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The Structure of Space and its Impact on Interplanetary Travel and Answers to Fundamental Cosmological Questions 空间结构及其对行星际旅行的影响以及对基本宇宙学问题的回答
Pub Date : 2022-04-17 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v20i.9215
N. Sobolewska, Joanna Paulina Sobolewska, Marek Juliusz Sobolewski, M. Sobolewski, D. Sobolewski
The article presents the far-reaching implications of the theory entitled "Theory of Space" (Sobolewski D. S., Theory of Space, 2016) (Sobolewski D. S., Theory of Space, 2017) (Sobolewski D. S., Theory of Space, 2022 - new unpublished edition) and of the publication "New Generations of Rocket Engines" (Sobolewska, Sobolewska, Sobolewski, Sobolewski, & Sobolewski, 2021). Among others, it presents the shape of curved space in E4 for selected planets of the solar system and the Sun, taking into account boundary hypersurfaces  and gravitational interactions. The existence of space tunnels was analysed and the perspective of new technologies enabling interplanetary travel was outlined. Furthermore, due to the revealed structure of space, cosmological issues including the existence of other Universes and possible effects of their interactions are addressed. The constant Gdańsk was also introduced GGdańsk which, together with the introduced equation, makes it possible to determine the maximum immersion depth of an astronomical object of mass M.
本文介绍了题为“空间理论”的理论(Sobolewski博士,空间理论,2016年)(Sobolewski博士,空间理论,2017年)(Sobolewski博士,空间理论,2022年-新的未出版版本)和出版物“新一代火箭发动机”(Sobolewska, Sobolewska, Sobolewski, Sobolewski, Sobolewski, & Sobolewski, 2021年)的深远影响。其中,在考虑边界超曲面和引力相互作用的情况下,它展示了太阳系和太阳的选定行星在E4中的弯曲空间形状。对空间隧道的存在进行了分析,并概述了实现星际旅行的新技术的前景。此外,由于揭示了空间的结构,宇宙学问题,包括其他宇宙的存在和它们相互作用的可能影响被解决。还引入了常数Gdańsk GGdańsk,它与引入的方程一起,使确定质量为M的天体的最大浸入深度成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
Novel Arithmetic Equations for Mass Energy Equivalence, Newton’s Rings Radius, Wavelength and Speed of Light, Fine Structure Constant and Ideal Gas Law Correlated with eπ Based on Sayed’s Theorem 基于赛义德定理的质能等效新算法、牛顿环半径、光的波长和速度、精细结构常数和与epi相关的理想气体定律
Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v20i.9214
S. El-Mongy
Many proved scientific facts are mentioned in the generous Quran. This article introduces revisiting, revising and rewriting of well-established equations and laws of different applied fields of science and engineering. The eπ has been correlated with the mass energy equation of special relativity, fine structure constant, Newton`s rings radius, light wavelength, speed of light and ideal gas law. The correlated formulas were achieved based on the published Sayed`s equations and theorem. The fine structure constant was calculated and compared with a published value with 8.6435x10-5 discrepancy percentage. The novel deduced equations/formulas can be considered as confident mathematical expressions to be parallel used in the abovementioned and other scientific fields.
慷慨的《古兰经》中提到了许多已被证实的科学事实。本文介绍了在不同的科学和工程应用领域中,对已建立的方程和定律的重审、修改和重写。epπ与狭义相对论的质能方程、精细结构常数、牛顿环半径、光波长、光速和理想气体定律相关。根据已发表的赛义德方程和定理推导出相关公式。计算精细结构常数,并与已发表的值进行比较,差异率为8.6435x10-5。新推导的方程/公式可以看作是可靠的数学表达式,可并行应用于上述和其他科学领域。
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引用次数: 0
Biophysical Characterization of (DOX-NPtm): FTIR and DSC Studies (DOX-NPtm)的生物物理特性:FTIR和DSC研究
Pub Date : 2022-03-03 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v20i.9194
Amal Abdullah Al Mutairi, Mohsen Mahmoud Mady
Doxorubicin loaded into liposomes grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been demonstrated to have a longer circulation time and lower cardiotoxicity than doxorubicin (DOX). This study aims to investigate the biophysical characterization of a marketed formulation DOX-encapsulated liposome (DOX-NPTM). The interactions between doxorubicin and liposomal lipids can help in liposomal development. The liposome and DOX-NPTM were characterized in terms of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The rheological properties of liposomal samples were also measured. Physical interactions may be occurred between the drug functional groups and liposomal lipids, probably by weak hydrogen bond formation or weak bond formation due to dipole-dipole interaction. There was no shift of existing peaks or appearance of new peaks was detected between the characteristic peaks of the liposomal lipids were present in the DOX-encapsulated liposome sample. This suggests that there were physical interactions that took place only between the drug and lipids and no chemical interaction between them. DSC information shows that the phase transition temperature shifts to lower temperature degrees after loading of DOX into the liposomes. The DSC curve has a small broadening. This may infer a little cooperativity decrease between acyl chains of liposomal membranes after DOX inclusion. The encapsulation of DOX into liposomes decreases the plastic viscosity of liposomes (from 1.64 to 1.48 cP), which shows that the membrane fluidity was increased.
