Unification theory with no extra dimensions, using a vacuum structure and opposite from fields based. The first part deals with the unification of the strong nuclear force and the gravitational force. Strong nuclear force, with an attraction of 10.000 Newtons is which makes space to curve generating acceleration, more matter, more acceleration. Gravitational force is moved to work with more than 30 decimals. The second part describes the hypothetical structure for the quantum vacuum to be able to work as a superconductor of matter as well as of smaller subatomic particles (like photons or neutrinos) inside a 3 states multistable system that allows fundamental particles motion as described in the Standard Model.
{"title":"Superconducting Field Theory (Theory of Everything)","authors":"Sergio Perez Felipe","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9464","url":null,"abstract":"Unification theory with no extra dimensions, using a vacuum structure and opposite from fields based. The first part deals with the unification of the strong nuclear force and the gravitational force. Strong nuclear force, with an attraction of 10.000 Newtons is which makes space to curve generating acceleration, more matter, more acceleration. Gravitational force is moved to work with more than 30 decimals. The second part describes the hypothetical structure for the quantum vacuum to be able to work as a superconductor of matter as well as of smaller subatomic particles (like photons or neutrinos) inside a 3 states multistable system that allows fundamental particles motion as described in the Standard Model.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"285 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76896121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Physics would like to know what electric charge is. As a matter property it generates EM fields, coupling constant,conserved current. Nevertheless Maxwell is uncomplete. It requires to be extended. An approach is supported byelectric charge transfer phenomenology. Consider on three flavours charges {+, 0, −} transmission.A generic electric charge is defined by the triad {+, 0, −}. It provides an exchange charge physics through thequadruplet {Aμ, Uμ, V ± μ }. An electromagnetic symmetry is constituted. It associates the four vectorial bosons. TheEM completeness of particles carrying three electric charges is found. A four photons EM is derived. It includes, Aμ asthe usual photon, Uμ massive photon, V±μ massive charged photons. A new electromagnetic physics is expressed through an enlarged abelian symmetry, Uq(1). Maxwell relationshipsbetween charge and fields are extended. Fields charges are more primitive than electric charge. Noether theoremimproves the attributes on electric charge conservation, symmetry equation and constraint. The symmetry equationwhich govern the electric charge dynamics shows a charge behaviour beyond matter, as fields flux. EM interaction isextended from fine structure constant to modulated and neutral charges.The four bosons electromagnetism introduces a non-univoque electromagnetic symmetry. A pluriformity of EM modelsis performed under similar abelian group, Uq(1). Opportunities for different EM models are constituted preservingcharge conservation law and sharing a common Lagrangian. Physical varieties on Noether theorem, fields strengths,Lagrangian coefficients, equations of motion, fields charges are expressed. Electric charge is englobed by fields charges.The simplest four bosons model is selected. That one which fields strengths are gauge invariants. Propitiatingmeasurable granular and collective fields strenghts. Four kinds of charges are expressed through equations of motion.Electric, modulate, neutral and Bianchi. Allowing to include new EM sectors. Extend Maxwell for nonintegers charges,nonlinearity, neutral EM, spintronics, weak interactions, photonics. A new EM energy emerges.
