This study investigates the determinants of child labor, the factors that constitute the welfare of child labor, and the factors that determine the welfare of child labor by providing evidence from three major populated districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), namely, Mardan, Peshawar, and Swat. This employs a structured questionnaire methodology and collects data from 200 households in each district. The research further applies Probit model to estimate the determinants of child labor and finds that income level of household, household head’s employment, household head’s education, joint family structure, and residence in urban location reduces the likelihood of child labor. However, household’s head age, household’ size, debt, and economic shock increase the likelihood of child labor. Additionally, this study uses Rees Good Childhood index to measure and compare the welfare of child labor and non-child labor. The findings suggest that child labor has a lower welfare level as compared to non-child labor. Finally, the OLS technique is applied to estimate the determinants of the welfare of child labor. The findings suggest that the wage of child, safety measures at the workplace, leisure, age, and education promote the welfare of child labor. However, the number of working hours, abuse, and hazardous work, adversely affect welfare of child labor.
{"title":"An Analysis of Child Labor and its Subjective Well-being: Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","authors":"Shehla Jalil, D. Alam","doi":"10.29145/eer.52.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer.52.05","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the determinants of child labor, the factors that constitute the welfare of child labor, and the factors that determine the welfare of child labor by providing evidence from three major populated districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), namely, Mardan, Peshawar, and Swat. This employs a structured questionnaire methodology and collects data from 200 households in each district. The research further applies Probit model to estimate the determinants of child labor and finds that income level of household, household head’s employment, household head’s education, joint family structure, and residence in urban location reduces the likelihood of child labor. However, household’s head age, household’ size, debt, and economic shock increase the likelihood of child labor. Additionally, this study uses Rees Good Childhood index to measure and compare the welfare of child labor and non-child labor. The findings suggest that child labor has a lower welfare level as compared to non-child labor. Finally, the OLS technique is applied to estimate the determinants of the welfare of child labor. The findings suggest that the wage of child, safety measures at the workplace, leisure, age, and education promote the welfare of child labor. However, the number of working hours, abuse, and hazardous work, adversely affect welfare of child labor.","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125488596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nadia Gohar, M. Irshad, Saima Liaqat, Aminah Khawer
Pakistan and GCC region share a common religion and cultural characteristics, increasing their importance to Pakistan regarding trade policy. To promote economic, cultural, and technical cooperation with GCC members, Pakistan is committed to signing a free trade arrangement with GCC. This paper aims to examine Pakistan's trade opportunities, competitiveness, and trade potential in the GCC region during 2003-2017. The result shows that Pakistan has the maximum comparative and competitive advantage with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and UAE amongst GCC countries. PPML shows that the main trade indicators responsible for Pakistan’s bilateral trade enhancement are GDP in both countries and partner country trade openness. Amongst the GCC countries, Pakistan has the highest trade potential with Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar. In contrast, with UAE and Saudi Arabia, Pakistan has a lower trade potential than the rest of the countries. Therefore, Pakistan needs to sign FTA with GCC before boosting their mutual trade and cooperation.
{"title":"Trade Opportunities, Competitiveness, and Trade Potential in Pakistan: An Analysis of GCC Regional Countries","authors":"Nadia Gohar, M. Irshad, Saima Liaqat, Aminah Khawer","doi":"10.29145/eer.52.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer.52.04","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan and GCC region share a common religion and cultural characteristics, increasing their importance to Pakistan regarding trade policy. To promote economic, cultural, and technical cooperation with GCC members, Pakistan is committed to signing a free trade arrangement with GCC. This paper aims to examine Pakistan's trade opportunities, competitiveness, and trade potential in the GCC region during 2003-2017. The result shows that Pakistan has the maximum comparative and competitive advantage with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and UAE amongst GCC countries. PPML shows that the main trade indicators responsible for Pakistan’s bilateral trade enhancement are GDP in both countries and partner country trade openness. Amongst the GCC countries, Pakistan has the highest trade potential with Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar. In contrast, with UAE and Saudi Arabia, Pakistan has a lower trade potential than the rest of the countries. Therefore, Pakistan needs to sign FTA with GCC before boosting their mutual trade and cooperation.","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":" 31","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120834711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Talpur, Syed Faisal Hyder Shah Shah, Abdul Razzaque Channa
This paper investigates various factors affecting crop cultivation both in negative and positive ways in the Sindh province of Pakistan. To undertake our analysis, we conducted face-to-face face interviews with farmers using a pre-tested questionnaire and both judgment and simple random sampling methods in the two districts, namely Hyderabad and Matiari, of Sindh province. Our multiple linear regression results capture the influence of various factors; including farmers’ characteristics (e.g. their age, education, and tenancy) and crop diversification (or crop varieties) in addition to main agricultural constraints, such as water scarcity, barren and salinized land, lack of financial resources, discouraging crop cultivation in the province. In the light of our results, we proposed several suggestions for the decision-makers involved in agricultural policymaking, specifically in the Sindh province of Pakistan.
