Electromagnetism is the theory of electric charge and spin. Our study is on a spin-valued four bosons electromag- netism. An EM under the charge exchange {+, 0, −} intermediated by four bosons {AμI } ≡ {Aμ, Uμ, V ± μ } where Aμ means the usual photon, Uμ a massive photon, V ± μ charged photons. EM should express electric charge and spin together. Understand from first principles on the spin role in the electric and magnetic properties of particles. Theoretically, the spin is a space-time physical entity derived from Lorentz group. Phenomenologically, it appears as a vectorial entity inserted in the magnetic moment and electric dipole. A theoretical closure between them is expected. A spin-valued four bosons EM is constituted by introducing Lorentz group Lie Algebra valued fields. Consider the quadruplet fields as A I μ = A I μ,κλ(Σκλ)αβ where (Σκλ)αβ is the Lorentz generator. It provides spin as an intrinsec entity compatible with relativity and group theory. Similarly to the non-abelian gauge theory, where Aμa = Aμata, one incorporates the spin valued field through a Lie algebra. From first principles. Electric charge and spin are unified under a constructivist Lagrangian. Spin effects arestudied through equations of motion and Bianchi identities. Enlarging the EM for interactions beyond electric charge. Four types are derived. Usual electric charge interaction, neutral interaction, electric charge and spin, neutral and spin. A formalism is expressed. The spin valued performance is related through a Lagrangian. Spin interactions are derived. The magnetic moment and electric dipole are expressed by vectors S~ and ~s respectivity. They are able to couple spin with granular and collective fields strengths. Developing interacting terms constitutive as B~ · S~, E~ · ~s, ~e · S~ and so on. Faraday interaction between magnetic field and photon is reproduced from first principles.
电磁学是关于电荷和自旋的理论。我们研究的是自旋值四玻色子电磁学。由四个玻色子 {AμI } 介导的电荷交换 {+, 0, -} 下的电磁学≡ {Aμ, Uμ, V ± μ }，其中 Aμ 表示普通光子，Uμ 表示大质量光子，V ± μ 表示带电光子。电磁应同时表示电荷和自旋。从第一原理上理解自旋在粒子的电性和磁性中的作用。从理论上讲，自旋是洛伦兹群衍生出来的时空物理实体。从现象上看，它是插入磁矩和电偶极子的矢量实体。它们之间的理论闭合是意料之中的。自旋值四玻色子电磁场是通过引入洛伦兹群列代数值场构成的。将四玻色子场视为 A I μ = A I μ,κλ（Σκλ）αβ，其中 (Σκλ)αβ 是洛伦兹发生器。它提供了与相对论和群论兼容的自旋内部实体。与 Aμa = Aμata 的非阿贝尔规理论类似，我们通过一个李代数纳入了自旋有价场。从第一原理出发电荷和自旋统一于建构主义拉格朗日之下。通过运动方程和比安奇等式研究自旋效应。为电荷以外的相互作用扩大电磁。推导出四种类型。通常的电荷相互作用、中性相互作用、电荷与自旋、中性与自旋。表达了一种形式主义。通过拉格朗日将自旋值性能联系起来。得出了自旋相互作用。磁矩和电偶极子由矢量 S~ 和 ~s 表示。它们能够将自旋与颗粒场和集合场强度耦合。发展相互作用的构成项为 B~ - S~、E~ - ~s、~e - S~等。从第一原理再现了磁场与光子之间的法拉第相互作用。
{"title":"Spin effects from Four Bosons EM","authors":"R. Doria, L. Mendes","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9545","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetism is the theory of electric charge and spin. Our study is on a spin-valued four bosons electromag- netism. An EM under the charge exchange {+, 0, −} intermediated by four bosons {AμI } ≡ {Aμ, Uμ, V ± μ } where Aμ means the usual photon, Uμ a massive photon, V ± μ charged photons. EM should express electric charge and spin together. Understand from first principles on the spin role in the electric and magnetic properties of particles. Theoretically, the spin is a space-time physical entity derived from Lorentz group. Phenomenologically, it appears as a vectorial entity inserted in the magnetic moment and electric dipole. A theoretical closure between them is expected. A spin-valued four bosons EM is constituted by introducing Lorentz group Lie Algebra valued fields. Consider the quadruplet fields as A I μ = A I μ,κλ(Σκλ)αβ where (Σκλ)αβ is the Lorentz generator. It provides spin as an intrinsec entity compatible with relativity and group theory. Similarly to the non-abelian gauge theory, where Aμa = Aμata, one incorporates the spin valued field through a Lie algebra. From first principles. Electric charge and spin are unified under a constructivist Lagrangian. Spin effects arestudied through equations of motion and Bianchi identities. Enlarging the EM for interactions beyond electric charge. Four types are derived. Usual electric charge interaction, neutral interaction, electric charge and spin, neutral and spin. A formalism is expressed. The spin valued performance is related through a Lagrangian. Spin interactions are derived. The magnetic moment and electric dipole are expressed by vectors S~ and ~s respectivity. They are able to couple spin with granular and collective fields strengths. Developing interacting terms constitutive as B~ · S~, E~ · ~s, ~e · S~ and so on. Faraday interaction between magnetic field and photon is reproduced from first principles.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139261619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neutrinos have provided us with new physics beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics. This paper will mathematically calculate the mass of new species of Neutrinos. The Standard Model fails to explain many of the parameters that are the foundations of Particle Physics. Many of the Problems can be explained by adding mass to Neutrinos, and by finding new species of neutrinos.
