Pub Date : 2023-01-04DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci2010001
T. West
The ability of Aspergillus niger strains to support citric acid production using solid-state fermentation of agricultural processing coproducts was examined in this review. Citric acid has been shown to have a number of commercial applications in the food and beverage industries. The A. niger strains capable of elevated citric acid production are known to contain genetic mutations that stimulate overproduction of the organic acid likely involving citric acid cycle reactions. The agricultural processing coproducts previously examined for their ability to support citric acid production by A. niger solid-state fermentation include fruit processing wastes, sugarcane bagasse, starch vegetable processing wastes and cereal grain processing coproducts. A comparison of citric acid production by A. niger strains using solid-state fermentation demonstrated that certain agricultural processing coproducts were more effective in supporting a high level of acid synthesis. In particular, fruit processing wastes, such as apple pomace, banana peels, grape pomace and orange peels, supported high levels of citric acid by the fungal strains following solid-state fermentation. On the other hand, processing coproducts of cereal grains, such as brans and ethanol processing coproducts, supported low levels of citric acid production by the A. niger strains using solid-state fermentation. It appeared that the cereal processing coproducts provided less available sugar content to support citric acid production by the fungal strains. It was concluded that the level of citric acid produced by the A. niger strains during solid-state fermentation was dependent on the sugar content of the agricultural processing coproduct utilized.
{"title":"Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger Using Solid-State Fermentation of Agricultural Processing Coproducts","authors":"T. West","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci2010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci2010001","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of Aspergillus niger strains to support citric acid production using solid-state fermentation of agricultural processing coproducts was examined in this review. Citric acid has been shown to have a number of commercial applications in the food and beverage industries. The A. niger strains capable of elevated citric acid production are known to contain genetic mutations that stimulate overproduction of the organic acid likely involving citric acid cycle reactions. The agricultural processing coproducts previously examined for their ability to support citric acid production by A. niger solid-state fermentation include fruit processing wastes, sugarcane bagasse, starch vegetable processing wastes and cereal grain processing coproducts. A comparison of citric acid production by A. niger strains using solid-state fermentation demonstrated that certain agricultural processing coproducts were more effective in supporting a high level of acid synthesis. In particular, fruit processing wastes, such as apple pomace, banana peels, grape pomace and orange peels, supported high levels of citric acid by the fungal strains following solid-state fermentation. On the other hand, processing coproducts of cereal grains, such as brans and ethanol processing coproducts, supported low levels of citric acid production by the A. niger strains using solid-state fermentation. It appeared that the cereal processing coproducts provided less available sugar content to support citric acid production by the fungal strains. It was concluded that the level of citric acid produced by the A. niger strains during solid-state fermentation was dependent on the sugar content of the agricultural processing coproduct utilized.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85369038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1030020
Carlton Ranjith Wilson Alphonse, R. K. Rajaretinam
The zebrafish model is an emerging model for the study of the complex behavioural patterns noted in depression and neurological disorders. Confinement and memory loss are linked with cognition and mental health impairment, where confinement paradigms are assessed using other behavioural responses based on novel tanks or T tanks. Since zebrafish are exploratory animals, the impact during confinement cannot be evaluated using a novel tank or T tank. The present study investigates the response of the zebrafish to acute confinement and assesses its memory-based learning behaviour through parameters such as movement, swimming speed, and time spent inside the confined space. The movement and swimming speed of the fishes in confinement showed no significant difference. When confined inside a space, the fish showed their anxiety with erratic movements or bouts of freezing, which declined by 83%, during the six days of confinement and the escape time from the confinement space also decreased by 58%. The impact of anxiety, resulting in clockwise and counter-clockwise movement, also reduced after three days. Our results summarise that the decrease in anxiety can help the fish in habituating itself to a forced condition. This experiment on zebrafish behavioural biology is used to assess the cognitive behaviour against confinement, and it emphasizes the learning of behavioural adaptions under both crowded and solitary conditions.