{"title":"On the electromagnetic symmetry producing fields charges at four bosons association","authors":"R. Doria, L. Mendes","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9437","url":null,"abstract":"Physics would like to know what electric charge is. As a matter property it generates EM fields, coupling constant,conserved current. Nevertheless Maxwell is uncomplete. It requires to be extended. An approach is supported byelectric charge transfer phenomenology. Consider on three flavours charges {+, 0, −} transmission.A generic electric charge is defined by the triad {+, 0, −}. It provides an exchange charge physics through thequadruplet {Aμ, Uμ, V ±\u0000μ }. An electromagnetic symmetry is constituted. It associates the four vectorial bosons. TheEM completeness of particles carrying three electric charges is found. A four photons EM is derived. It includes, Aμ asthe usual photon, Uμ massive photon, V±μ massive charged photons.\u0000A new electromagnetic physics is expressed through an enlarged abelian symmetry, Uq(1). Maxwell relationshipsbetween charge and fields are extended. Fields charges are more primitive than electric charge. Noether theoremimproves the attributes on electric charge conservation, symmetry equation and constraint. The symmetry equationwhich govern the electric charge dynamics shows a charge behaviour beyond matter, as fields flux. EM interaction isextended from fine structure constant to modulated and neutral charges.The four bosons electromagnetism introduces a non-univoque electromagnetic symmetry. A pluriformity of EM modelsis performed under similar abelian group, Uq(1). Opportunities for different EM models are constituted preservingcharge conservation law and sharing a common Lagrangian. Physical varieties on Noether theorem, fields strengths,Lagrangian coefficients, equations of motion, fields charges are expressed. Electric charge is englobed by fields charges.The simplest four bosons model is selected. That one which fields strengths are gauge invariants. Propitiatingmeasurable granular and collective fields strenghts. Four kinds of charges are expressed through equations of motion.Electric, modulate, neutral and Bianchi. Allowing to include new EM sectors. Extend Maxwell for nonintegers charges,nonlinearity, neutral EM, spintronics, weak interactions, photonics. A new EM energy emerges.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87536710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nothing by chance, everything was created by Allah (God). Quantum gravity (QG) is a hundred year unsolved puzzle and nagging mystery. This article introduces an innovative theory to describe quantum gravity by merging Newtonian, general relativity and quantum mechanics concepts. A unified formula and equations for quantifying and defining the quantum gravity was derived. It is called Sayed`s quantum gravity force (SQGF). It can be concluded that the gravity is a force inversely proportional to the square of the gravity quanta wavelength and distance; it is not only due to warping and curvature of the space-time fabric. The derived equation indicates that the gravity is also quantized. The Sayed`s gravitational constant (AsM) was given. The SQGF formula was validated and verified by check its units and calculations of the wavelengths in the micro and macroscopic scale. For the micro gravity force of 1µN (1 micro Newton), the wavelength was calculated. It was found to be in the measurable range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The quanta gravity wavelength of values 5.6026 x 10-9 m and 2.83457 x 10-13 m were found for Planck scale and electron-proton of H-atom respectively. A proposed approach to measure the relative gravity wavelengths is given. It can revolutionary be concluded that the speed of light is a variable. The violation of light speed is a must for the instantaneous nature of the gravity quanta and the entanglement phenomena.
没有什么是偶然的，一切都是真主创造的。量子引力(QG)是一个百年未解的谜题和挥之不去的谜团。本文介绍了一种结合牛顿、广义相对论和量子力学概念来描述量子引力的创新理论。导出了量子化和定义量子引力的统一公式和方程。它被称为赛义德量子引力(SQGF)。可以得出:引力是与引力量子波长和距离的平方成反比的力;这不仅仅是由于时空结构的翘曲和弯曲。推导出的方程表明引力也是量子化的。给出了赛义德引力常数(AsM)。通过对SQGF公式在微观和宏观尺度上的单位和波长计算，对SQGF公式进行了验证。当微重力为1µN(1微牛顿)时，计算波长。它被发现在电磁波谱的可测量范围内。在普朗克尺度下，h原子的量子引力波长分别为5.6026 x 10-9 m和2.83457 x 10-13 m。提出了一种测量相对重力波长的方法。可以革命性地得出结论，光速是一个变量。光速的违反是引力量子和纠缠现象的瞬时性质所必需的。
{"title":"Theory of the Unified Gravity: Sayed’s Quantum Gravity Force (SQGF) as a Function in Wavelength and Planck Length with Inevitability of Light Speed Violation","authors":"S. El-Mongy","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9414","url":null,"abstract":"Nothing by chance, everything was created by Allah (God). Quantum gravity (QG) is a hundred year unsolved puzzle and nagging mystery. This article introduces an innovative theory to describe quantum gravity by merging Newtonian, general relativity and quantum mechanics concepts. A unified formula and equations for quantifying and defining the quantum gravity was derived. It is called Sayed`s quantum gravity force (SQGF). It can be concluded that the gravity is a force inversely proportional to the square of the gravity quanta wavelength and distance; it is not only due to warping and curvature of the space-time fabric. The derived equation indicates that the gravity is also quantized. The Sayed`s gravitational constant (AsM) was given. The SQGF formula was validated and verified by check its units and calculations of the wavelengths in the micro and macroscopic scale. For the micro gravity force of 1µN (1 micro Newton), the wavelength was calculated. It was found to be in the measurable range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The quanta gravity wavelength of values 5.6026 x 10-9 m and 2.83457 x 10-13 m were found for Planck scale and electron-proton of H-atom respectively. A proposed approach to measure the relative gravity wavelengths is given. It can revolutionary be concluded that the speed of light is a variable. The violation of light speed is a must for the instantaneous nature of the gravity quanta and the entanglement phenomena.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74654203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Variations of signal strengths during solar bursts recorded at Kalyani corresponding to two different frequencies, 406.7 MHz and 100 MHz are reported. The amplitude of the signals received at 406.7 MHz is found larger and that the flares analyzed are mostly of M-type. The signal strengths of the coronal effect at such times were very high compared to the surface effect of the Sun. The signal level of surface effect of the Sun at the peak activity varies in amplitude from 0.06 volts to 0.1 volt while those related to solar corona vary in between 7.0 to 7.2 volts. Both the solar wind velocity and proton density are found to increase in the dates of severe bursts and there are sudden disturbances in the arrival direction of solar wind particles. Also the geomagnetic indices are enhanced at the time of solar bursts when the DST index reduces rapidly.
