors":"D.N. Gabyshev","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The article explores the theoretical aspects of the growth of small water droplets by condensation in significant electric fields, commonly present in cumulonimbus and thunderstorm clouds. The research investigates the impact of exposure to electric fields on growth using a comprehensive thermodynamic approach, which incorporates various sources of the field, such as the cloud’s field, electrokinetic potential within the diffuse layer, droplet’s charge and polarisation. The model considers the anisotropy of field superposition and demonstrates analytical integration techniques across the droplet’s surface. Overall, the study expands our understanding of electric-field-driven droplet growth and corroborates prior findings of enhanced condensation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of environmental aging processing on bioaerosol detection using circular intensity differential scattering (CIDS)","authors":"Daniel N. Ackerman ,&nbsp;Yong-Le Pan ,&nbsp;Aimable Kalume ,&nbsp;Elizabeth A. Klug ,&nbsp;Ashley R. Ravnholdt ,&nbsp;Kevin K. Crown ,&nbsp;Joshua L. Santarpia","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Circular intensity differential scattering (CIDS) has recently been used to discriminate biological from non-biological particles based on direct detection of nucleic acids in single individual particles. Most sensors that discriminate biological from non-biological particles are based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Although LIF can be used to sample and analyze aerosol particles continuously, but its detection signatures are altered by different atmospheric conditions, complicating the interpretation of LIF sensor data. Since CIDS signals are based on the chirality of nucleic acids, environmental damage to nucleic acid is not likely to impact the CIDS return in the same way that it impacts the LIF signal. To test this hypothesis, MS2 aerosol particles were generated and exposed to both simulated sunlight and ozone in a Biological Aerosol Reaction Chamber (Bio-ARC). These rapidly aged particles were measured by a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS-4a), which measures aerosol fluorescence excited at 280 and 370 nm, and a novel aerosol measurement system that relies on CIDS. The impact of this simulated aging on both LIF and the CIDS returns will be evaluated. Since LIF and CIDS returns were impacted differently by environmental aging processes, the results showed a greater stability of CIDS measurements and highlighted its potential application in rapid detection and characterization of bioaerosols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of a miniature UV particle charger","authors":"Jitong Zhou ,&nbsp;Gehang Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqi Lei ,&nbsp;Qiang Sun ,&nbsp;Fajun Yu ,&nbsp;Huaqiao Gui ,&nbsp;Jianguo Liu ,&nbsp;Huanqin Wang ,&nbsp;Da-Ren Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A mini-UV aerosol charger was designed, and its charging performance was investigated in this work. The performance of a mini-UV aerosol charger was evaluated using DMA-classified silver (Ag) particles in the sizes ranging from 7 to 100 nm under varying exposure times and irradiation intensities. The intrinsic and extrinsic charging efficiencies, and charge distribution of test particles under different operational conditions were measured. It was found that the particle charging with 5 W UV lamps, emitting both wavelengths of 185 and 254 nm, achieved the optimal performance for the charger when operated at a flowrate of 0.3 LPM. The intrinsic and extrinsic charging efficiencies of sodium chloride (NaCl) and Di-Ethyl-Hexyl-Sebacat (DEHS) particles were also measured. The extrinsic charge distribution of test particles was lastly measured. This study further proposed the improvement of the photo-charging model based on the Fowler-Nordheim law (for the calculation of charge distribution of particles) by considering the field distribution of particle residence time in the charger.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol hygroscopicity influenced by seasonal chemical composition variations in the Arctic region","authors":"Hyojin Kang ,&nbsp;Chang Hoon Jung ,&nbsp;Bang Yong Lee ,&nbsp;Radovan Krejci ,&nbsp;Dominic Heslin-Rees ,&nbsp;Wenche Aas ,&nbsp;Young Jun Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we quantified aerosol hygroscopicity parameter using aerosol microphysical observation data (κ_phy), analyzing monthly and seasonal trends in κ_phy by correlating it with aerosol chemical composition over 6 years from April 2007 to March 2013 at the Zeppelin Observatory in Svalbard, Arctic region. The monthly mean κ_phy value exhibited distinct seasonal variations, remaining high from winter to spring, reaching its minimum in summer, followed by an increase in fall, and maintaining elevated levels in winter. To verify the reliability of κ_phy, we employed the hygroscopicity parameter calculated from chemical composition data (κ_chem). The chemical composition and PM_2.5 mass concentration required to calculate κ_chem was obtained through Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis data and the calculation of κ_chem assumed that Arctic aerosols comprise only five species: black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), ammonium sulfate (AS), sea salt aerosol less than a diameter of 2.5 μm (SSA_2.5), and dust aerosol less than a diameter of 2.5 μm (Dust_2.5). The κ_chem had no distinct correlation but had a similar seasonal trend compared to κ_phy. The κ_chem value followed a trend of SSA_2.5 and was much higher by a factor of 1.6 ± 0.3 than κ_phy on average, due to a large proportion of SSA_2.5 mass concentration in MERRA-2 reanalysis data. This may be due to the overestimation of sea salt aerosols in MERRA-2 reanalysis. The relationship between monthly mean κ_phy and the chemical composition used to calculate κ_chem was also analyzed. The elevated κ_phy from October to February resulted from the dominant influence of SSA_2.5, while the maximum κ_phy in March was concurrently influenced by increasing AS and Dust_2.5 associated with long-range transport from mid-latitude regions during Arctic haze periods and by SSA mass concentration obtained from in-situ sampling, which remained high from the preceding winter. The relatively low κ_phy from April to September can be attributed to low SSA_2.5 and the dominance of organic compounds in the Arctic summer. Either natural sources such as those of marine and terrestrial biogenic origin or long-range-transported aerosols may contribute to the increase in organic aerosols in summer, potentially influencing the reduction in κ_phy of atmospheric aerosols. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the monthly and seasonal variation of aerosol hygroscopicity calculated using long-term microphysical data, and this result provides evidence that changes in monthly and seasonal hygroscopicity variation occur depending on chemical composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mechanistic analysis code for aerosol migration behavior associated with a large-scale bubble during a core disruptive accident","authors":"Zeren Zou,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Koji Morita","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential release of radioactive materials is a crucial design consideration for advanced reactors, especially for minimizing environment impact during severe accidents. In this context, studying the release of radioactive materials from the sodium pool during a core disruptive accident (CDA)—the most severe accident in a sodium-cooled fast reactor—is of significant value. During a CDA, fission products can migrate as aerosol particles through the sodium pool to the cover gas region in a short time (approximately a few hundred milliseconds) along with a large-scale, multi-phase, multi-component bubble generated after the core recriticality. To address this issue, we developed a code to simulate the migration behavior of aerosols with the large-scale bubble within the sodium pool. The code is based on a one-dimensional two-phase multi-component CDA bubble model and integrates an aerosol migration model to explain the process of aerosol particle absorption by the coolant. Using analysis results of the core provided by the internationally recognized severe accident analysis program SIMMER as boundary input conditions, the code was used to implement a trial calculation of the in-vessel migration of the representative fission product cesium during a CDA in a prototype sodium-cooled fast reactor. In the case where cesium and sodium were immiscible, the overall computational results showed good consistency with the results from the SIMMER code, indicating the applicability of our code. Therefore, by accounting for the unique miscibility characteristics of cesium and sodium in the code, the final amount of cesium migration could be determined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106545"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear lift forces on convex non-spherical particles in the free molecular regime","authors":"Xinquan Chang ,&nbsp;Song Yu ,&nbsp;Kexue Zhang ,&nbsp;Shaobin Zhuo ,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Guodong Xia ,&nbsp;Zhigang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the theoretical description of the lift forces on particle suspended in a gas, a real particle is usually simplified as a sphere. However, most real particles are non-spherical particles. The influence of the geometric shape and orientation on the transport of the suspended particle is unambiguously non-negligible. In the present paper, the shear lift forces exerted on non-spherical particles are studied in the free molecular regime. Based on the gas kinetic theory, the expressions for effective forces are obtained by integrating the forces on the surface element over the whole particle surface. It is theoretically found that the effective forces are proportional to the surface area of the particle, and the proportion coefficient is independent of the particle size or shape, providing that the particle orientation distribution is uniform. These findings in the present paper has been verified by direct simulation Monte Carlo and can simplify the calculation of the shear lift forces on non-spherical particles in the free molecular regime with a wider range of practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of inhaled cigarette smoke movement and deposition in human nasal airways","authors":"Yusheng Wang ,&nbsp;Feilun Yang ,&nbsp;Chaofan Li ,&nbsp;Ruiping Ma ,&nbsp;Zehui Li ,&nbsp;Xiaole Chen ,&nbsp;Shaokoon Cheng ,&nbsp;Minjie Gong ,&nbsp;Miao Lou ,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Hu ,&nbsp;Hongxian Ren ,&nbsp;Yanxia Bai ,&nbsp;Guoxi Zheng ,&nbsp;Jingliang Dong ,&nbsp;Ya Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>There are nearly one billion smokers worldwide, and cigarette smoke is not only a physical and chemical damage factor but also an allergen. Due to technical and ethical barriers, few studies have quantitatively measured the deposition of cigarette particles on the nasal mucous membranes of humans or animals.