Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.1.0023
M. Kaleem, Asif Ahmad, T. Masud, G. Raja
King’s ruby is a seedless variety of grapes grown in the Phothohar region of Pakistan. In the present study, nutritional value of King’s ruby grapes was determined and extraction conditions were optimized using response surface central composite rotatable design of RSM using three variables at five levels. To get maximum yield of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, the best combination of time of extraction, temperature of extraction and solvent concentration was determined. The process variable of time has the maximum effect on the functional components of extraction. The optimized condition for all the three parameters extract yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content was found to be 22.05 min time, 50.3 °C and 46.7 % ethanol concentration. The experimental result showed 4.84 mg/100g extract yield, 1.98 mg GAE/g phenolic content and 4.92 mg QEQ/g flavonoid content that is as per with predicted values. It is concluded that flavonoid content can be extracted efficiently using ultrasonic extraction that has a potential to be used as nutraceutical food ingredient. Ultrasonic extraction can efficiently extract bioactive components at low temperature and short period of time with maximum recovery.
{"title":"PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF ULTRASOUND ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM KING’S RUBY GRAPES","authors":"M. Kaleem, Asif Ahmad, T. Masud, G. Raja","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.1.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.1.0023","url":null,"abstract":"King’s ruby is a seedless variety of grapes grown in the Phothohar region of Pakistan. In the present study, nutritional value of King’s ruby grapes was determined and extraction conditions were optimized using response surface central composite rotatable design of RSM using three variables at five levels. To get maximum yield of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, the best combination of time of extraction, temperature of extraction and solvent concentration was determined. The process variable of time has the maximum effect on the functional components of extraction. The optimized condition for all the three parameters extract yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content was found to be 22.05 min time, 50.3 °C and 46.7 % ethanol concentration. The experimental result showed 4.84 mg/100g extract yield, 1.98 mg GAE/g phenolic content and 4.92 mg QEQ/g flavonoid content that is as per with predicted values. It is concluded that flavonoid content can be extracted efficiently using ultrasonic extraction that has a potential to be used as nutraceutical food ingredient. Ultrasonic extraction can efficiently extract bioactive components at low temperature and short period of time with maximum recovery.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87799986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.4.0103
R. Ahsen, Z. Khan, H. Farid, A. Shakoor, I. Ali
Land use-land cover (LULC) mapping has immerged as a useful and important Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technique for improving the management of natural resources for the progress of a country like Pakistan. Therefore, a research study was conducted to develop LULC maps for the District of Multan, Pakistan. For this purpose, economically available multi temporal (time series) images with acceptable resolution from satellite (LANDSAT 7 ETM+) were obtained for Rabi and Kharif season of 2011-12 to perform supervised classification and identification of crops in the study area. Image Processing was performed in ERDAS Imagine 2011 version for obtaining the high-class time series normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) for each LANDSAT 7 imagery. Four classes were targeted for crops out of the seven clusters created using target crop signatures with 95% maximum likely-hood. The resulting crop types were validated by 86 ground truthing points. Over all 74 % efficiency was found using error matrix technique. The regional irrigation water requirements of specific crops were estimated using the generated LULC maps of exerted crop area. The calculated cropped areas through ArcGIS 9.3 version were of 0.226 Mha for cotton, 0.207 Mha for wheat, 0.014 Mha for rice and 0.007 Mha for sugarcane. The total regional crop water requirement of the study area was of 1653.62 Mm3 for cotton, 911.25 Mm3 for wheat, 97.93 Mm3 for rice and 112.25 Mm3 for sugarcane. The LULC mapping technique should be used to develop a decision support system for water, land and other natural resources management at regional scale for efficient resource utilization and sustainable development.