{"title":"Variations of Signal Strength during Solar Bursts: A Probable Coronal and Surface Effects of the Sun","authors":"Debojyoti Halder, B. Raha","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9403","url":null,"abstract":"Variations of signal strengths during solar bursts recorded at Kalyani corresponding to two different frequencies, 406.7 MHz and 100 MHz are reported. The amplitude of the signals received at 406.7 MHz is found larger and that the flares analyzed are mostly of M-type. The signal strengths of the coronal effect at such times were very high compared to the surface effect of the Sun. The signal level of surface effect of the Sun at the peak activity varies in amplitude from 0.06 volts to 0.1 volt while those related to solar corona vary in between 7.0 to 7.2 volts. Both the solar wind velocity and proton density are found to increase in the dates of severe bursts and there are sudden disturbances in the arrival direction of solar wind particles. Also the geomagnetic indices are enhanced at the time of solar bursts when the DST index reduces rapidly.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83185714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The total universe is made up of many universes like our own. These different universes can interact in many different ways. These collisions are essential for the development of each of the many universes. Because of this interaction, a process is started so that the landscape structure where the universes develop leads us to different practical values of the cosmological constant. So then, quantum tunneling plays a vital role in the rise of the new areas created by the Universal interacts. This leads to the values of their vacuum state. The interacting universes and the new areas that they create depend on just small regions of Spacetime. The quantum effects are significant only in this Spacetime. These new areas that develop help to develop different areas of a continuous process.
{"title":"The Interactions between Universes and its Effect on the Cosmological Constant in a Multiverse with Regularized Big Bangs","authors":"David McGraw Jr.","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9355","url":null,"abstract":"The total universe is made up of many universes like our own. These different universes can interact in many different ways. These collisions are essential for the development of each of the many universes. Because of this interaction, a process is started so that the landscape structure where the universes develop leads us to different practical values of the cosmological constant. So then, quantum tunneling plays a vital role in the rise of the new areas created by the Universal interacts. This leads to the values of their vacuum state. The interacting universes and the new areas that they create depend on just small regions of Spacetime. The quantum effects are significant only in this Spacetime. These new areas that develop help to develop different areas of a continuous process.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"1 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83110675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we present a method for measuring the one-way speed of light. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to solve two problems. The rst problem is how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector, and the second problem is to prove that the slow movement of one of the clocks does not significantly a ect the already established synchronization between the two clocks.
{"title":"Measuring one way speed of light","authors":"Miloš Čojanović","doi":"10.24297/jap.v21i.9364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v21i.9364","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a method for measuring the one-way speed of light. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to solve two problems. The rst problem is how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector, and the second problem is to prove that the slow movement of one of the clocks does not significantly a ect the already established synchronization between the two clocks.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86519189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unity of the laws is a function in divinity of the Creator – Allah. The postulation of the Big Bang that the universe began by symmetrical matter to anti-matter (M/AM) ratio leads to non-matter universe. This article went deeply and simply through the asymmetry and imbalance of (M/AM) ratio at the beginning of the universe and in the time being. A simple derived formula (Sayed`s Matter-Antimatter ratio) quantified the Anti-matter percentage to be ¼ (~25%), while it was ¾ (~75%) for matter at the early universe. This ratio is almost equivalent ~π. It may be concluded that the asymmetry of (M/AM) is due to violation of E=mc2. Comparison of the published and a derived electron antineutrino/neutrino mass ratio was found to be correlated by Sayed`s factor (SF); about 30√πe. The entropy of black hole is inversely correlated with antimatter percentage and (~3/4π). The proton/electron and antineutrino/neutrino mass ratios correlated with their acceleration were also expressed. Based on our current and previous published findings; the ratios of dark energy/dark matter = Hydrogen/Helium = Matter/antimatter ≈π.