{"title":"Neutrino Mass es and Dark Matter","authors":"David McGraw Jr.","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9527","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrinos have provided us with new physics beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics. This paper will mathematically calculate the mass of new species of Neutrinos. The Standard Model fails to explain many of the parameters that are the foundations of Particle Physics. Many of the Problems can be explained by adding mass to Neutrinos, and by finding new species of neutrinos.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"10 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135268060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Constructivist lagrangian propiates a diverse approach to field theory. Introduce the set action. Consider fields families under a same symmetry group. The resulting fields set extends the standard atomist field theory to a whole field theory. An associative physics is proposed. The grouping physics. The relationship between the part and the whole is considered. A third quantum type beyond Planck granularity and quantum mechanics wave-particle is obtained. The quantum inserted in the whole. Differentiated energy packets are formed. A quantum system is constituted. The abelian grouping physics is considered. The simplest whole unity. Set action in terms of U(1) symmetry. The correspondent constructivist lagrangian is studied. A new type of individuation called whole quantum is derived.An abelian quantum system is constituted. The usual atomist gauge symmetry is preserved, but, constructivist properties are generated. Quantum system with own norm is a necessary theoretical argument. More is different, once time said P.W. Anderson. Physics is challenged to make the passage from an isolated particle to a quantum system. A theory to describe the physics of part in the whole. A challenge to be interpreted under gauge symmetry. A symmetry of difference is proposed. Quantum diversities enlarging the meanings of interaction, induction, connectivity. A quantum system is introduced. Its elementarity is identified as a third quantum type. It is called whole quantum or variety. This quantum of a many particles system appears with a new physicality. The correspondingset action derives antireductionist physical laws under gauge symmetry. Ruled by associativity, set transformation, evolution. Associativitity providing quantum under set, diversity, interdependence, nonlinearity, chance. Set transformations performing a whole determinism with directive conducted by gauge parameter and circumstances under lagrangian free coefficients. Generating a set physics with growth, evolution, emergence, complexity. An evolving quantum transforming their quantum numbers. The abelian constructivist lagrangian is explored. A quantum system assembled by fields families and gauge scalars is performed. It arises an environmental physics. Gauge scalars form substrutures with realities and potentialities. The volume of circumstances for each gauge scalar is calculated. Nonvirtual relationships are derived. Physical entities as masses, charges, coupling constants are expressed under constructivist properties. Functionalities will lead them to a physical behaviour beyond four interactions.