{"title":"ESTIMATION OF CROPPED AREA AND IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS","authors":"R. Ahsen, Z. Khan, H. Farid, A. Shakoor, I. Ali","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.4.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.4.0103","url":null,"abstract":"Land use-land cover (LULC) mapping has immerged as a useful and important Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technique for improving the management of natural resources for the progress of a country like Pakistan. Therefore, a research study was conducted to develop LULC maps for the District of Multan, Pakistan. For this purpose, economically available multi temporal (time series) images with acceptable resolution from satellite (LANDSAT 7 ETM+) were obtained for Rabi and Kharif season of 2011-12 to perform supervised classification and identification of crops in the study area. Image Processing was performed in ERDAS Imagine 2011 version for obtaining the high-class time series normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) for each LANDSAT 7 imagery. Four classes were targeted for crops out of the seven clusters created using target crop signatures with 95% maximum likely-hood. The resulting crop types were validated by 86 ground truthing points. Over all 74 % efficiency was found using error matrix technique. The regional irrigation water requirements of specific crops were estimated using the generated LULC maps of exerted crop area. The calculated cropped areas through ArcGIS 9.3 version were of 0.226 Mha for cotton, 0.207 Mha for wheat, 0.014 Mha for rice and 0.007 Mha for sugarcane. The total regional crop water requirement of the study area was of 1653.62 Mm3 for cotton, 911.25 Mm3 for wheat, 97.93 Mm3 for rice and 112.25 Mm3 for sugarcane. The LULC mapping technique should be used to develop a decision support system for water, land and other natural resources management at regional scale for efficient resource utilization and sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84565713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.1.0017
Demir
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed plant with high adaptability to semi-arid conditions for reasonable vegetable oil production. The aim of this study was to determine the agronomic responses of Bosfora hybrid sunflower cultivar sown inter-row (50 and 70 cm) & intra-row (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 cm) spacing in rainfed conditions. The field experiment was laid out on split plots in randomized blocks with three replications for two years (2016 and 2017). Inter row spacings were placed in the main plots and intra row spacings were placed in the subplots. Narrower inter-row (50 cm) and intra-row (20 and 25 cm) plant spacing caused taller plant development but decreased stem thickness, head diameter, thousand-seed weight, number of seeds in a head, dehulled seed ratio, seed weight of per plant, crude oil ratio, day to flowering and maturity. The highest yield (2759.9 kg ha) was obtained in 50x20 cm spacing while the lowest (1963.8 kg ha) yield was obtained in 70x20 cm spacing, more likely, due to the increase in the number of plants per unit area. The crude oil ratio was decreased by narrower spacing. However, oil yield was increased with seed yield (kg ha) and reached the highest amounts (1221.9 and 844.2 kg ha) in narrow row spacing, attributed to the plant population per unit area. To conclude that the highest seed yield was obtained from narrower (50x20 cm and 50x25 cm) seeding rates in rainy year (2016), while the highest yields were obtained from lowest plant population (70 x 20 and 70 x 25 cm) rates in dry year (2017).
向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)是一种重要的油籽植物，对半干旱条件适应性强，是合理生产植物油的重要原料。摘要本研究旨在探讨在雨养条件下，花葵杂交品种行间(50和70 cm)和行内(20、25、30、35和40 cm)播种的农艺反应。田间试验在随机分割块上进行，3个重复，为期2年(2016年和2017年)。行间间隔放置在主图中，行内间隔放置在子图中。行间(50 cm)和行内(20 cm和25 cm)较窄的株距使植株发育较高，但降低了茎粗、穗粗、千粒重、单穗粒数、去皮种子比、单株种子重、原油比、开花期和成熟期。50x20 cm的产量最高(2759.9 kg ha)，而70x20 cm的产量最低(1963.8 kg ha)，这可能是由于单位面积的株数增加所致。窄间距降低了原油比。然而，油料产量随种子产量(kg ha)的增加而增加，窄行距下油料产量最高(1221.9和844.2 kg ha)，这主要归因于单位面积植物种群数量的增加。综上所述，丰水年(2016年)播种率较窄(50 × 20 cm和50 × 25 cm)时种子产量最高，而干旱年(2017年)播种率较低(70 × 20 cm和70 × 25 cm)时产量最高。