{"title":"Asymmetry of the Matter-Anti Matter Ratio in the Universe and Violation of E=mc2: Sayed`s Theory for Matter-Antimatter Chirality and its Correlations","authors":"S. El-Mongy","doi":"10.24297/jap.v20i.9356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v20i.9356","url":null,"abstract":"Unity of the laws is a function in divinity of the Creator – Allah. The postulation of the Big Bang that the universe began by symmetrical matter to anti-matter (M/AM) ratio leads to non-matter universe. This article went deeply and simply through the asymmetry and imbalance of (M/AM) ratio at the beginning of the universe and in the time being. A simple derived formula (Sayed`s Matter-Antimatter ratio) quantified the Anti-matter percentage to be ¼ (~25%), while it was ¾ (~75%) for matter at the early universe. This ratio is almost equivalent ~π. It may be concluded that the asymmetry of (M/AM) is due to violation of E=mc2. Comparison of the published and a derived electron antineutrino/neutrino mass ratio was found to be correlated by Sayed`s factor (SF); about 30√πe. The entropy of black hole is inversely correlated with antimatter percentage and (~3/4π). The proton/electron and antineutrino/neutrino mass ratios correlated with their acceleration were also expressed. Based on our current and previous published findings; the ratios of dark energy/dark matter = Hydrogen/Helium = Matter/antimatter ≈π.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78064402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main topic to be addressed is the search for a new source of energy: light. Electromagnetism has been the energy that has most changed civilisation in the last two centuries. The emergence of photonics instead of electronics is a new challenge. Photonics is the clean energy to look for. The 20th century was that of electrons. Several innovations took place through electronics. However, despite these numerous innovations due to the electromagnetic properties of the electron, the 21st century will be that of the photon. The advent of a new generation of innovations arising from the electromagnetic properties of the photon is expected. There is a primordial photon from the light invariance still to be revealed, and a growing photonic market awaiting new properties of the photon. The new perspective lies in discovering electromagnetism where the photon is the own source of electromagnetic fields and self-interacting photons at the tree level are generated. Our proposal is the four bosons electromagnetism[1] . A model based on charge transfer. An enlargement to Maxwell supported upon a general electric charge triad {+,0,-} and an extension to gauge symmetry for a nonlinear abelian gauge theory[2] . Elementary particle physics shows several reactions interchanging positive, negative and zero charges. It yields a physicality considering the charges set {+,0,-} mediated by four gauge bosons. A quadruplet physics manifested by photon, massive photon and charged photons. A new EM energy is to be explored. Introducing new electromagnetic sectors beyond Maxwell as nonlinear EM, neutral EM, spintronics, weak interaction, and photonics. The basis for photonic engineering.
{"title":"Maxwell to Photonics","authors":"M. Couto, R. Doria","doi":"10.24297/jap.v20i.9336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v20i.9336","url":null,"abstract":"The main topic to be addressed is the search for a new source of energy: light. Electromagnetism has been the energy that has most changed civilisation in the last two centuries. The emergence of photonics instead of electronics is a new challenge. Photonics is the clean energy to look for.\u0000The 20th century was that of electrons. Several innovations took place through electronics. However, despite these numerous innovations due to the electromagnetic properties of the electron, the 21st century will be that of the photon. The advent of a new generation of innovations arising from the electromagnetic properties of the photon is expected. There is a primordial photon from the light invariance still to be revealed, and a growing photonic market awaiting new properties of the photon. The new perspective lies in discovering electromagnetism where the photon is the own source of electromagnetic fields and self-interacting photons at the tree level are generated.\u0000Our proposal is the four bosons electromagnetism[1] . A model based on charge transfer. An enlargement to Maxwell supported upon a general electric charge triad {+,0,-} and an extension to gauge symmetry for a nonlinear abelian gauge theory[2] . Elementary particle physics shows several reactions interchanging positive, negative and zero charges. It yields a physicality considering the charges set {+,0,-} mediated by four gauge bosons. A quadruplet physics manifested by photon, massive photon and charged photons. A new EM energy is to be explored. Introducing new electromagnetic sectors beyond Maxwell as nonlinear EM, neutral EM, spintronics, weak interaction, and photonics. The basis for photonic engineering.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80002634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The structural, morphology and magnetic properties of Cobalt oxide embedded in silica gel with 10 mol. %, in monolith form, sintered at different temperature ranging from 60 up to 1300ºC, respectively recorded as (SC(60-1300) were prepared by a modified sol gel technique. The sintering temperature effect on the crystallization, surface morphology and magnetic behaviors of the prepared samples will be study, Phase identification by using surface morphology and X-ray diffraction will be study by using Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Field emission scanning electron microscope imaging (FESEM). The nano-scale presence and the formation of the α-cristobalyte tetragonal phase of silica gel as well as the doped samples with cobalt oxide crystallinity enhancement were detected using the mentioned techniques. FTIR spectra were being study. The saturation magnetization (Ms), remnant magnetization (Mr) and coercive force (Hc), was founded to be equl to 0.183,0.031 emu/g and 46.7Oe respectively. The A. C. conductivity increased by increasing the temperature .Therefore, by increasing the sintering temperature of the silica gel network doped withCo3O4are applicant for several electronic and industrial devices with improved dielectric charge storage capacity and strength.
