Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020018
Foteini K. Kozaniti, A. Manara, V. Kostopoulos, P. Mallis, E. Michalopoulos, D. Polyzos, D. Deligianni, D. Portan
Computational methods were combined with an experimental setup in order to investigate the response of human umbilical cord stem cells to 3D electrospun and printed scaffolds, when dynamically stimulated in a bioreactor. Key parameters associated to bioreactor working conditions were computationally investigated using Comsol software to use the output for the planned experimental setup. Based on the theoretical observations, the influence of the inlet velocity, cell number, and exposure time in the bioreactor were analyzed and the in vitro parameters were adjusted accordingly. MSCs were seeded in different numbers in the 3D porous scaffolds and stimulated in the bioreactor (0.5 and 2 h duration, 3 and 6 mm/s inlet velocity). Polycaprolactone 3D electrospun, and polyurethane and polylactic acid 3D-printed scaffolds were fabricated and fibronectin-coated. The computational study predicted initial events in the process of cells deposition and attachment. Total protein, osteopontin, and osteocalcin levels in cells deposited in scaffolds were investigated; SEM and confocal imaging confirmed the biomarker analysis. MSCs proliferated well in PCL. Polyurethane enabled extremely rapid proliferation followed by differentiation, while PLA induced a moderate proliferation and parallel mineralization. The scaffolds stiffness has been found as the key enabling parameter decisive for cells feedback.
{"title":"Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Combined Effect of Various 3D Scaffolds and Bioreactor Stimulation on Human Cells’ Feedback","authors":"Foteini K. Kozaniti, A. Manara, V. Kostopoulos, P. Mallis, E. Michalopoulos, D. Polyzos, D. Deligianni, D. Portan","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020018","url":null,"abstract":"Computational methods were combined with an experimental setup in order to investigate the response of human umbilical cord stem cells to 3D electrospun and printed scaffolds, when dynamically stimulated in a bioreactor. Key parameters associated to bioreactor working conditions were computationally investigated using Comsol software to use the output for the planned experimental setup. Based on the theoretical observations, the influence of the inlet velocity, cell number, and exposure time in the bioreactor were analyzed and the in vitro parameters were adjusted accordingly. MSCs were seeded in different numbers in the 3D porous scaffolds and stimulated in the bioreactor (0.5 and 2 h duration, 3 and 6 mm/s inlet velocity). Polycaprolactone 3D electrospun, and polyurethane and polylactic acid 3D-printed scaffolds were fabricated and fibronectin-coated. The computational study predicted initial events in the process of cells deposition and attachment. Total protein, osteopontin, and osteocalcin levels in cells deposited in scaffolds were investigated; SEM and confocal imaging confirmed the biomarker analysis. MSCs proliferated well in PCL. Polyurethane enabled extremely rapid proliferation followed by differentiation, while PLA induced a moderate proliferation and parallel mineralization. The scaffolds stiffness has been found as the key enabling parameter decisive for cells feedback.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85260969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020019
B. Hülsemann, Marian Baumgart, Leonhard Lenz, Elviliana, Marie Föllmer, G. Sailer, Konstantin Dinkler, H. Oechsner
The global demand for packaging materials and energy is constantly increasing, requiring the exploration of new concepts. In this work, we presented a bioeconomic concept that uses steam explosion and phase separation to simultaneously generate fibers for the packaging industry and biogas substrate for the energy sector. The concept focused on fiber-rich residues and fiber-rich ecological energy crops from agriculture. Feasibility of the concept in the laboratory using feedstocks, including Sylvatic silphia silage, Nettle silage, Miscanthus, Apple pomace, Alfalfa stalks, and Flax shives was confirmed. Our results showed that we were able to separate up to 26.2% of the methane potential while always extracting a smaller percentage of up to 17.3% of organic dry matter (ODM). Specific methane yields of 297–486 LCH4 kgODM−1 in the liquid and 100–286 LCH4 kgODM−1 in the solid phase were obtained. The solid phases had high water absorption capacities of 216–504% due to the steam explosion, while the particle size was not significantly affected. The concept showed high potential, especially for undried feedstock.