{"title":"INTER AND INTRA ROW COMPETITION EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS","authors":"Demir","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.1.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.1.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed plant with high adaptability to semi-arid conditions for reasonable vegetable oil production. The aim of this study was to determine the agronomic responses of Bosfora hybrid sunflower cultivar sown inter-row (50 and 70 cm) & intra-row (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 cm) spacing in rainfed conditions. The field experiment was laid out on split plots in randomized blocks with three replications for two years (2016 and 2017). Inter row spacings were placed in the main plots and intra row spacings were placed in the subplots. Narrower inter-row (50 cm) and intra-row (20 and 25 cm) plant spacing caused taller plant development but decreased stem thickness, head diameter, thousand-seed weight, number of seeds in a head, dehulled seed ratio, seed weight of per plant, crude oil ratio, day to flowering and maturity. The highest yield (2759.9 kg ha) was obtained in 50x20 cm spacing while the lowest (1963.8 kg ha) yield was obtained in 70x20 cm spacing, more likely, due to the increase in the number of plants per unit area. The crude oil ratio was decreased by narrower spacing. However, oil yield was increased with seed yield (kg ha) and reached the highest amounts (1221.9 and 844.2 kg ha) in narrow row spacing, attributed to the plant population per unit area. To conclude that the highest seed yield was obtained from narrower (50x20 cm and 50x25 cm) seeding rates in rainy year (2016), while the highest yields were obtained from lowest plant population (70 x 20 and 70 x 25 cm) rates in dry year (2017).","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83614732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.3.0089
M. Aslam, Ehsan-ul-Haq, M. Aslam
Cotton mealybug (Phenococcus solenopsis Tinsley 1898) is one of the major sucking insect pest of cotton in Pakistan. This study was carried out during 2012 & 2013 in Multan District, Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate the response and conservation of biocontrol agents i.e. Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (= A. arizonensis Fallahzadeh, 2014) and Cryptolaemous montrouzieri Mulsant, 1850 against cotton mealybug (CMB). Biological responses of these biocontrol agents were assessed at different temperatures and humidity levels in the laboratory; which helped to design the rearing technologies for field releases. Data was collected at 100, 200 and 400 meters from NEFR surroundings after 07, 15 and 22 days of releases (DAR) of biocontrol agents. Results showed a significant decrease in CMB population; at 100 meter as 46%, 69% and 94% respectively; at 200 meter as 32%, 53% and 83% respectively; at 400 meter as 25%, 45% and 77% respectively. Cost benefit ratio of NEFR assessed was 1:1.8 and 1:3.2 when the crop losses reduced 20 to 50 percent in comparison with control field.
棉花粉蚧(Phenococcus solenopsis Tinsley 1898)是巴基斯坦主要的棉花吸吮害虫之一。本研究于2012年和2013年在巴基斯坦旁遮普省木尔坦地区开展，目的是评价bambawalei Aenasius Hayat (= A. arizonensis Fallahzadeh, 2014)和montrouzieri Mulsant, 1850两种生物防治剂对棉粉蚧(CMB)的防治效果和保护效果。在实验室中，在不同温度和湿度水平下评估了这些生物防治剂的生物反应;这有助于田间放养技术的设计。在生物防治剂释放(DAR) 7、15和22天后，在距NEFR环境100、200和400米处采集数据。结果表明:CMB种群数量显著减少;100米分别为46%、69%和94%;200米分别为32%、53%和83%;400米分别为25%、45%和77%。经评估的NEFR成本效益比为1:8 .8和1:32 .2，作物损失比对照田减少20% ~ 50%。