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>CT data of nine healthy adults were recruited to construct nasal airway models and conduct numerical simulation using Computational Fluid Particle Dynamics (CFPD) approach. Deposition fractions in each nasal regions under different breathing conditions were analyzed, and the transport process of cigarette particles from the initial releasing locations at the nostrils to the final deposited sites were traced.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>1) For sub-micron particles like cigarette smoke, their deposition due to the nasal filtration function in nasal airways is very limited, about 3.45% of the particles are deposited in the nasal cavity under the rest inhalation condition, with the majority being inhaled into the downstream airways. 2) Increased particle collision and deposition were observed in the nasal airway under intense inhalation condition. 3) Cigarette particles deposited in the paranasal sinuses and the olfactory region were inhaled from the inner superior corner of the nostrils (covering 1/3 or even 1/2 of the nostril plane). In contrast, particles deposited in other nasal regions showed no clear release pattern, as the initial inhaled locations were more dispersed across the nostrils.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study advances the current understanding of secondhand smoke exposure characteristics in human nasal passages. (1) The vast majority of cigarette smoke particles go straight into the downstream airways. (2) Smoke particles deposition pattern in the nasal airway was widespread and evenly distributed, and those deposited in the paranasal sinuses and the olfactory region were inhaled from the inner superior corner of the nostrils. (3) This study highlighted the damage caused by the secondhand smoke, emphasized the need for strengthened smoke management and education, and suggested the implement of proactive allergen protection measures under smoke exposure scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143474388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling aerosol bolus inhalations in the human lung with the multiple path particle deposition model: Comparison with experimental data","authors":"B. Asgharian ,&nbsp;O. Price ,&nbsp;A.A.T. Borojeni ,&nbsp;A.P. Kuprat ,&nbsp;S. Colby ,&nbsp;R.K. Singh ,&nbsp;R.A. Corley ,&nbsp;C. Darquenne","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing one-dimensional (1D) models of aerosol dosimetry often ignore mixing mechanisms of inhaled aerosols during their transport in the lung. This mixing or aerosol dispersion results from different physical mechanisms in different regions of the lung. It is a higher order effect, which cannot be directly captured in 1D modeling approaches, and thus is sometimes modeled as a diffusive process. In this study, we improved our recently developed alveolar mixing module incorporated in the multiple path particle dosimetry model (MPPD) to account for flow irreversibility and particle trapping in the alveolar spaces, as well as mixing occurring in the tracheobronchial region. This new version of MPPD was coupled with CFPD-based predictions of aerosol bolus dispersion in the oral airway. The model was used to predict the deposition, dispersion, and mode shift of aerosol bolus inhaled at different penetration depths within the lung for breathing patterns and particle size matching those used in a previous experimental study (Darquenne et al., 2016). Even though a quite simplified approach was used, the computations appear to describe subject-specific and test-specific experimental data reasonably well. The proposed combined dispersion-deposition model can be a useful tool for targeted drug delivery and also for exposure health risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic Monte Carlo photonic model to simulate the UV inactivation of airborne microorganisms","authors":"Marco A. Cavagnola ,&nbsp;Theodoros Nestor Papapetrou ,&nbsp;Uwe Hampel ,&nbsp;Gregory Lecrivain","doi":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaerosci.2025.106544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultraviolet irradiation can effectively inactivate airborne microorganisms. In this context, a stochastic model based on photochemical inactivation is here presented to simulate the inactivation of microorganisms transported in both laminar and turbulent flows. The model, inspired from radiological and nuclear disciplines, introduces an inactivation probability, i.e. the probability that a single photon inactivates one microorganism. This model, here referred to as photonic model, is highly compatible with computational fluid dynamics and tracks the trajectory and fate of every airborne microorganism, as it moves through an ultraviolet irradiation field. The model, validated against literature data, is a solid alternative to the classical Eulerian model relying on a susceptibility constant. The model will find application in the design of UV air purifiers and in scenarios where photochemical inactivation takes place.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14880,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aerosol Science","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}