{"title":"Abelian Constructivist Lagrangian","authors":"J. Chauca, R. Doria, L.S. Mendes","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9530","url":null,"abstract":"Constructivist lagrangian propiates a diverse approach to field theory. Introduce the set action. Consider fields families under a same symmetry group. The resulting fields set extends the standard atomist field theory to a whole field theory. An associative physics is proposed. The grouping physics. The relationship between the part and the whole is considered. A third quantum type beyond Planck granularity and quantum mechanics wave-particle is obtained. The quantum inserted in the whole. Differentiated energy packets are formed. A quantum system is constituted. The abelian grouping physics is considered. The simplest whole unity. Set action in terms of U(1) symmetry. The correspondent constructivist lagrangian is studied. A new type of individuation called whole quantum is derived.An abelian quantum system is constituted. The usual atomist gauge symmetry is preserved, but, constructivist properties are generated. Quantum system with own norm is a necessary theoretical argument. More is different, once time said P.W. Anderson. Physics is challenged to make the passage from an isolated particle to a quantum system. A theory to describe the physics of part in the whole. A challenge to be interpreted under gauge symmetry. A symmetry of difference is proposed. Quantum diversities enlarging the meanings of interaction, induction, connectivity. A quantum system is introduced. Its elementarity is identified as a third quantum type. It is called whole quantum or variety. This quantum of a many particles system appears with a new physicality. The correspondingset action derives antireductionist physical laws under gauge symmetry. Ruled by associativity, set transformation, evolution. Associativitity providing quantum under set, diversity, interdependence, nonlinearity, chance. Set transformations performing a whole determinism with directive conducted by gauge parameter and circumstances under lagrangian free coefficients. Generating a set physics with growth, evolution, emergence, complexity. An evolving quantum transforming their quantum numbers. The abelian constructivist lagrangian is explored. A quantum system assembled by fields families and gauge scalars is performed. It arises an environmental physics. Gauge scalars form substrutures with realities and potentialities. The volume of circumstances for each gauge scalar is calculated. Nonvirtual relationships are derived. Physical entities as masses, charges, coupling constants are expressed under constructivist properties. Functionalities will lead them to a physical behaviour beyond four interactions.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135853086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A whole Yang-Mills symmetry is proposed. A grouping physics is constituted. It consists in inserting a given Yang-Mills field Aaμ in a fields set {Aa μI } constituted by other fields families, I = 1, . . . , N. Each field becomes part of a whole. A set action physics happens preserving the Yang-Mills symmetry. However the usual properties of an isolated field are extended to antireductionist properties. An associative physics is formed. A Yang-Mills whole quantum system is constituted. A whole Yang-Mills physics isobtained. The quantum corresponding to a specific Aa μI field inserted in a whole develops features depending on thefields set {Aa μI } associativity. Properties established from a so-called constructivist gauge theory are identified. Usual YM interactions are enlarged to YM interrelationships. Classical equations are studied under set action. A Yang-Mills whole unity is constituted by a constructivist Lagrangian. The reductionist approach substituted by constructivism. Physics under set transformations. A cause and effect relationship is expressed based on whole unity. The whole is that moves to future. Minimal action principle, Noether theorem, Bianchi identities are derived. A fields set with diversity, interdependence, nonlinearity, chance is expressed.
提出了一个完整的杨-米尔斯对称。形成一个分组物理。它包括在一个由其他域族组成的域集{Aa μI}中插入一个给定的Yang-Mills域a_1, I = 1，…每个领域都成为整体的一部分。一种固定作用物理是在保持杨-米尔斯对称的情况下发生的。然而，孤立场的通常性质被推广到反还原论性质。形成了一种联想物理。建立了一个杨-米尔斯全量子系统。得到了一整套杨-米尔斯物理学。插入到整体中的特定Aa μI场对应的量子根据场集{Aa μI}的结合性发展出特征。从所谓的建构主义规范理论建立的属性被识别。通常的YM相互作用被扩大为YM相互关系。在固定作用下研究经典方程。一个杨-米尔斯整体统一体是由建构主义的拉格朗日量构成的。由建构主义取代的还原论方法。集合变换下的物理。因果关系是建立在整体统一的基础上的。整体是移动到未来。最小作用原理，诺特定理，Bianchi恒等式的推导。表达了一个具有多样性、相互依赖性、非线性、偶然性的场集。
{"title":"Non-Abelian Constructivist Lagrangian","authors":"J. Chauca, R. Doria","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9531","url":null,"abstract":"A whole Yang-Mills symmetry is proposed. A grouping physics is constituted. It consists in inserting a given Yang-Mills field Aaμ in a fields set {Aa μI } constituted by other fields families, I = 1, . . . , N. Each field becomes part of a whole. A set action physics happens preserving the Yang-Mills symmetry. However the usual properties of an isolated field are extended to antireductionist properties. An associative physics is formed. A Yang-Mills whole quantum system is constituted. A whole Yang-Mills physics isobtained. The quantum corresponding to a specific Aa μI field inserted in a whole develops features depending on thefields set {Aa μI } associativity. Properties established from a so-called constructivist gauge theory are identified. Usual YM interactions are enlarged to YM interrelationships. Classical equations are studied under set action. A Yang-Mills whole unity is constituted by a constructivist Lagrangian. The reductionist approach substituted by constructivism. Physics under set transformations. A cause and effect relationship is expressed based on whole unity. The whole is that moves to future. Minimal action principle, Noether theorem, Bianchi identities are derived. A fields set with diversity, interdependence, nonlinearity, chance is expressed.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135854243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an investigation into the electronic, thermal, and optical properties of a nanosheet made of Gallium Phosphide (GaP) via density functional theory (DFT). Our analysis focuses on the impact of buckling processes on these features. The utilization of buckling has been demonstrated to adjust the electronic thermal, and optical characteristics of a GaP nanosheet, including the energy gap, total energy, dielectric function, refractive index, and absorption coefficient. Consequently, the application of buckling in the GaP nanosheet allows for the modulation of its indirect band gap. The feasibility of synthesizing GaP nanosheets experimentally has been proven as these nanosheets exhibit both dynamic and thermal stability. Furthermore, buckling resulted in a broadening and a conspicuous shift towards lower energy in the optical phenomena as the degree of buckling increased. Therefore, it can be concluded that buckling serves as an additional parameter for enhancing the performance of GaP nanosheets in optoelectronic applications.