{"title":"RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF PHENOCOCCUS SOLENOPSIS THROUGH CONSERVATION AND AUGMENTATION OF AENASIUS BAMBAWALEI AND CRYPTOLAEMUS MONTROUZIERI IN PAKISTAN","authors":"M. Aslam, Ehsan-ul-Haq, M. Aslam","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.3.0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.3.0089","url":null,"abstract":"Cotton mealybug (Phenococcus solenopsis Tinsley 1898) is one of the major sucking insect pest of cotton in Pakistan. This study was carried out during 2012 & 2013 in Multan District, Punjab, Pakistan to evaluate the response and conservation of biocontrol agents i.e. Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (= A. arizonensis Fallahzadeh, 2014) and Cryptolaemous montrouzieri Mulsant, 1850 against cotton mealybug (CMB). Biological responses of these biocontrol agents were assessed at different temperatures and humidity levels in the laboratory; which helped to design the rearing technologies for field releases. Data was collected at 100, 200 and 400 meters from NEFR surroundings after 07, 15 and 22 days of releases (DAR) of biocontrol agents. Results showed a significant decrease in CMB population; at 100 meter as 46%, 69% and 94% respectively; at 200 meter as 32%, 53% and 83% respectively; at 400 meter as 25%, 45% and 77% respectively. Cost benefit ratio of NEFR assessed was 1:1.8 and 1:3.2 when the crop losses reduced 20 to 50 percent in comparison with control field.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83840548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.1.0002
G. Raja, A. Mahmood, R. Saqlain, M. Zafar, A. Raja, P. A. Shaiq, S. Naqvi
Genetic isoforms of β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) gene in dairy animals are reported to affect major milk production traits. Present study was planned to identify BLG genotypes in two local goat breeds, Beetal and Daera Din Panah (DDP), to explore their associations with major milk constituents and daily milk yield. Milk and blood samples were collected from animals reared in government livestock farms and privately managed animal herds during December 2010 to January 2012 and further analyzed in Animal Biotechnology laboratory (ABL), University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi (PMAS-AAUR). Animals were genotyped for BLG locus using PCR-RFLP method. Quantification of milk proteins and total milk fat contents were carried out using Bradford method and Gerber method respectively. BLG genotype and allele frequencies were computed and tested for associations with major milk constituents and daily milk yield. The genotype frequencies in Beetal goats were; AA: 0.28, AB: 0.55, BB: 0.18 and in DDP goats were; AA: 0.31, AB: 0.53 and BB: 0.15. There was an abundance of heterozygous AB genotype with significantly high frequency of A allele in both animals (Beetal 0.55 and DDP 0.58). The heterozygous AB and homozygous BB genotyped Beetal goats had higher total milk protein (2.64 ±0.855 and 2.56±0.98%, p=0.03) and casein protein (2.25 ±0.71% and 2.19 ±0.81%, p=0.04) contents compared to homozygous AA genotype. The B allele significantly associated with higher whey protein contents in Beetal goats (OR=4.8, CI=1.06-21.62) and total milk fat contents in DDP goats (OR=1.91, CI=1.04-3.51). Overall we report high frequency of BLG AB genotype and A allele in Beetal and DDP goat breeds. However B allele proved to be a good marker of dairy traits in Beetal and DDP goat breeds due to its significant association with higher whey protein and total milk fat contents.
据报道，乳动物中β-乳球蛋白(BLG)基因的遗传同工型影响主要的产奶量性状。本研究计划在两个地方山羊品种Beetal和Daera Din Panah (DDP)中鉴定BLG基因型，以探讨其与主要奶成分和日产奶量的关系。2010年12月至2012年1月，从政府畜牧场和私人管理畜群饲养的动物中采集牛奶和血液样本，并在动物生物技术实验室(ABL)、拉瓦尔品第Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid农业大学生物化学和生物技术研究所(UIBB)进一步分析。采用PCR-RFLP方法对BLG基因座进行分型。分别采用Bradford法和Gerber法测定乳蛋白和乳总脂肪含量。计算并测试了BLG基因型和等位基因频率与主要乳成分和日产奶量的关系。比塔尔山羊基因型频率为;AA: 0.28, AB: 0.55, BB: 0.18;AA: 0.31, AB: 0.53, BB: 0.15。两种动物均存在丰富的AB杂合基因型，A等位基因频率显著高(Beetal 0.55, DDP 0.58)。杂合子AB和纯合子BB的总乳蛋白(2.64±0.855和2.56±0.98%，p=0.03)和酪蛋白(2.25±0.71%和2.19±0.81%，p=0.04)含量均高于纯合子AA。B等位基因与betal山羊乳清蛋白含量(OR=4.8, CI=1.06 ~ 21.62)和DDP山羊总乳脂含量(OR=1.91, CI=1.04 ~ 3.51)显著相关。总的来说，我们报道了Beetal和DDP山羊品种中BLG - AB基因型和A等位基因的高频率。B等位基因与较高的乳清蛋白和乳总脂肪含量显著相关，是甜菜山羊和DDP山羊奶类性状的良好标记。