{"title":"Coupled Biogas and Fiber Production from Agricultural Residues and Energy Crops with Steam Explosion Treatment","authors":"B. Hülsemann, Marian Baumgart, Leonhard Lenz, Elviliana, Marie Föllmer, G. Sailer, Konstantin Dinkler, H. Oechsner","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020019","url":null,"abstract":"The global demand for packaging materials and energy is constantly increasing, requiring the exploration of new concepts. In this work, we presented a bioeconomic concept that uses steam explosion and phase separation to simultaneously generate fibers for the packaging industry and biogas substrate for the energy sector. The concept focused on fiber-rich residues and fiber-rich ecological energy crops from agriculture. Feasibility of the concept in the laboratory using feedstocks, including Sylvatic silphia silage, Nettle silage, Miscanthus, Apple pomace, Alfalfa stalks, and Flax shives was confirmed. Our results showed that we were able to separate up to 26.2% of the methane potential while always extracting a smaller percentage of up to 17.3% of organic dry matter (ODM). Specific methane yields of 297–486 LCH4 kgODM−1 in the liquid and 100–286 LCH4 kgODM−1 in the solid phase were obtained. The solid phases had high water absorption capacities of 216–504% due to the steam explosion, while the particle size was not significantly affected. The concept showed high potential, especially for undried feedstock.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74686093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-23DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020017
Nicole Hensley, Elizabeth R. Elliott, Maya O. Abul-Khoudoud, R. Cooper
Cardiac contractile cells depend on calcium in order to function. Understanding the regulation of calcium influx, efflux, and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is essential. The focus of this investigation is to address how a reduction of functional Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels, via a mutational line, might impact the heart rate in larva when the SER is also modulated through Ca2+ loading and stimulation. The larval heart tube is exposed in situ and flushed with saline. With a known saline composition, a potential therapeutic pharmacological agent, 2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB), was examined for its effect on heart rate, as well as to determine the contribution from KCa channels. In this study, it was determined that mutation in the K(Ca) channel (i.e., Slo) showed a different trend than the wild-type CS strain. Exposure to high concentrations of 50 µM 2-APB decreased heart rate in the Slo strain and increased it in the wild-type CS strain. Serotonin increased heart rate in both thapsigargin- and 2-APB-treated larvae, with no significant difference between the strains.
{"title":"Effect of 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl Borate (2-APB) on Heart Rate and Relation with Suppressed Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels: Larval Drosophila Model","authors":"Nicole Hensley, Elizabeth R. Elliott, Maya O. Abul-Khoudoud, R. Cooper","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020017","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiac contractile cells depend on calcium in order to function. Understanding the regulation of calcium influx, efflux, and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is essential. The focus of this investigation is to address how a reduction of functional Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels, via a mutational line, might impact the heart rate in larva when the SER is also modulated through Ca2+ loading and stimulation. The larval heart tube is exposed in situ and flushed with saline. With a known saline composition, a potential therapeutic pharmacological agent, 2-Aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB), was examined for its effect on heart rate, as well as to determine the contribution from KCa channels. In this study, it was determined that mutation in the K(Ca) channel (i.e., Slo) showed a different trend than the wild-type CS strain. Exposure to high concentrations of 50 µM 2-APB decreased heart rate in the Slo strain and increased it in the wild-type CS strain. Serotonin increased heart rate in both thapsigargin- and 2-APB-treated larvae, with no significant difference between the strains.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73736059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020016
Fernanda Caro Beveridge, Alwyn Williams, R. Cave, Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian, S. Adkins
Lomandra species are an important understory component of many Australian native ecosystems, contributing to the floristic richness and stabilizing soils. However, a limited understanding of their germination biology currently hinders their efficient use in seed-based restoration and ornamental plant production. The present study investigated Lomandra longifolia and L. hystrix diaspore morpho-anatomy and evaluated different mechanical and/or chemical treatments (nicking, leaching, smoke water and gibberellic acid [GA3]) and under light or dark conditions to enhance germination. Embryos of both species were small and linear with a low embryo to seed ratio (<0.45). Germination rates of both species were significantly hastened by leaching seeds in running water for 36 h as compared to a non-leached seed. The results suggest that pre-treating both Lomandra species by leaching could maximize the effectiveness of seed used by resulting in faster, more uniform and, therefore, reliable germination of these species. Finally, seeds of L. longifolia had low final germination (<40%), with a high presence of viable but dormant seeds. The ecological cues that promote germination in nature for both species should be further examined.