{"title":"The effects of buckling on the electronic, thermal, and optical features of a GaP nanosheet","authors":"W. A. Abdul- Hussein","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9525","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an investigation into the electronic, thermal, and optical properties of a nanosheet made of Gallium Phosphide (GaP) via density functional theory (DFT). Our analysis focuses on the impact of buckling processes on these features. The utilization of buckling has been demonstrated to adjust the electronic thermal, and optical characteristics of a GaP nanosheet, including the energy gap, total energy, dielectric function, refractive index, and absorption coefficient. Consequently, the application of buckling in the GaP nanosheet allows for the modulation of its indirect band gap. The feasibility of synthesizing GaP nanosheets experimentally has been proven as these nanosheets exhibit both dynamic and thermal stability. Furthermore, buckling resulted in a broadening and a conspicuous shift towards lower energy in the optical phenomena as the degree of buckling increased. Therefore, it can be concluded that buckling serves as an additional parameter for enhancing the performance of GaP nanosheets in optoelectronic applications.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135202848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Allah, the Creator, is the only Singular Super Force. A unified theory for the major forces gravity, weak, electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces is an intractable challenge to the scientists. This article is an innovative theory for unification of all forces in the universe; S-TOE. My published theory on quantum gravity was the first step. The main parameters and equations of the starting spherical singularity bubble of the early universe; acceleration, wavelength, radius, pressure and speed, were simply derived; named Sayed`s unified forces formula (SUFF). The violation of light speed at the early beginning of universe was dramatically found; 3.93 x 1027 m/s. The wavelength (λ) was also calculated and found to be 1.321 x 10-15 m. The difference, between the calculated force (9.29x1024 N) using SUFF and the Planck force (1.2103 x 1044 N) is might be due to contribution of other predicted forces. The calculated acceleration matches with Planck acceleration. Uniquely in this theory, the dark matter, dark energy and antimatter are among the acting forces control the universe. The Sayed`s forces diagram (SFD) is postulated and given. The anti-force term and concept is introduced to describe the opposite role of dark energy and matter. All the mentioned forces work together to keep the universe stable, expandable and equilibrium. Finally, it can be stated that some of the major universal constants need essential revision.
{"title":"Sayed`s Theory of Everything (S-TOE): The Acting Unified Forces in the Universe for Cosmological and Subatomic Scale","authors":"Sayed Ali El-Mongy","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9518","url":null,"abstract":"Allah, the Creator, is the only Singular Super Force. A unified theory for the major forces gravity, weak, electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces is an intractable challenge to the scientists. This article is an innovative theory for unification of all forces in the universe; S-TOE. My published theory on quantum gravity was the first step. The main parameters and equations of the starting spherical singularity bubble of the early universe; acceleration, wavelength, radius, pressure and speed, were simply derived; named Sayed`s unified forces formula (SUFF). The violation of light speed at the early beginning of universe was dramatically found; 3.93 x 1027 m/s. The wavelength (λ) was also calculated and found to be 1.321 x 10-15 m. The difference, between the calculated force (9.29x1024 N) using SUFF and the Planck force (1.2103 x 1044 N) is might be due to contribution of other predicted forces. The calculated acceleration matches with Planck acceleration. Uniquely in this theory, the dark matter, dark energy and antimatter are among the acting forces control the universe. The Sayed`s forces diagram (SFD) is postulated and given. The anti-force term and concept is introduced to describe the opposite role of dark energy and matter. All the mentioned forces work together to keep the universe stable, expandable and equilibrium. Finally, it can be stated that some of the major universal constants need essential revision.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135830796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Without knowledge physics is devoid of its means to reality. Without wisdom insight remains hidden. And while eyesight is a grandiose thing it is prone to deception. And sight deception however innocent leads to errors. As then nearly all things can be overcome so can the lack of knowledge and insight.