{"title":"B ALLELE OF Β-LACTOGLOBULIN AS A MARKER OF DAIRY TRAITS IN PAKISTANI GOAT BREEDS","authors":"G. Raja, A. Mahmood, R. Saqlain, M. Zafar, A. Raja, P. A. Shaiq, S. Naqvi","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.1.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.1.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic isoforms of β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) gene in dairy animals are reported to affect major milk production traits. Present study was planned to identify BLG genotypes in two local goat breeds, Beetal and Daera Din Panah (DDP), to explore their associations with major milk constituents and daily milk yield. Milk and blood samples were collected from animals reared in government livestock farms and privately managed animal herds during December 2010 to January 2012 and further analyzed in Animal Biotechnology laboratory (ABL), University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi (PMAS-AAUR). Animals were genotyped for BLG locus using PCR-RFLP method. Quantification of milk proteins and total milk fat contents were carried out using Bradford method and Gerber method respectively. BLG genotype and allele frequencies were computed and tested for associations with major milk constituents and daily milk yield. The genotype frequencies in Beetal goats were; AA: 0.28, AB: 0.55, BB: 0.18 and in DDP goats were; AA: 0.31, AB: 0.53 and BB: 0.15. There was an abundance of heterozygous AB genotype with significantly high frequency of A allele in both animals (Beetal 0.55 and DDP 0.58). The heterozygous AB and homozygous BB genotyped Beetal goats had higher total milk protein (2.64 ±0.855 and 2.56±0.98%, p=0.03) and casein protein (2.25 ±0.71% and 2.19 ±0.81%, p=0.04) contents compared to homozygous AA genotype. The B allele significantly associated with higher whey protein contents in Beetal goats (OR=4.8, CI=1.06-21.62) and total milk fat contents in DDP goats (OR=1.91, CI=1.04-3.51). Overall we report high frequency of BLG AB genotype and A allele in Beetal and DDP goat breeds. However B allele proved to be a good marker of dairy traits in Beetal and DDP goat breeds due to its significant association with higher whey protein and total milk fat contents.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89139131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.3.0082
M. T. Jan, S. Shad, C. Karavina, M. Ahmad, M. Saleem, M. Binyameen
Spotted bollworm, Earias vittella Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a serious insect pest of cotton that reduces crop yield and deteriorates lint quality. Field experiments were conducted at the Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan for two consecutive years (2009 and 2010) to estimate economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold level (ETL). For economic analyses, gain threshold (GT) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were assessed by spraying cypermethrin, deltamethrin and spinosad at four thresholds levels (0, 3, 5 and 7% damage) and compared with unsprayed treatment (control) for a long and a short duration cotton genotype. The numbers of damaged fruits were almost similar while larval populations and the numbers of healthy fruits were different between the two genotypes. Insecticides applications at selected percent damage levels kept E. vittella larval infestation and bolls damage well below from the total fruit losses of 60-74% in unsprayed treatment. Increase in percent damage levels decreased the cost of protection (CP) and the net monetary profit (NMP). ETL for long duration genotype (CIM-496) is suggested at 5% damage level with a larval population of 1.12-1.22 larvae per 25 plants (GT basis) and 4.5 larvae per 25 plants (BCR basis). For short duration genotype (CIM-506), ETL at 3% damage level with larval population of 1.4-1.33 larvae per 25 plants and 3.3 to 3.9 larvae per 25 plants on GT and BCR basis, respectively is recommended. Timely application of insecticides at ETLs is suggested as economical mean for an effective control of E. vittella on cotton crop.