{"title":"Farmers’ Characteristics, Crop Diversification and Agricultural Constraints affecting Crop Cultivation in Sindh province of Pakistan: An Empirical Evidence","authors":"M. A. Talpur, Syed Faisal Hyder Shah Shah, Abdul Razzaque Channa","doi":"10.29145/eer.52.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer.52.02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates various factors affecting crop cultivation both in negative and positive ways in the Sindh province of Pakistan. To undertake our analysis, we conducted face-to-face face interviews with farmers using a pre-tested questionnaire and both judgment and simple random sampling methods in the two districts, namely Hyderabad and Matiari, of Sindh province. Our multiple linear regression results capture the influence of various factors; including farmers’ characteristics (e.g. their age, education, and tenancy) and crop diversification (or crop varieties) in addition to main agricultural constraints, such as water scarcity, barren and salinized land, lack of financial resources, discouraging crop cultivation in the province. In the light of our results, we proposed several suggestions for the decision-makers involved in agricultural policymaking, specifically in the Sindh province of Pakistan. ","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131937906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reinhold Kamati, A. William, G. Kadhikwa, Postrik Mushendami
This paper examined the impact of macroeconomic variables, namely real GDP growth, house price growth and changes in the repo rate on the non-performing loan (NPL) ratio in Namibia using data from 2004Q1 to 2020Q1. The study used a vector auto-regressive (VAR) model and impulse response analysis to estimate the impact of changes in macroeconomic conditions on NPLs, and further conducted stress testings on NPL ratio over 4 - 6 quarter horizons. Empirical evidence from this study shows that macroeconomic variables such as real GDP growth rate, the house price growth rate and the repo rate have a statistically significant impact, and material impact on the non-performing loans in the banking sector in Namibia. Largely, a positive growth rate shock in a quarter will reduce NPL ratio by more than half percentage point over two quarters. Similarly, a positive shock of about 4.0 percent in a quarter will reduce NPL ratio by more than 1.2 percentage points over four quarter horizons. Macro-stress-testing results revealed that a deterioration of the GDP growth rate by more than one standard deviation will increase the NPL ratio from 2.46 to 2.78 over four quarter horizons. Meanwhile, the combined effects of deteriorating the GDP growth rate and falling house prices further exacerbated the vulnerability of the banking sector. This study contributes to our understanding of the interplay between macroeconomic conditions and financial sector resilience in Namibia. In practical application, it shows that macro-stress testing techniques are useful to study the importance of macro-financial and feedback effects from the financial sector to the real economy. Technically, central banks must develop models that capture important macro-financial and feedback effects, and regulatory attention must be devoted to monitoring spillover effects from worsening financial conditions to the real economy.