{"title":"Seed Morpho-Anatomy and Germination Enhancement of the Australian Native Species Lomandra longifolia Labill. and L. hystrix (R.Br.) L.R. Fraser & Vickery","authors":"Fernanda Caro Beveridge, Alwyn Williams, R. Cave, Sundaravelpandian Kalaipandian, S. Adkins","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020016","url":null,"abstract":"Lomandra species are an important understory component of many Australian native ecosystems, contributing to the floristic richness and stabilizing soils. However, a limited understanding of their germination biology currently hinders their efficient use in seed-based restoration and ornamental plant production. The present study investigated Lomandra longifolia and L. hystrix diaspore morpho-anatomy and evaluated different mechanical and/or chemical treatments (nicking, leaching, smoke water and gibberellic acid [GA3]) and under light or dark conditions to enhance germination. Embryos of both species were small and linear with a low embryo to seed ratio (<0.45). Germination rates of both species were significantly hastened by leaching seeds in running water for 36 h as compared to a non-leached seed. The results suggest that pre-treating both Lomandra species by leaching could maximize the effectiveness of seed used by resulting in faster, more uniform and, therefore, reliable germination of these species. Finally, seeds of L. longifolia had low final germination (<40%), with a high presence of viable but dormant seeds. The ecological cues that promote germination in nature for both species should be further examined.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86090156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-08DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020015
Chrysanthi Zarmakoupi, Konstantinos Mpistiolis, G. Pantazis, P. Psatha, Despoina Dimitriadi, Foteini Kitsiou, P. Eliopoulos, G. Patakioutas, S. Mantzoukas
Infestations of stored-product pests cause significant losses of agricultural produce every year. Despite various environmental and health risks, chemical insecticides are now a ready-to-use solution for pest control. Against this background and in the context of Integrated Pest Management research, the present study focuses on the potential insecticidal effect of caffeic acid at five different concentrations (250, 500, 750, 1500 and 3000 ppm), and their combination with Cydia pomonella Granulovirus (CpGV), Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis and Beauveria bassiana strain GHA on three major insect stored-product beetle species, Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Treatment efficacy was expressed as mortality in relation to exposure time and adult species number. Compared to the control, the results showed a clear dose-dependent pesticidal activity, expressed as significant adult mortality at a high-dose application, although some of the combinations of caffeic acid concentrations with the other substances acted positively (synergistically and additively) and some negatively. Based on our results, bioinsecticides can be combined with plant compounds such as caffeic acid and be integrated with other modern IPM tools in storage facilities.