{"title":"ECONOMIC ANALYSES, INJURY LEVELS AND THRESHOLDS FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF EARIAS VITTELLA (FAB.) ON GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM","authors":"M. T. Jan, S. Shad, C. Karavina, M. Ahmad, M. Saleem, M. Binyameen","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.3.0082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.3.0082","url":null,"abstract":"Spotted bollworm, Earias vittella Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a serious insect pest of cotton that reduces crop yield and deteriorates lint quality. Field experiments were conducted at the Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan for two consecutive years (2009 and 2010) to estimate economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold level (ETL). For economic analyses, gain threshold (GT) and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were assessed by spraying cypermethrin, deltamethrin and spinosad at four thresholds levels (0, 3, 5 and 7% damage) and compared with unsprayed treatment (control) for a long and a short duration cotton genotype. The numbers of damaged fruits were almost similar while larval populations and the numbers of healthy fruits were different between the two genotypes. Insecticides applications at selected percent damage levels kept E. vittella larval infestation and bolls damage well below from the total fruit losses of 60-74% in unsprayed treatment. Increase in percent damage levels decreased the cost of protection (CP) and the net monetary profit (NMP). ETL for long duration genotype (CIM-496) is suggested at 5% damage level with a larval population of 1.12-1.22 larvae per 25 plants (GT basis) and 4.5 larvae per 25 plants (BCR basis). For short duration genotype (CIM-506), ETL at 3% damage level with larval population of 1.4-1.33 larvae per 25 plants and 3.3 to 3.9 larvae per 25 plants on GT and BCR basis, respectively is recommended. Timely application of insecticides at ETLs is suggested as economical mean for an effective control of E. vittella on cotton crop.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83323958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.3.0075
P. Farkas, S. Kusza, P. Balogh, I. Majzinger
A decreasing tendency in the populations of the European brown hare can be observed in the whole of Europe from the mid-1960s to the present day. Among the reasons for declining populations fertility indicators of females are also mentioned. The aim of our study was to determine the reproductive parameters of the species in eastern Hungary. During the years 2015-2016, we studied two hundred animals (121♀, 79♂). Altogether, 121 uteri (81 adult and 40 juvenile) and 79 testicles were examined. The number of placental scars showed us the number of offspring in reproductive periods. The age of hares was estimated based on the weight of dried eye lens. The number of placental scars in the general linear model was significantly affected by hunting areas, the age of animals, the interaction of the former two, and also by body weight and kidney fat indices. The age of hares, the hunting year, the effect of the interaction of the former two, and body weight seriously contributed to the weight of the testicles. Based on the number of placental scars, 70.37% of adult and 62.50% of juvenile females were proved to be capable of reproduction. One can conclude from the above that although fertility indicators may play an important role in the decreasing trend in the numbers of Hungarian brown hare populations, they are definitely not the main causes.
{"title":"EXAMINATION OF FERTILITY INDICATORS OF EUROPEAN BROWN HARES (Lepus europaeus) IN EASTERN HUNGARY","authors":"P. Farkas, S. Kusza, P. Balogh, I. Majzinger","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.3.0075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.3.0075","url":null,"abstract":"A decreasing tendency in the populations of the European brown hare can be observed in the whole of Europe from the mid-1960s to the present day. Among the reasons for declining populations fertility indicators of females are also mentioned. The aim of our study was to determine the reproductive parameters of the species in eastern Hungary. During the years 2015-2016, we studied two hundred animals (121♀, 79♂). Altogether, 121 uteri (81 adult and 40 juvenile) and 79 testicles were examined. The number of placental scars showed us the number of offspring in reproductive periods. The age of hares was estimated based on the weight of dried eye lens. The number of placental scars in the general linear model was significantly affected by hunting areas, the age of animals, the interaction of the former two, and also by body weight and kidney fat indices. The age of hares, the hunting year, the effect of the interaction of the former two, and body weight seriously contributed to the weight of the testicles. Based on the number of placental scars, 70.37% of adult and 62.50% of juvenile females were proved to be capable of reproduction. One can conclude from the above that although fertility indicators may play an important role in the decreasing trend in the numbers of Hungarian brown hare populations, they are definitely not the main causes.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79366871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.1.0019
P. T. Do, D. H. Nguyen, H. Tang
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF NATURAL VARIATION IN OsHKT1;1 GENE SEQUENCE AND GENE EXPRESSION IN RELATION TO SALINITY IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)","authors":"P. T. Do, D. H. Nguyen, H. Tang","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.1.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.1.0019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78141228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.1.0006
Hammad-ur-Rehman, A. Ahmad, M. Rabbani, M. Tipu
The main aim of this study was to compare reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in order to determine their analytical sensitivity and specificity using local characterized Pestivirus A. In order to compare the sensitivity of RT-LAMP and RT-PCR, serial 10 fold dilutions containing 9.91 x 10 to 9.91 x 10 copies of cDNA of Pestivirus A, were prepared and tested. RTLAMP proved more sensitive and was able to detect 9.91x10 copies of cDNA compared to RT-PCR (9.91x10). Both RT-LAMP and RT-PCR were found equally specific as no cross reaction with bovine herpes virus was observed. Present study showed that RT-LAMP assay is highly sensitive, specific, rapid and can be used as an alternative to conventional RT-PCR, for the detection of Pestivirus A.