{"title":"Macro-Stress Testing NPLs in the Banking Sector in Namibia","authors":"Reinhold Kamati, A. William, G. Kadhikwa, Postrik Mushendami","doi":"10.29145/eer.52.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer.52.03","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examined the impact of macroeconomic variables, namely real GDP growth, house price growth and changes in the repo rate on the non-performing loan (NPL) ratio in Namibia using data from 2004Q1 to 2020Q1. The study used a vector auto-regressive (VAR) model and impulse response analysis to estimate the impact of changes in macroeconomic conditions on NPLs, and further conducted stress testings on NPL ratio over 4 - 6 quarter horizons. Empirical evidence from this study shows that macroeconomic variables such as real GDP growth rate, the house price growth rate and the repo rate have a statistically significant impact, and material impact on the non-performing loans in the banking sector in Namibia. Largely, a positive growth rate shock in a quarter will reduce NPL ratio by more than half percentage point over two quarters. Similarly, a positive shock of about 4.0 percent in a quarter will reduce NPL ratio by more than 1.2 percentage points over four quarter horizons. Macro-stress-testing results revealed that a deterioration of the GDP growth rate by more than one standard deviation will increase the NPL ratio from 2.46 to 2.78 over four quarter horizons. Meanwhile, the combined effects of deteriorating the GDP growth rate and falling house prices further exacerbated the vulnerability of the banking sector. This study contributes to our understanding of the interplay between macroeconomic conditions and financial sector resilience in Namibia. In practical application, it shows that macro-stress testing techniques are useful to study the importance of macro-financial and feedback effects from the financial sector to the real economy. Technically, central banks must develop models that capture important macro-financial and feedback effects, and regulatory attention must be devoted to monitoring spillover effects from worsening financial conditions to the real economy.","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"216 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114982505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naukhaiz Chaudhry, Misheal Ayaz, Dr Khalil-ur-Rehman Wahla, Dr Muhammad Usman
Real estate market and housing projects play a vital role in the economy of Pakistan. This study has been conducted with an aim to explore the relationship between project planning factors & on-time completion of real estate projects in Pakistan. Sample data comprised of 440 observations was collected through structured questionnaire from contractors, managers, engineers and supervisors related to construction projects. Confirmatory Factor Analysis has been used along with validity and reliability tests to conclude the significant factors. Through binary logistics regression, study concluded that various internal & external factors like “contractor related causes”, “material, labor and equipment related causes” and “contract relationships related causes” have significant impact on timely completion of the project.
{"title":"Exploring the Relationship between Project Planning and Timely Completion of a Project through Confirmatory Factor Analysis","authors":"Naukhaiz Chaudhry, Misheal Ayaz, Dr Khalil-ur-Rehman Wahla, Dr Muhammad Usman","doi":"10.29145/eer.52.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer.52.01","url":null,"abstract":"Real estate market and housing projects play a vital role in the economy of Pakistan. This study has been conducted with an aim to explore the relationship between project planning factors & on-time completion of real estate projects in Pakistan. Sample data comprised of 440 observations was collected through structured questionnaire from contractors, managers, engineers and supervisors related to construction projects. Confirmatory Factor Analysis has been used along with validity and reliability tests to conclude the significant factors. Through binary logistics regression, study concluded that various internal & external factors like “contractor related causes”, “material, labor and equipment related causes” and “contract relationships related causes” have significant impact on timely completion of the project.","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133097124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the forefront of strategists and policymakers' minds stand the catastrophic circumstances of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Severe trauma of unprecedented economic shocks and financial crises brought the country's mechanism to experience a sudden halt. It is necessary to consider how to accelerate recovery and mitigate the spread of negative consequences affecting sectors, industries, institutions, and diverse ventures. Amidst the existing vulnerabilities imposed by inadequate resources and constrained mobility of necessities, the sustainable measures balancing costs and benefits will equip Pakistani communities to fight the corona war proficiently. We analyze the size of adversities hurting various types of individuals, variations in an inflow of economic and financial activities, and reactions to massive disturbances, albeit to different levels. Aligned with in-depth insights and findings, the development of preventive strategies in these desperate times can protect Pakistan's economy from long-lasting disruptions, landing on the safe zone over the coming years. Received Date: October 13, 2020 Last Received: December 10, 2020 Acceptance: December 30, 2020