{"title":"Habituation and Behavioural Response of Confinement-Induced Anxiety Conditions in a Zebrafish Model","authors":"Carlton Ranjith Wilson Alphonse, R. K. Rajaretinam","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1030020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030020","url":null,"abstract":"The zebrafish model is an emerging model for the study of the complex behavioural patterns noted in depression and neurological disorders. Confinement and memory loss are linked with cognition and mental health impairment, where confinement paradigms are assessed using other behavioural responses based on novel tanks or T tanks. Since zebrafish are exploratory animals, the impact during confinement cannot be evaluated using a novel tank or T tank. The present study investigates the response of the zebrafish to acute confinement and assesses its memory-based learning behaviour through parameters such as movement, swimming speed, and time spent inside the confined space. The movement and swimming speed of the fishes in confinement showed no significant difference. When confined inside a space, the fish showed their anxiety with erratic movements or bouts of freezing, which declined by 83%, during the six days of confinement and the escape time from the confinement space also decreased by 58%. The impact of anxiety, resulting in clockwise and counter-clockwise movement, also reduced after three days. Our results summarise that the decrease in anxiety can help the fish in habituating itself to a forced condition. This experiment on zebrafish behavioural biology is used to assess the cognitive behaviour against confinement, and it emphasizes the learning of behavioural adaptions under both crowded and solitary conditions.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"31 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82949712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1030019
Angélica Sinaí Quintanilla-Martínez, Lizet Aguirre-Güitrón, L. D. Espinosa-Chaurand, M. Díaz‐Ramírez, A. Cortés-Sánchez
Fish are marketed as a food and consumed worldwide. During the production of food, contamination by microorganisms is possible through the air, soil, water, surfaces, food handlers, etc. The air does not have a natural microbial composition, but it is a vehicle for the transmission of microorganisms of economic and health interest because they are associated with food spoilage and human diseases. The objective of this study was the microbiological analysis of the air in an area popular for the processing and marketing of fish products in the city of Tepic Nayarit. Using the passive or sedimentation method to collect microorganisms present in the air, the proportion of aerobic mesophile bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi and yeast was determined at different locations in the fish processing and marketing area for four weeks. The results indicated that the aerobic mesophiles had the highest counts among all the microbial groups analyzed at the twelve different sampling points during the four weeks of the study; their numbers ranged from 2.44 to 2.95 log CFU/m3/h, followed by molds with counts from 1.44 to 2.75 log CFU/m3/h, yeasts with counts from 0.7 to 2.01 log CFU/m3/h and coliforms with counts that ranged from 0.7 to 1.68 log CFU/m3/h. We determined the proportion of the viable microbiological population present in the air at the different sampling points of the study area; several of these sampling points presented values above those recommended by various agencies around the world. Knowledge of the biological hazards transported through the air is important to establish and reduce the risk to the health of occupants and the contamination pathways of processed and marketed fishery products that may be associated with spoilage and foodborne diseases.
{"title":"Microbiological Analysis of the Air in a Popular Fish Processing and Marketing Area","authors":"Angélica Sinaí Quintanilla-Martínez, Lizet Aguirre-Güitrón, L. D. Espinosa-Chaurand, M. Díaz‐Ramírez, A. Cortés-Sánchez","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1030019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030019","url":null,"abstract":"Fish are marketed as a food and consumed worldwide. During the production of food, contamination by microorganisms is possible through the air, soil, water, surfaces, food handlers, etc. The air does not have a natural microbial composition, but it is a vehicle for the transmission of microorganisms of economic and health interest because they are associated with food spoilage and human diseases. The objective of this study was the microbiological analysis of the air in an area popular for the processing and marketing of fish products in the city of Tepic Nayarit. Using the passive or sedimentation method to collect microorganisms present in the air, the proportion of aerobic mesophile bacteria, coliform bacteria, fungi and yeast was determined at different locations in the fish processing and marketing area for four weeks. The results indicated that the aerobic mesophiles had the highest counts among all the microbial groups analyzed at the twelve different sampling points during the four weeks of the study; their numbers ranged from 2.44 to 2.95 log CFU/m3/h, followed by molds with counts from 1.44 to 2.75 log CFU/m3/h, yeasts with counts from 0.7 to 2.01 log CFU/m3/h and coliforms with counts that ranged from 0.7 to 1.68 log CFU/m3/h. We determined the proportion of the viable microbiological population present in the air at the different sampling points of the study area; several of these sampling points presented values above those recommended by various agencies around the world. Knowledge of the biological hazards transported through the air is important to establish and reduce the risk to the health of occupants and the contamination pathways of processed and marketed fishery products that may be associated with spoilage and foodborne diseases.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81812271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1030018
Terrence J. Ravine, J. Rayner, R. Roberts, James H Davis, M. Soltani
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are routinely used as disinfectants in a variety of settings. They are generally effective against a wide range of microbes but often exhibit undesirable toxicity. Consequently, companies are constantly seeking alternatives to QACs that are just as effective but with reduced health and environmental hazards. Two boronium salt derivatives were tested against influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. One salt possessed a terminal benzyl group, while the other lacked the same terminal benzyl group. Both salts demonstrated virus inactivation similar to a commercial QAC disinfectant. The non-benzylated form exhibited the same cell toxicity profile as the QAC. However, the benzylated form displayed less cell toxicity than both the non-benzylated form and QAC. These results suggest that the boronium salts may be suitable for use as a disinfecting agent against enveloped viruses in lieu of using a QAC. Continued evaluation of the boronium salts is warranted to determine the lowest effective concentration capable of effectively controlling influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 viruses that also demonstrates low cytotoxicity.