{"title":"COMPARISON OF ANALYTICAL SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION LOOP-MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION (RT-LAMP) AND REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) FOR DETECTION OF LOCAL PESTIVIRUS A","authors":"Hammad-ur-Rehman, A. Ahmad, M. Rabbani, M. Tipu","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.1.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.1.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study was to compare reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in order to determine their analytical sensitivity and specificity using local characterized Pestivirus A. In order to compare the sensitivity of RT-LAMP and RT-PCR, serial 10 fold dilutions containing 9.91 x 10 to 9.91 x 10 copies of cDNA of Pestivirus A, were prepared and tested. RTLAMP proved more sensitive and was able to detect 9.91x10 copies of cDNA compared to RT-PCR (9.91x10). Both RT-LAMP and RT-PCR were found equally specific as no cross reaction with bovine herpes virus was observed. Present study showed that RT-LAMP assay is highly sensitive, specific, rapid and can be used as an alternative to conventional RT-PCR, for the detection of Pestivirus A.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75943662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.36899/japs.2020.1.0016
U. Aziz, N. Saleem, T. Tang, M. Zhang
Despite having growing evidence discussing the role of steroleosins in crop plants, their systemic analysis has not been worked extensively. Therefore, bioinformatics tools were employed to study Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) steroleosin in comparison with reported Brassica napus and pine steroleosins. Based on molecular weight, eight steroleosins in Arabidopsis were divided into two groups, L-steroleosin (alkalescence) and H-steroleosin (acidity except At5g50770). Phylogeny analysis suggested that H-steroleosins in Arabidopsis are primitive. Moreover, phylogeny, protein alignment, motif analysis and gene structure analysis revealed that the reported steroleosins in B. napus are closely related to H-steroleosins. Similarly, Gene structure analysis revealed an insertion of 10 residues at the C-terminal of H-steroleosin which makes it relatively larger as compared to L-steroleosins. According to the Protein-protein interactions, Arabidopsis steroleosins are interrelated with genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and stress tolerance. Duplication studies suggest that among the steroleosin genes in Arabidopsis, segmental duplications are newly developed. Expression analysis suggests that H-steroleosins mainly express in seed tissue, while L-steroleosins diverge in two directions: expression or repression in all tissues. The upstream sequence analysis suggests that Arabidopsis steroleosins are involved in lipid metabolism and the brassinosteroid signaling pathways. The roles of steroleosins for stress responses are indicated by their induced expression under stress and abscisic acid treatments. Therefore, further investigations are required to evaluate the functions of steroleosins in plants.
{"title":"GENOMIC ANALYSIS AND EXPRESSION INVESTIGATION OF STEROLEOSIN GENE FAMILY IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA","authors":"U. Aziz, N. Saleem, T. Tang, M. Zhang","doi":"10.36899/japs.2020.1.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36899/japs.2020.1.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Despite having growing evidence discussing the role of steroleosins in crop plants, their systemic analysis has not been worked extensively. Therefore, bioinformatics tools were employed to study Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) steroleosin in comparison with reported Brassica napus and pine steroleosins. Based on molecular weight, eight steroleosins in Arabidopsis were divided into two groups, L-steroleosin (alkalescence) and H-steroleosin (acidity except At5g50770). Phylogeny analysis suggested that H-steroleosins in Arabidopsis are primitive. Moreover, phylogeny, protein alignment, motif analysis and gene structure analysis revealed that the reported steroleosins in B. napus are closely related to H-steroleosins. Similarly, Gene structure analysis revealed an insertion of 10 residues at the C-terminal of H-steroleosin which makes it relatively larger as compared to L-steroleosins. According to the Protein-protein interactions, Arabidopsis steroleosins are interrelated with genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and stress tolerance. Duplication studies suggest that among the steroleosin genes in Arabidopsis, segmental duplications are newly developed. Expression analysis suggests that H-steroleosins mainly express in seed tissue, while L-steroleosins diverge in two directions: expression or repression in all tissues. The upstream sequence analysis suggests that Arabidopsis steroleosins are involved in lipid metabolism and the brassinosteroid signaling pathways. The roles of steroleosins for stress responses are indicated by their induced expression under stress and abscisic acid treatments. Therefore, further investigations are required to evaluate the functions of steroleosins in plants.","PeriodicalId":14924,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83172231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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