{"title":"Measuring the Impact of Coronavirus at Grassroot Level in Pakistan: Perils, Pitfalls and Preventive Strategies","authors":"Memoona Zareen, Nawaz Ahmad, Munazza Arif","doi":"10.29145/eer/32/030204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/32/030204","url":null,"abstract":"At the forefront of strategists and policymakers' minds stand the catastrophic circumstances of COVID-19 in Pakistan. Severe trauma of unprecedented economic shocks and financial crises brought the country's mechanism to experience a sudden halt. It is necessary to consider how to accelerate recovery and mitigate the spread of negative consequences affecting sectors, industries, institutions, and diverse ventures. Amidst the existing vulnerabilities imposed by inadequate resources and constrained mobility of necessities, the sustainable measures balancing costs and benefits will equip Pakistani communities to fight the corona war proficiently. We analyze the size of adversities hurting various types of individuals, variations in an inflow of economic and financial activities, and reactions to massive disturbances, albeit to different levels. Aligned with in-depth insights and findings, the development of preventive strategies in these desperate times can protect Pakistan's economy from long-lasting disruptions, landing on the safe zone over the coming years. \u0000Received Date: October 13, 2020 Last Received: December 10, 2020 Acceptance: December 30, 2020 ","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123374479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdul Ghaffar, M. Munir, Osama Aziz, Rada Alhajj, Asif Sanaullah
COVID-19 is a new and contagious disease that has changed human lifestyle and habits globally according to the directions provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Until some authentic remedy or vaccine becomes available, every country is providing instructions to its public to follow precautionary measures. These measures may include lockdown, social distancing, restricting movement, and educating public about COVID-19. Lockdown is the most applied and successful way to control the virus spread and it remains helpful in curtailing the spike. However, it adversely affects developing countries like Pakistan. All types of lockdown disrupt the life of the poor and the middle class. In this paper, an intelligent-smart approach is suggested for developing countries as against complete lockdown to handle the pandemic. This approach will show the long-term results needed for controlling COVID-19 without creating any major disturbance in the economy. In this paper, evidence based approaches were used to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of the daily increasing number of cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results showed that Sindh, which has the maximum number of COVID-19 cases, is better in implementing smart lockdown as compared to other administrative regions of Pakistan. As the risk of the second wave of COVID-19 is enhanced, it would be effective to continue the intelligent-smart approach with mild SOPs to avoid the disastrous effects of COVID-19 in the future. Received Date: May 14, 2020, Last Received: December 10, 2020 Acceptance: December 25, 2020
{"title":"An Assessment of the Smart COVID-19 Approach to Lockdown and its Empirical Evidence","authors":"Abdul Ghaffar, M. Munir, Osama Aziz, Rada Alhajj, Asif Sanaullah","doi":"10.29145/eer/32/030203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/32/030203","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is a new and contagious disease that has changed human lifestyle and habits globally according to the directions provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Until some authentic remedy or vaccine becomes available, every country is providing instructions to its public to follow precautionary measures. These measures may include lockdown, social distancing, restricting movement, and educating public about COVID-19. Lockdown is the most applied and successful way to control the virus spread and it remains helpful in curtailing the spike. However, it adversely affects developing countries like Pakistan. All types of lockdown disrupt the life of the poor and the middle class. In this paper, an intelligent-smart approach is suggested for developing countries as against complete lockdown to handle the pandemic. This approach will show the long-term results needed for controlling COVID-19 without creating any major disturbance in the economy. In this paper, evidence based approaches were used to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of the daily increasing number of cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results showed that Sindh, which has the maximum number of COVID-19 cases, is better in implementing smart lockdown as compared to other administrative regions of Pakistan. As the risk of the second wave of COVID-19 is enhanced, it would be effective to continue the intelligent-smart approach with mild SOPs to avoid the disastrous effects of COVID-19 in the future. \u0000Received Date: May 14, 2020, Last Received: December 10, 2020 Acceptance: December 25, 2020 ","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124944414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current study examines short-term abnormal returns of eight major currencies including EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/AUD, USD/CAD, USD/CHF, USD/CNY, USD/JPY, and USD/SEK in response to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic using event study approach in three different scenarios. Firstly, short-term abnormal returns of major currencies are estimated on the day of World Health Organization’s (WHO) announcement declaring COVID-19 as a pandemic. Secondly, they are estimated on the day of the announcement of the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the respective country. Thirdly, they are estimated on the day of the announcement of the first death from COVID-19 in each country. The results provided evidence that major currency investors earned positive returns in these three different scenarios. The implications of the current study are more important than anticipated. Government policymakers, foreign exchange market regulators, and foreign exchange market participants can anticipate short-term returns while establishing foreign exchange policies, designing rules and regulations, and finalizing trading and hedging strategies, respectively, in situations such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Received Date: September 20, 20202 Last Received: October 23, 2020 Acceptance: November 13, 2020