{"title":"Caffeic Acid and Biopesticides Interactions for the Control of Storage Beetles","authors":"Chrysanthi Zarmakoupi, Konstantinos Mpistiolis, G. Pantazis, P. Psatha, Despoina Dimitriadi, Foteini Kitsiou, P. Eliopoulos, G. Patakioutas, S. Mantzoukas","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020015","url":null,"abstract":"Infestations of stored-product pests cause significant losses of agricultural produce every year. Despite various environmental and health risks, chemical insecticides are now a ready-to-use solution for pest control. Against this background and in the context of Integrated Pest Management research, the present study focuses on the potential insecticidal effect of caffeic acid at five different concentrations (250, 500, 750, 1500 and 3000 ppm), and their combination with Cydia pomonella Granulovirus (CpGV), Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis and Beauveria bassiana strain GHA on three major insect stored-product beetle species, Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) and Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Treatment efficacy was expressed as mortality in relation to exposure time and adult species number. Compared to the control, the results showed a clear dose-dependent pesticidal activity, expressed as significant adult mortality at a high-dose application, although some of the combinations of caffeic acid concentrations with the other substances acted positively (synergistically and additively) and some negatively. Based on our results, bioinsecticides can be combined with plant compounds such as caffeic acid and be integrated with other modern IPM tools in storage facilities.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"334 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76379553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-06DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020014
Tamara Martin-Pozas, J. Gonzalez-Pimentel, V. Jurado, L. Láiz, J. Cañaveras, Á. Fernández-Cortés, S. Cuezva, S. Sánchez-Moral, C. Saiz-Jimenez
The genus Crossiella contains two species, C. equi, causing nocardioform placentitis in horses, and C. cryophila, an environmental bacterium. Apart from C. equi, which is not discussed here, environmental Crossiella is rarely reported in the literature; thus, it has not been included among “rare actinobacteria”, whose isolation frequency is very low. After C. cryophila, only five reports cover the isolation of Crossiella strains. However, the frequency of published papers on environmental Crossiella has increased significantly in recent years due to the extensive use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and a huge cascade of data that has improved our understanding of how bacteria occur in the environment. In the last five years, Crossiella has been found in different environments (caves, soils, plant rhizospheres, building stones, etc.). The high abundance of Crossiella in cave moonmilk indicates that this genus may have an active role in moonmilk formation, as evidenced by the precipitation of calcite, witherite, and struvite in different culture media. This review provides an overview of environmental Crossiella, particularly in caves, and discusses its role in biomineralization processes and bioactive compound production.
{"title":"Crossiella, a Rare Actinomycetota Genus, Abundant in the Environment","authors":"Tamara Martin-Pozas, J. Gonzalez-Pimentel, V. Jurado, L. Láiz, J. Cañaveras, Á. Fernández-Cortés, S. Cuezva, S. Sánchez-Moral, C. Saiz-Jimenez","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020014","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Crossiella contains two species, C. equi, causing nocardioform placentitis in horses, and C. cryophila, an environmental bacterium. Apart from C. equi, which is not discussed here, environmental Crossiella is rarely reported in the literature; thus, it has not been included among “rare actinobacteria”, whose isolation frequency is very low. After C. cryophila, only five reports cover the isolation of Crossiella strains. However, the frequency of published papers on environmental Crossiella has increased significantly in recent years due to the extensive use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and a huge cascade of data that has improved our understanding of how bacteria occur in the environment. In the last five years, Crossiella has been found in different environments (caves, soils, plant rhizospheres, building stones, etc.). The high abundance of Crossiella in cave moonmilk indicates that this genus may have an active role in moonmilk formation, as evidenced by the precipitation of calcite, witherite, and struvite in different culture media. This review provides an overview of environmental Crossiella, particularly in caves, and discusses its role in biomineralization processes and bioactive compound production.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78563865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-02DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020012
S. Burgio, Olga Maria Manna, G. Intili, Francesco Cappello, F. Bucchieri
Over the last ten years, with the progress of in vitro culture methods, it has been possible to build increasingly reliable models to effectively mimic in vivo ones. The translational methodological approach that combined biotechnology and biomedical engineering has produced remarkable results, such as the development of ex vivo 3D culture models, the construction of on-a-chip organoids, and the construction of complex systems capable of bypassing the static nature of the two-dimensional cultural models that have been typical of in vitro studies conducted to date. However, nowadays, there is still reluctance to completely abandon the animal model as an essential reference or as an integrated step for the validation of a model or a proposed study. This is due to the partially correct conviction of the impossibility of reproducing, in vitro or ex vivo, the complexity of pathological models or the spatial communication between different cytotypes, as well as, more generally, the lack of systems capable of mimicking the dynamism of a complex in vivo system. In this study, we will compare different methodological approaches in the study of the three most common types of respiratory diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung carcinomas. The purpose of this comparative study is to evaluate the most current methodological approaches to understand how far research is from being independent from animal models. Animal studies are generally considered necessary, but are still questioned because of the ethics and the cost–benefit ratio involved.