{"title":"SCIENCE TO REALITY.","authors":"Leonard Van Zanten","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9512","url":null,"abstract":"Without knowledge physics is devoid of its means to reality. Without wisdom insight remains hidden. And while eyesight is a grandiose thing it is prone to deception. And sight deception however innocent leads to errors. As then nearly all things can be overcome so can the lack of knowledge and insight.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77429949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is estimated that the earth is about 4.5 billion years old and it is now believed that by 4.3 billion years ago, earth may have developed physico-chemical conditions suitable to support life, when its atmosphere consisted largely of water (H2O) vapor, nitrogen (N2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) with much smaller amounts of methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfur compounds like carbonyl sulfide (COS), and the earth had a reducing atmosphere without any free oxygen. The oldest known fossil records show that life came into being about 3.7 billion years ago. It is also believed that life proliferated and evolved in largest scale only after first aoxygenic photosynthesis by viruses and then oxygenic photosynthesis by plants produced large scale biochemocules and molecular oxygen (O2). But this necessitated a period of the evolution of primitive life forms like reprocing cells, which required enormous carbon-based prebiotic chemicals mediated by dialectical chance and necessity as is the case with later biological evolution. This had to involve the production within about a billion years, of specific prebiotic ingradients in enough quantities, in sufficient concentration in a limited, dynamic and physicochemically suitable localized evironment. But only the few primitive chemical compounds mentioned above, most abundent being H2O and CO2 , laready existing on earth, potentially could be source of enormous amount and variety of prebiotic chemicals necessary for the formation the first reproducing cell. Based on the SET (Selective Energy Transfer Theory) developed by one of us (RL), we have reason to speculate for the first time that the carbonyl sulphide (COS) catalyzed reduction of CO2 by H2O and by other less abundant molecules like CH4, NH3 and H2S was the decisive prerequisite for the formation of prebiotic chemical ingredients and for the chemical evolution of the first reproducing cell on Earth.
据估计，地球大约有45亿年的历史，现在人们认为，到43亿年前，地球可能已经发展出适合生命存在的物理化学条件，当时地球的大气主要由水(H2O)蒸汽、氮(N2)和二氧化碳(CO2)组成，甲烷(CH4)、一氧化碳(CO)、氨(NH3)、氢(H2)、硫化氢(H2S)和其他硫化合物，如羰基硫化氢(COS)，地球的大气层是还原性的，没有游离氧。已知最古老的化石记录显示，生命大约在37亿年前出现。也有人认为，只有在病毒进行缺氧光合作用，然后植物进行氧气光合作用产生大规模的生物化学分子和分子氧(O2)之后，生命才得以大规模繁殖和进化。但这需要一段时间的原始生命形式的进化，比如复制细胞，这需要大量的碳基益生元化学物质，由辩证的机会和必然性介导，就像后来的生物进化一样。这需要在大约10亿年的时间里，在有限的、动态的、物理化学适宜的局部环境中，以足够的数量和浓度生产出特定的益生元成分。但是，只有上面提到的几种原始化合物，最丰富的是水和二氧化碳，已经存在于地球上，可能是形成第一个再生细胞所必需的大量和各种生命前化学物质的来源。根据我们其中一人(RL)提出的SET (Selective Energy Transfer Theory)理论，我们第一次有理由推测，羰基硫化物(COS)催化H2O和其他较少的分子(如CH4、NH3和H2S)还原CO2是形成益生元化学成分和地球上第一个再生细胞的化学进化的决定性先决条件。
{"title":"Origin of Prebiotic Organics and Oxygen on Earth. A case for the Pre-Photosynthetic and Carbonyl Sulfide Catalyzed Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by Water, Methane, Ammonia and Hydrogen sulfide.","authors":"R. Larsson, A. Malek","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9506","url":null,"abstract":"It is estimated that the earth is about 4.5 billion years old and it is now believed that by 4.3 billion years ago, earth may have developed physico-chemical conditions suitable to support life, when its atmosphere consisted largely of water (H2O) vapor, nitrogen (N2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) with much smaller amounts of methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other sulfur compounds like carbonyl sulfide (COS), and the earth had a reducing atmosphere without any free oxygen. The oldest known fossil records show that life came into being about 3.7 billion years ago. It is also believed that life proliferated and evolved in largest scale only after first aoxygenic photosynthesis by viruses and then oxygenic photosynthesis by plants produced large scale biochemocules and molecular oxygen (O2). But this necessitated a period of the evolution of primitive life forms like reprocing cells, which required enormous carbon-based prebiotic chemicals mediated by dialectical chance and necessity as is the case with later biological evolution. This had to involve the production within about a billion years, of specific prebiotic ingradients in enough