{"title":"Silica gel doped with cobalt oxide prepared by sol-gel technique; improving dielectric charge storage","authors":"R. K. Abd El Hamid, I. Battisha, N. Shahin","doi":"10.24297/jap.v20i.9324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v20i.9324","url":null,"abstract":"The structural, morphology and magnetic properties of Cobalt oxide embedded in silica gel with 10 mol. %, in monolith form, sintered at different temperature ranging from 60 up to 1300ºC, respectively recorded as (SC(60-1300) were prepared by a modified sol gel technique. The sintering temperature effect on the crystallization, surface morphology and magnetic behaviors of the prepared samples will be study,\u0000Phase identification by using surface morphology and X-ray diffraction will be study by using Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Field emission scanning electron microscope imaging (FESEM). The nano-scale presence and the formation of the α-cristobalyte tetragonal phase of silica gel as well as the doped samples with cobalt oxide crystallinity enhancement were detected using the mentioned techniques. FTIR spectra were being study. The saturation magnetization (Ms), remnant magnetization (Mr) and coercive force (Hc), was founded to be equl to 0.183,0.031 emu/g and 46.7Oe respectively. The A. C. conductivity increased by increasing the temperature .Therefore, by increasing the sintering temperature of the silica gel network doped withCo3O4are applicant for several electronic and industrial devices with improved dielectric charge storage capacity and strength.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"249 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73538634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Depending on the enrichment levels, enriched uranium can be used for many purposes, such as the fabrication of fresh fuels for power and research reactors. Furthermore, under the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation (NPT), the states, specifically non-nuclear-weapon states of comprehensive safeguards agreements, should be inspected and verified to prove "peaceful use" commitments. Consequently, verifying the enrichment process and the percentage is considered an essential element for investigation purposes. The primary motivation of this paper is to estimate and validate U3O8 samples enrichment percentage using innovative formula. The enrichment calculations were conducted using certified safeguarded nuclear materials with varying low enriched uranium (LEU) ratios, both experimentally with a HpGe detector and computationally with Python 3.10 code. The results prove precise and acceptable values compared to the certified declared enrichment percentage (from depleted 0.32% - 4.5%) with differences in the range of 1⁓ 3.8%. The new formula used in this work applies to national, regional, and international safeguards inspection targets.
{"title":"Estimation and Validation of Enrichment Percentage of U3O8 Samples using Innovative Mathematical Formula and Python Code","authors":"R. El-Tayebany, H. Elbegawy, S. El-Mongy","doi":"10.24297/jap.v20i.9299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24297/jap.v20i.9299","url":null,"abstract":"Depending on the enrichment levels, enriched uranium can be used for many purposes, such as the fabrication of fresh fuels for power and research reactors. Furthermore, under the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation (NPT), the states, specifically non-nuclear-weapon states of comprehensive safeguards agreements, should be inspected and verified to prove \"peaceful use\" commitments. Consequently, verifying the enrichment process and the percentage is considered an essential element for investigation purposes. The primary motivation of this paper is to estimate and validate U3O8 samples enrichment percentage using innovative formula. The enrichment calculations were conducted using certified safeguarded nuclear materials with varying low enriched uranium (LEU) ratios, both experimentally with a HpGe detector and computationally with Python 3.10 code. The results prove precise and acceptable values compared to the certified declared enrichment percentage (from depleted 0.32% - 4.5%) with differences in the range of 1⁓ 3.8%. The new formula used in this work applies to national, regional, and international safeguards inspection targets.","PeriodicalId":15024,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73169586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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