{"title":"How Far Are We from Research That Is Independent of the Use of Animal Models? A Comparative Analysis between Animal and 3D/On-a-Chip Models for the Study of Respiratory Diseases","authors":"S. Burgio, Olga Maria Manna, G. Intili, Francesco Cappello, F. Bucchieri","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020012","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last ten years, with the progress of in vitro culture methods, it has been possible to build increasingly reliable models to effectively mimic in vivo ones. The translational methodological approach that combined biotechnology and biomedical engineering has produced remarkable results, such as the development of ex vivo 3D culture models, the construction of on-a-chip organoids, and the construction of complex systems capable of bypassing the static nature of the two-dimensional cultural models that have been typical of in vitro studies conducted to date. However, nowadays, there is still reluctance to completely abandon the animal model as an essential reference or as an integrated step for the validation of a model or a proposed study. This is due to the partially correct conviction of the impossibility of reproducing, in vitro or ex vivo, the complexity of pathological models or the spatial communication between different cytotypes, as well as, more generally, the lack of systems capable of mimicking the dynamism of a complex in vivo system. In this study, we will compare different methodological approaches in the study of the three most common types of respiratory diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and lung carcinomas. The purpose of this comparative study is to evaluate the most current methodological approaches to understand how far research is from being independent from animal models. Animal studies are generally considered necessary, but are still questioned because of the ethics and the cost–benefit ratio involved.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89137820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2020011
Noel Gahamanyi, Therese Umuhoza, S. Saeed, L. N. Mayigane, J. N. Hakizimana
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top 10 global health threats facing humanity, and the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the heavily affected regions due to its weak health systems and limited resources. Due to an escalating number of AMR pathogens and the scarcity of new antimicrobials, efforts in the prevention of infections and the search for alternative treatment options are ongoing. The objective of this review was to assess important weapons against AMR in SSA. The highlighted weapons include vaccines, education and awareness, infection prevention and control (IPC) using water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), alternative treatment options, the One Health (OH) approach, AMR surveillance, operational national action plans (NAPs) on AMR, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs, and good governance and regulations. Despite not being used at a satisfactory level in SSA, advanced techniques in dealing with AMR in SSA include (i) metagenomics, (ii) whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in AMR surveillance to track resistance trends and know when to intervene, and (iii) use of artificial intelligence in AMR prediction based on genomics data. The fight against AMR threat in SSA has embraced a number of currently available strategies, and developing new ones will lower the consequences of such a threat for future generations.
{"title":"A Review of the Important Weapons against Antimicrobial Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Noel Gahamanyi, Therese Umuhoza, S. Saeed, L. N. Mayigane, J. N. Hakizimana","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2020011","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top 10 global health threats facing humanity, and the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the heavily affected regions due to its weak health systems and limited resources. Due to an escalating number of AMR pathogens and the scarcity of new antimicrobials, efforts in the prevention of infections and the search for alternative treatment options are ongoing. The objective of this review was to assess important weapons against AMR in SSA. The highlighted weapons include vaccines, education and awareness, infection prevention and control (IPC) using water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), alternative treatment options, the One Health (OH) approach, AMR surveillance, operational national action plans (NAPs) on AMR, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs, and good governance and regulations. Despite not being used at a satisfactory level in SSA, advanced techniques in dealing with AMR in SSA include (i) metagenomics, (ii) whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in AMR surveillance to track resistance trends and know when to intervene, and (iii) use of artificial intelligence in AMR prediction based on genomics data. The fight against AMR threat in SSA has embraced a number of currently available strategies, and developing new ones will lower the consequences of such a threat for future generations.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78165540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ismael Bio, Abdourahimou Amadou Issoufou, Boubacar Moussa Mamoudou, I. Soumana, A. Mahamane
Objective: The objective of the study was to analyse the ecological and floristic indicators of natural formations with Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana. Methodology and Results: The present study was conducted in the departments of Maine-Soroa and Goudoumaria located in the Diffa region, in the extreme south-east of Niger Phytosociological data were collected using the Braun-Blanquet sigmatiste method and the Daget and Poissonet quadrat point method. In total, 80 plots were delimited. The data collected are related to the coverage of plant species and environmental variables. The spectra of biological and phytogeographical types were calculated. Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC), Canonical Detrended Analysis (CDA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were used to determine the plant groupings and their ecological and floristic characteristics. The results revealed a total species richness of 72 plant species divided into 34 families and 70 genera. The most represented families are Poaceae (18.06%), Fabaceae- Mimosoideae, and Convolvulaceae (8.33% each). Therophytes are the most represented biological type (50%). Paleotropical species is the dominant phytogeographic type (37.5%). The ascending hierarchical classification (CHA) and the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) allowed to discriminate three (3) plant groupings with V. tortilis. These are the Vachellia tortilis and Dactyloctenium aegyptium group (G1) and the Vachellia tortilis and Cenchrus biflorus group (G2) observed on the dune flats and slopes and the Vachellia tortilis and Schoenefeldia gracilis group (G3) in the lowlands. The analysis of structural parameters showed that the population of V. tortilis is characterized by an average density of 102.5±22.10 plants/ha with individuals having an average diameter of 14.68±8.22 cm, an average height of 5.24±1.49 m and an average cover of 25.58±16.47 m². Conclusion and application of results: This study constitutes a reference state that can serve as a basis for sustainable management of the ecosystems in these areas, whose main uses are essentially pastoral. Key words: Vachellia tortilis, Biological types, Phytogeographical types, Floristic diversity, Niger.