{"title":"Boronium Salt as an Antiviral Agent against Enveloped Viruses Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2","authors":"Terrence J. Ravine, J. Rayner, R. Roberts, James H Davis, M. Soltani","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1030018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030018","url":null,"abstract":"Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are routinely used as disinfectants in a variety of settings. They are generally effective against a wide range of microbes but often exhibit undesirable toxicity. Consequently, companies are constantly seeking alternatives to QACs that are just as effective but with reduced health and environmental hazards. Two boronium salt derivatives were tested against influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. One salt possessed a terminal benzyl group, while the other lacked the same terminal benzyl group. Both salts demonstrated virus inactivation similar to a commercial QAC disinfectant. The non-benzylated form exhibited the same cell toxicity profile as the QAC. However, the benzylated form displayed less cell toxicity than both the non-benzylated form and QAC. These results suggest that the boronium salts may be suitable for use as a disinfecting agent against enveloped viruses in lieu of using a QAC. Continued evaluation of the boronium salts is warranted to determine the lowest effective concentration capable of effectively controlling influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 viruses that also demonstrates low cytotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74129503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-03DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1030016
Aref Abbasi Moud, Aliyeh Abbasi Moud
Films made from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) may have iridescent structural colours (pure or in combination with other materials). Numerous fields might benefit from understanding how CNC self-assembly constructs these periodic structures. Herein, we looked at the colloidal characteristics of CNC particles as well as the development and behaviour of liquid crystals (LCs). We conducted a very brief literature analysis on the main issues related to the chiral structure creation of CNC LCs, including the origins of chirality, orientation, as well as its mechanical properties. Finally, by altering the pitch size, applications such as energy storage, humidity sensing, and photonic crystals were studied in a case-by-case manner. The manuscript, it is observed that the rational design of metamaterials built on CNCs allows for the reversible changing of colours through physical and chemical modifications by adding chemical or changing environmental factors. Examples of this alteration include the use of solvents, chemical penetration in applied fields (magnetic and electric), deflection, light, temperature change, acidity change, and molecular interaction detection. Reversible colours may be produced by altering the spacing between the particles, the filler materials, or the structural elements of the system’s refractive indices. This article briefly discusses the inner workings of CNCs, potential barriers to developing photonic structures, and several techniques and processes for achieving changeable colours.
{"title":"Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) Liquid Crystalline State in Suspension: An Overview","authors":"Aref Abbasi Moud, Aliyeh Abbasi Moud","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1030016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030016","url":null,"abstract":"Films made from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) may have iridescent structural colours (pure or in combination with other materials). Numerous fields might benefit from understanding how CNC self-assembly constructs these periodic structures. Herein, we looked at the colloidal characteristics of CNC particles as well as the development and behaviour of liquid crystals (LCs). We conducted a very brief literature analysis on the main issues related to the chiral structure creation of CNC LCs, including the origins of chirality, orientation, as well as its mechanical properties. Finally, by altering the pitch size, applications such as energy storage, humidity sensing, and photonic crystals were studied in a case-by-case manner. The manuscript, it is observed that the rational design of metamaterials built on CNCs allows for the reversible changing of colours through physical and chemical modifications by adding chemical or changing environmental factors. Examples of this alteration include the use of solvents, chemical penetration in applied fields (magnetic and electric), deflection, light, temperature change, acidity change, and molecular interaction detection. Reversible colours may be produced by altering the spacing between the particles, the filler materials, or the structural elements of the system’s refractive indices. This article briefly discusses the inner workings of CNCs, potential barriers to developing photonic structures, and several techniques and processes for achieving changeable colours.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72732476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-14DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1030015
Pia S. Menezes, Yakun Yan, Yunjia Yang, N. Mitter, T. Mahony, K. T. Mody
Insects and ectoparasites are causes for major concern throughout the world due to their economic and welfare impacts on livestock agriculture. Current control measures involve chemicals such as acaricides which pose challenges like chemical resistance and longer withholding periods. To enable more sustainable agriculture practices, it is important to develop technologies that combine targeted effectiveness with minimal environmental footprint. RNA interference (RNAi) is a eukaryotic process in which transcript expression is reduced in a sequence-specific manner. This makes it a perfect tool for developing efficient and effective biological control against pests and pathogens. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is the key trigger molecule for inducing RNAi; this concept is widely studied for development of RNA-based biopesticides as an alternative to chemical controls in crop protection for targeting pests and pathogens with accuracy and specificity. In this review, we discuss key advances made using RNAi technology and how they can be applied to improve health in livestock industries. This includes research focused on different delivery mechanisms of dsRNA, important developments in regulatory frameworks, and risk identification, that will enable the future adoption of RNAi technologies to improve animal health.