{"title":"The Nexus of COVID-19 Pandemic, Foreign Exchange Rates, and Short-Term Returns","authors":"A. Chaudhry","doi":"10.29145/eer/32/030201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/eer/32/030201","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examines short-term abnormal returns of eight major currencies including EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/AUD, USD/CAD, USD/CHF, USD/CNY, USD/JPY, and USD/SEK in response to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic using event study approach in three different scenarios. Firstly, short-term abnormal returns of major currencies are estimated on the day of World Health Organization’s (WHO) announcement declaring COVID-19 as a pandemic. Secondly, they are estimated on the day of the announcement of the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the respective country. Thirdly, they are estimated on the day of the announcement of the first death from COVID-19 in each country. The results provided evidence that major currency investors earned positive returns in these three different scenarios. The implications of the current study are more important than anticipated. Government policymakers, foreign exchange market regulators, and foreign exchange market participants can anticipate short-term returns while establishing foreign exchange policies, designing rules and regulations, and finalizing trading and hedging strategies, respectively, in situations such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. \u0000Received Date: September 20, 20202 Last Received: October 23, 2020 Acceptance: November 13, 2020","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130392671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Happiness is the center of discussion among philosophers, theologians, psychologists and more recently among economists from past few decades. Easterlin (1974) claimed that money alone cannot buy happiness, factors such as social interactions, socio-demographic factors, religion and personal values influence happiness. Abundant literature has been produced on spirituality by philosophers and scholars of different religions, however, spirituality-happiness literature from Islamic point of view and particularly in the case of Muslim society is largely ignored. This study analytically explores and empirically tests the relationship between spirituality and happiness using Divine Economics Framework in case of 5 districts of Azad Kashmir (Pakistan), collected through Divine Economics Survey 2013. Findings of the study show that spirituality intrinsically matters in producing wellbeing and happiness.
{"title":"Happiness and Spirituality: An Empirical Analysis using Divine Perspectives in Pakistan","authors":"S. Abidi, Muhammad Tariq Majeed","doi":"10.29145/EER/21/020105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/EER/21/020105","url":null,"abstract":"Happiness is the center of discussion among philosophers, theologians, psychologists and more recently among economists from past few decades. Easterlin (1974) claimed that money alone cannot buy happiness, factors such as social interactions, socio-demographic factors, religion and personal values influence happiness. Abundant literature has been produced on spirituality by philosophers and scholars of different religions, however, spirituality-happiness literature from Islamic point of view and particularly in the case of Muslim society is largely ignored. This study analytically explores and empirically tests the relationship between spirituality and happiness using Divine Economics Framework in case of 5 districts of Azad Kashmir (Pakistan), collected through Divine Economics Survey 2013. Findings of the study show that spirituality intrinsically matters in producing wellbeing and happiness.","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128196238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the Theil index was utilized to study the impact of macroeconomic variables on diversification in Nigeria for the period 1981-2015, using the bounds test approach to cointegration on data generated from secondary sources. Cointegration was found to exist between the economic diversification indicators and associated variables. We also found that capital formation, real effective exchange rate, domestic credit to private sector and foreign direct investment promote diversification. Government efforts in Nigeria should be geared towards diversifying the economy using oil revenue, promote foreign direct investment in the non-oil sector, provide fixed capital, encourage the flow of credit to the private sector, and implement a cautious exchange rate regime.
{"title":"Macroeconomic Analysis of Export Diversification in Nigeria","authors":"Martins Iyoboyi","doi":"10.29145/EER/21/020104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29145/EER/21/020104","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the Theil index was utilized to study the impact of macroeconomic variables on diversification in Nigeria for the period 1981-2015, using the bounds test approach to cointegration on data generated from secondary sources. Cointegration was found to exist between the economic diversification indicators and associated variables. We also found that capital formation, real effective exchange rate, domestic credit to private sector and foreign direct investment promote diversification. Government efforts in Nigeria should be geared towards diversifying the economy using oil revenue, promote foreign direct investment in the non-oil sector, provide fixed capital, encourage the flow of credit to the private sector, and implement a cautious exchange rate regime.","PeriodicalId":149171,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Economic Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126802427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：