目的:对天然地层中玉米花的生态和区系指标进行分析。raddiana。方法和结果:本研究在尼日尔最东南部迪法地区的Maine-Soroa和Goudoumaria省进行，植物社会学数据采用Braun-Blanquet sigmatiste法和Daget and Poissonet样点法收集。总共划定了80个地块。所收集的数据与植物物种的覆盖和环境变量有关。计算了生物和植物地理类型的光谱。采用等级上升分类(HAC)、典型非趋势分析(CDA)和典型对应分析(CCA)确定植物类群及其生态区系特征。结果表明，该地区共有72种植物丰富度，隶属于34科70属。最具代表性的科为禾科(18.06%)、豆科-含羞草科和旋花科(8.33%)。植生植物是最具代表性的生物类型(50%)。古热带种为优势植物地理类型(37.5%)。采用上升等级分类(CHA)和典型对应分析(CCA)方法，可将玉米饼草分为3个植物类群。分别是沙丘滩地和斜坡上观察到的玉米花和埃及Dactyloctenium组(G1)、玉米花和凤仙花组(G2)和低地观察到的玉米花和细穗花组(G3)。结构参数分析表明，玉米粉蚧种群平均密度为102.5±22.10株/ha，个体平均直径为14.68±8.22 cm，平均高度为5.24±1.49 m，平均盖度为25.58±16.47 m²。结论和结果应用:本研究为这些地区的生态系统可持续管理提供了参考状态，这些地区的主要用途是牧区。关键词:玉米花，生物类型，植物地理类型，区系多样性，尼日尔
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Pub Date : 2023-03-20DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2010010
V. Chaplot, I. Mathew, A. Clulow, H. Shimelis
The transfer of atmospheric carbon (C) in soils is a possible strategy for climate change mitigation and for restoring land productivity. While some studies have compared the ability of existing crops to allocate C into the soil, the genetic variations between crop genotypes have received less attention. The objective of this study was to compare the allocation to the soil of atmospheric C by genetically diverse wheat genotypes under different scenarios of soil water availability. The experiments were set up under open-field and greenhouse conditions with 100 wheat genotypes sourced from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre and grown at 25% (drought stressed) and 75% (non-stressed) field capacity, using an alpha lattice design with 10 incomplete blocks and 10 genotypes per block. The genotypes were analyzed for grain yield (GY), plant shoot and root biomass (SB and RB, respectively) and C content, and stocks in plant parts. Additionally, 13C pulse labeling was performed during the crop growth period of 10 selected genotypes for assessing soil C inputs. The average GY varied from 75 to 4696 g m−2 and total plant biomass (PB) from 1967 to 13,528 g m−2. The plant C stocks ranged from 592 to 1109 g C m−2 (i.e., an 87% difference) under drought condition and between 1324 and 2881 g C m−2 (i.e., 117%) under well-watered conditions. Atmospheric C transfer to the soil only occurred under well-drained conditions and increased with the increase in the root to shoot ratio for C stocks (r = 0.71). Interestingly, the highest transfer to the soil was found for LM-26 and LM-47 (13C/12C of 7.6 and 6.5 per mille, respectively) as compared to LM-70 and BW-162 (0.75; 0.85). More is to be done to estimate the differences in C fluxes to the soil over entire growing seasons and to assess the long-term stabilization of the newly allocated C. Future research studies also need to identify genomic regions associated with GY and soil C transfer to enable the breeding of “carbon-superior” cultivars.