{"title":"RNAi-Based Biocontrol of Pests to Improve the Productivity and Welfare of Livestock Production","authors":"Pia S. Menezes, Yakun Yan, Yunjia Yang, N. Mitter, T. Mahony, K. T. Mody","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1030015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1030015","url":null,"abstract":"Insects and ectoparasites are causes for major concern throughout the world due to their economic and welfare impacts on livestock agriculture. Current control measures involve chemicals such as acaricides which pose challenges like chemical resistance and longer withholding periods. To enable more sustainable agriculture practices, it is important to develop technologies that combine targeted effectiveness with minimal environmental footprint. RNA interference (RNAi) is a eukaryotic process in which transcript expression is reduced in a sequence-specific manner. This makes it a perfect tool for developing efficient and effective biological control against pests and pathogens. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is the key trigger molecule for inducing RNAi; this concept is widely studied for development of RNA-based biopesticides as an alternative to chemical controls in crop protection for targeting pests and pathogens with accuracy and specificity. In this review, we discuss key advances made using RNAi technology and how they can be applied to improve health in livestock industries. This includes research focused on different delivery mechanisms of dsRNA, important developments in regulatory frameworks, and risk identification, that will enable the future adoption of RNAi technologies to improve animal health.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88044472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-06DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1020014
Hironaga Akita, Y. Shinto, Z. Kimura
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is caused by biofilms formed on metal surfaces, and MIC of metal alloys on marine infrastructure leads to severe accidents and great economic losses. Although bacterial community analyses of the biofilms collected from corroded metal have been studied, the analyses of biofilms collected from uncorroded metal are rarely reported. In this study, a biofilm formed on an uncorroded metal joint attached to a metal dock mooring at Akitsu Port was used as a model for bacterial community analysis. The bacterial community was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial species contained in the biofilms were identified at the genus level, and Alkanindiges bacteria were the dominant species, which have been not reported as the dominant species in previous research on MIC. The genome sequences of known Alkanindiges bacteria do not have conserved gene clusters required to cause metal corrosion, which suggests that Alkanindiges bacteria do not corrode metals but act on the formation of biofilms. Those findings indicated that the bacterial community may change significantly during the process from biofilm formation to the occurrence of metal corrosion.