quantities, in sufficient concentration in a limited, dynamic and physicochemically suitable localized evironment. But only the few primitive chemical compounds mentioned above, most abundent being H2O and CO2 , laready existing on earth, potentially could be source of enormous amount and variety of prebiotic chemicals necessary for the formation the first reproducing cell. Based on the SET (Selective Energy Transfer Theory) developed by one of us (RL), we have reason to speculate for the first time that the carbonyl sulphide (COS) catalyzed reduction of CO2 by H2O and by other less abundant molecules like CH4, NH3 and H2S was the decisive prerequisite for the formation of prebiotic chemical ingredients and for the chemical evolution of the first reproducing cell on Earth.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86779272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Man constructed the atomic bomb without knowing its fundamentals, creating his vision of things by sight deception. He has his seasons but does not know how these come about, other than by error in sight deception. And so it is with most of his theories, while it will enhance him to come to a truth, as it will be in the centuries to come.
{"title":"ATOMIC REACTIONS","authors":"Leonard Van Zanten","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9505","url":null,"abstract":"Man constructed the atomic bomb without knowing its fundamentals, creating his vision of things by sight deception. He has his seasons but does not know how these come about, other than by error in sight deception. And so it is with most of his theories, while it will enhance him to come to a truth, as it will be in the centuries to come.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81689397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If we talk about Stellar Aberration, then we think of the form of Stellar Aberration that was first discovered and explained by Bradley. In addition to Bradley's Stellar Aberration, which can also be defined as Relative Stellar Aberration, we will define Absolute Stellar Aberration based on just one measurement. Here after we will refer to the Absolute Stellar Aberration as $ASA$. We will try to explain in a few words why it is necessary to measure and interpret Stellar Aberration in this way. Suppose we performed two measurements of the Doppler Effect within six months. If we don't know the results of those measurements, but only difference between them, then we cannot determine the radial velocities with which the observer moves with respect to the star. We will prove that similar reasoning can be applied in the case of Stellar Aberration as defined by Bradley. Knowing only the difference between the two measurements of the Stellar Aberration, we are not able to determine the transverse velocities the observer moves with respect to the line of sight, but only their difference. Using the results of $ASA$ measurements, we will determine a Reference Inertial Frame and after that derive formulas for Relative and Absolute Stellar Aberration.
{"title":"Relative and Absolute Stellar Aberration","authors":"Miloš Čojanović","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9474","url":null,"abstract":"If we talk about Stellar Aberration, then we think of the form of Stellar Aberration that was first discovered and explained by Bradley. In addition to Bradley's Stellar Aberration, which can also be defined as Relative Stellar Aberration, we will define Absolute Stellar Aberration based on just one measurement. Here after we will refer to the Absolute Stellar Aberration as $ASA$. We will try to explain in a few words why it is necessary to measure and interpret Stellar Aberration in this way. Suppose we performed two measurements of the Doppler Effect within six months. If we don't know the results of those measurements, but only difference between them, then we cannot determine the radial velocities with which the observer moves with respect to the star. We will prove that similar reasoning can be applied in the case of Stellar Aberration as defined by Bradley. Knowing only the difference between the two measurements of the Stellar Aberration, we are not able to determine the transverse velocities the observer moves with respect to the line of sight, but only their difference. Using the results of $ASA$ measurements, we will determine a Reference Inertial Frame and after that derive formulas for Relative and Absolute Stellar Aberration.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75762853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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