土壤中大气碳(C)的转移是减缓气候变化和恢复土地生产力的一种可能战略。虽然一些研究比较了现有作物将碳分配到土壤中的能力，但作物基因型之间的遗传差异受到的关注较少。本研究的目的是比较不同小麦基因型在不同土壤水分有效性条件下对土壤大气碳的分配。试验在露天和温室条件下进行，选用国际玉米和小麦改良中心提供的100种小麦基因型，在25%(干旱胁迫)和75%(非干旱胁迫)的田间容量下种植，采用α晶格设计，10个不完整块，每个块10个基因型。对籽粒产量(GY)、茎部生物量(SB)和根系生物量(RB)、C含量和植株各部位储量进行了基因型分析。此外，在作物生育期对10个选定的基因型进行13C脉冲标记，以评估土壤C输入。平均生物量为75 ~ 4696 g m−2，总生物量(PB)为1967 ~ 13528 g m−2。干旱条件下植物C储量为592 ~ 1109 g C m−2(差异87%)，丰水条件下为1324 ~ 2881 g C m−2(差异117%)。大气碳向土壤的转移只发生在排水良好的条件下，并且随着碳砧木根冠比的增加而增加(r = 0.71)。有趣的是，与LM-70和BW-162相比，LM-26和LM-47的土壤转移量最高(13C/12C分别为7.6和6.5 /英里)。0.85)。要估计整个生长季节土壤碳通量的差异，并评估新分配的碳的长期稳定性，还需要做更多的工作。未来的研究还需要确定与GY和土壤碳转移相关的基因组区域，以便培育“碳优势”品种。
{"title":"Are There Wheat Cultivars Allowing Enhanced Carbon Allocation to Soils?","authors":"V. Chaplot, I. Mathew, A. Clulow, H. Shimelis","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2010010","url":null,"abstract":"The transfer of atmospheric carbon (C) in soils is a possible strategy for climate change mitigation and for restoring land productivity. While some studies have compared the ability of existing crops to allocate C into the soil, the genetic variations between crop genotypes have received less attention. The objective of this study was to compare the allocation to the soil of atmospheric C by genetically diverse wheat genotypes under different scenarios of soil water availability. The experiments were set up under open-field and greenhouse conditions with 100 wheat genotypes sourced from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre and grown at 25% (drought stressed) and 75% (non-stressed) field capacity, using an alpha lattice design with 10 incomplete blocks and 10 genotypes per block. The genotypes were analyzed for grain yield (GY), plant shoot and root biomass (SB and RB, respectively) and C content, and stocks in plant parts. Additionally, 13C pulse labeling was performed during the crop growth period of 10 selected genotypes for assessing soil C inputs. The average GY varied from 75 to 4696 g m−2 and total plant biomass (PB) from 1967 to 13,528 g m−2. The plant C stocks ranged from 592 to 1109 g C m−2 (i.e., an 87% difference) under drought condition and between 1324 and 2881 g C m−2 (i.e., 117%) under well-watered conditions. Atmospheric C transfer to the soil only occurred under well-drained conditions and increased with the increase in the root to shoot ratio for C stocks (r = 0.71). Interestingly, the highest transfer to the soil was found for LM-26 and LM-47 (13C/12C of 7.6 and 6.5 per mille, respectively) as compared to LM-70 and BW-162 (0.75; 0.85). More is to be done to estimate the differences in C fluxes to the soil over entire growing seasons and to assess the long-term stabilization of the newly allocated C. Future research studies also need to identify genomic regions associated with GY and soil C transfer to enable the breeding of “carbon-superior” cultivars.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90429331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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