{"title":"Bacterial Community Analysis of Biofilm Formed on Metal Joint","authors":"Hironaga Akita, Y. Shinto, Z. Kimura","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1020014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1020014","url":null,"abstract":"Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is caused by biofilms formed on metal surfaces, and MIC of metal alloys on marine infrastructure leads to severe accidents and great economic losses. Although bacterial community analyses of the biofilms collected from corroded metal have been studied, the analyses of biofilms collected from uncorroded metal are rarely reported. In this study, a biofilm formed on an uncorroded metal joint attached to a metal dock mooring at Akitsu Port was used as a model for bacterial community analysis. The bacterial community was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Bacterial species contained in the biofilms were identified at the genus level, and Alkanindiges bacteria were the dominant species, which have been not reported as the dominant species in previous research on MIC. The genome sequences of known Alkanindiges bacteria do not have conserved gene clusters required to cause metal corrosion, which suggests that Alkanindiges bacteria do not corrode metals but act on the formation of biofilms. Those findings indicated that the bacterial community may change significantly during the process from biofilm formation to the occurrence of metal corrosion.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83375791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1020013
Blanca Rojas-Sánchez, Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán, Luzmaria R. Morales-Cedeño, M. D. C. Orozco-Mosqueda, B. C. Saucedo-Martínez, Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez, A. Fadiji, O. Babalola, B. Glick, G. Santoyo
The excessive use of agrochemicals in the field to increase production and counteract the negative effects caused by biotic and abiotic factors has led to a deterioration in soil fertility, plus an increment in negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, the application of beneficial microorganisms as bioinoculants is an eco-friendly alternative to agrochemicals. Plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi have been effective in promoting plant growth and production, as well as reducing the action of pathogens in multiple crops. However, successful application of such beneficial microorganisms in the agricultural field has faced several difficulties, such as survival, colonization efficiency and short periods of shelf storage. Therefore, it is essential to explore novel ways to encapsulate, formulate and apply bioinoculants. To obtain the expected quality in bioencapsulated products, it is essential to determine the type of polymer, capsule size, encapsulation technique and use the correct chemical and physical cofactors involved in the production process. Thus, this review highlights the various formulation types and application techniques, as well as discussing the multiple advantages of using microbial encapsulates to have better results in agricultural production.
{"title":"Bioencapsulation of Microbial Inoculants: Mechanisms, Formulation Types and Application Techniques","authors":"Blanca Rojas-Sánchez, Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán, Luzmaria R. Morales-Cedeño, M. D. C. Orozco-Mosqueda, B. C. Saucedo-Martínez, Juan Manuel Sánchez-Yáñez, A. Fadiji, O. Babalola, B. Glick, G. Santoyo","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1020013","url":null,"abstract":"The excessive use of agrochemicals in the field to increase production and counteract the negative effects caused by biotic and abiotic factors has led to a deterioration in soil fertility, plus an increment in negative impacts on the environment and human health. Therefore, the application of beneficial microorganisms as bioinoculants is an eco-friendly alternative to agrochemicals. Plant growth-promoting bacteria and fungi have been effective in promoting plant growth and production, as well as reducing the action of pathogens in multiple crops. However, successful application of such beneficial microorganisms in the agricultural field has faced several difficulties, such as survival, colonization efficiency and short periods of shelf storage. Therefore, it is essential to explore novel ways to encapsulate, formulate and apply bioinoculants. To obtain the expected quality in bioencapsulated products, it is essential to determine the type of polymer, capsule size, encapsulation technique and use the correct chemical and physical cofactors involved in the production process. Thus, this review highlights the various formulation types and application techniques, as well as discussing the multiple advantages of using microbial encapsulates to have better results in agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88864043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1020012
Marwa Amri, Dina M R Mateus, Marwa Gatrouni, M. R. Rjeibi, N. Asses, C. Abbes
In the previous half-century, natural rock phosphates (PN) have been a valuable alternative for phosphorus (P) fertilizer for sustainable agriculture; furthermore, phosphogypsum (PG) has been widely used as a soil amendment fertilizer since it improves some soil properties, increases crop yields, and represents an environmental concern that can make a good economic profit; this research aimed to study the effects of microbial consortia of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) on the solubilization of PN and PG in the soil, and their effects on promoting plant growth and nutrient assimilation using ryegrass as a plant model. Local supply of PG with Pseudomonas fluorescens (MW165744) significantly increases root proliferation and plant biomass dry weight compared to other isolates, as well as improves total P uptake, with a maximum value of 62.31 mg/pot. The opposite occurred in mixing inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pantoea agglomerans (MW165752) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MW221274), with a negligible total P assimilation of 5.39 mg/pot. Whereas the addition of Pseudomonas agglomerans with PG gave outstanding total P absorption of 57.05 mg/pot when compared with PN input of 38.06 mg/pot. Finally, the results prove that the co-inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens with PG could be a promising and alternative option to use it as a source of P fertilizer for plants and to maintain a high level of nutrients in the soil.
{"title":"Co-Inoculation with Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms of Rock Phosphate and Phosphogypsum and Their Effect on Growth Promotion and Nutrient Uptake by Ryegrass","authors":"Marwa Amri, Dina M R Mateus, Marwa Gatrouni, M. R. Rjeibi, N. Asses, C. Abbes","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1020012","url":null,"abstract":"In the previous half-century, natural rock phosphates (PN) have been a valuable alternative for phosphorus (P) fertilizer for sustainable agriculture; furthermore, phosphogypsum (PG) has been widely used as a soil amendment fertilizer since it improves some soil properties, increases crop yields, and represents an environmental concern that can make a good economic profit; this research aimed to study the effects of microbial consortia of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) on the solubilization of PN and PG in the soil, and their effects on promoting plant growth and nutrient assimilation using ryegrass as a plant model. Local supply of PG with Pseudomonas fluorescens (MW165744) significantly increases root proliferation and plant biomass dry weight compared to other isolates, as well as improves total P uptake, with a maximum value of 62.31 mg/pot. The opposite occurred in mixing inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pantoea agglomerans (MW165752) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MW221274), with a negligible total P assimilation of 5.39 mg/pot. Whereas the addition of Pseudomonas agglomerans with PG gave outstanding total P absorption of 57.05 mg/pot when compared with PN input of 38.06 mg/pot. Finally, the results prove that the co-inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens with PG could be a promising and alternative option to use it as a source of P fertilizer for plants and to maintain a high level of nutrients in the soil.","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85903693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-10DOI: 10.3390/applbiosci1020011
Y. Lv, Shan Zheng, A. Goldenzweig, Fengjiang Liu, Yan Gao, Xiuna Yang, Ajit Kandale, R. McGeary, Simon J. Williams, B. Kobe, M. Schembri, M. Landsberg, Bin Wu, T. Brück, V. Sieber, M. Bodén, Z. Rao, S. Fleishman, G. Schenk, L. Guddat
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine are synthesized via a common biosynthetic pathway. Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) is the second enzyme in this pathway. In addition to its role in BCAA biosynthesis, KARI catalyzes two rate-limiting steps that are key components of a cell-free biofuel biosynthesis route. For industrial applications, reaction temperature and enzyme stability are key factors that affect process robustness and product yield. Here, we have solved the cryo-EM structure (2.94 Å resolution) of a homododecameric Class I KARI (from Campylobacter jejuni) and demonstrated how a triad of amino acid side chains plays a crucial role in promoting the oligomerization of this enzyme. Importantly, both its thermal and solvent stability are greatly enhanced in the dodecameric state when compared to its dimeric counterpart (apparent melting temperatures (Tm) of 83.1 °C and 51.5 °C, respectively). We also employed protein design (PROSS) for a tetrameric Class II KARI (from Escherichia coli) to generate a variant with improved thermal and solvent stabilities. In total, 34 mutations were introduced, which did not affect the oligomeric state of this enzyme but resulted in a fully functional catalyst with a significantly elevated Tm (58.5 °C vs. 47.9 °C for the native version).
{"title":"Enhancing the Thermal and Kinetic Stability of Ketol-Acid Reductoisomerase, a Central Catalyst of a Cell-Free Enzyme Cascade for the Manufacture of Platform Chemicals","authors":"Y. Lv, Shan Zheng, A. Goldenzweig, Fengjiang Liu, Yan Gao, Xiuna Yang, Ajit Kandale, R. McGeary, Simon J. Williams, B. Kobe, M. Schembri, M. Landsberg, Bin Wu, T. Brück, V. Sieber, M. Bodén, Z. Rao, S. Fleishman, G. Schenk, L. Guddat","doi":"10.3390/applbiosci1020011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1020011","url":null,"abstract":"The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine, isoleucine and valine are synthesized via a common biosynthetic pathway. Ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) is the second enzyme in this pathway. In addition to its role in BCAA biosynthesis, KARI catalyzes two rate-limiting steps that are key components of a cell-free biofuel biosynthesis route. For industrial applications, reaction temperature and enzyme stability are key factors that affect process robustness and product yield. Here, we have solved the cryo-EM structure (2.94 Å resolution) of a homododecameric Class I KARI (from Campylobacter jejuni) and demonstrated how a triad of amino acid side chains plays a crucial role in promoting the oligomerization of this enzyme. Importantly, both its thermal and solvent stability are greatly enhanced in the dodecameric state when compared to its dimeric counterpart (apparent melting temperatures (Tm) of 83.1 °C and 51.5 °C, respectively). We also employed protein design (PROSS) for a tetrameric Class II KARI (from Escherichia coli) to generate a variant with improved thermal and solvent stabilities. In total, 34 mutations were introduced, which did not affect the oligomeric state of this enzyme but resulted in a fully functional catalyst with a significantly elevated Tm (58.5 °C vs. 47.9 °C for the native version).","PeriodicalId":14998,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Biosciences","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73821160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：