与多柔比星(DOX)相比,多柔比星装载到聚乙二醇(PEG)脂质体中具有更长的循环时间和更低的心脏毒性。本研究旨在研究已上市制剂dox -封装脂质体(DOX-NPTM)的生物物理特性。阿霉素与脂质体之间的相互作用有助于脂质体的发育。用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对脂质体和DOX-NPTM进行了表征。测定了脂质体样品的流变特性。药物官能团与脂质体之间可能发生物理相互作用,可能通过弱氢键的形成或偶极-偶极相互作用引起的弱键的形成。在dox包封的脂质体样品中存在的脂质体特征峰之间没有检测到现有峰的移位或新峰的出现。这表明只有药物和脂质之间发生了物理相互作用,而它们之间没有化学相互作用。DSC信息显示,在将DOX加载到脂质体中后,相变温度降低。DSC曲线有较小的展宽。这可能推断在DOX包合后脂质体膜的酰基链之间的协同性略有下降。DOX包封脂质体降低了脂质体的塑性粘度(从1.64 cP降至1.48 cP),表明膜流动性增加。
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引用次数: 0
The second revolution of relativity 相对论的第二次革命
Pub Date : 2022-02-08 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v20i.9179
Amar Merouani
Energy, this vital entity that we need, and that everyone consumes and liberates, in different forms, has been since the dawn of time the greatest concern of the human being. Over the centuries, energy has transformed lifestyles in all societies of the world, contributing to the emergence of new cities and major cosmopolitan cities. Scientific research has contributed to much of this extraordinary advance of energy in the conquest of the world, thanks to the many works and discoveries of scientists from the golden age of Islamic civilization to the renaissance in Europe, to the great technological revolution that has emerged in the North and in the South. The continuous need for energy has always been the main driver, for various discoveries, whether related to energy matter or those related to energy reactions. Between pure matter and an active reaction, energy has become the focus of several hybrid studies, manipulating energy as a source on the one hand, and as a finished product on the other.While most of the work carried out on the electric current, during the first years of the 17th century [1], showed the precariousness of the materials as regards their conductivity, the arrival on the scientific scene of new chemical elements, discovered then around the 18th century, have strengthened the quality of the works and consequently the improvement of the electrical productivity in the world. Nuclear energy will suffer the same fate of development as that of electrical energy, passing through critical periods, especially those relating to the discovery of high-activity materials [2].Nevertheless, the arrival at the beginning of the 18th of the famous formula of Albert Einstein on relativity, (E= mc2) [3], put an end to the major concerns of scientists on energy, to know finally, the nature and value of the energy compensation of the material during its activity.We, in turn, consider that Albert Einstein’s formula is not entirely sufficient to decipher the true energetic reality of matter. Our work is a re-shaping of the relativistic formula, not only from the physical point of view but also from the mathematical point of view. As a result, our contribution to this restoration pleads for a new apprehension of the atom as an «original copy of the universe» which has an infinity of nanoscopic particles, which remain active within matter, Chemically active and physically metastable. This extrapolation of the relativistic formula will recognize to energy the other side of its independence from matter.
能源,这个我们所需要的、每个人都以不同的形式消耗和释放的重要实体,从一开始就是人类最关心的问题。几个世纪以来,能源改变了世界上所有社会的生活方式,促进了新兴城市和主要国际大都市的出现。从伊斯兰文明的黄金时代到欧洲的文艺复兴,再到北方和南方出现的伟大技术革命,科学家们的许多工作和发现,在征服世界的过程中,科学研究在很大程度上促进了能源的非凡进步。对能量的持续需求一直是各种发现的主要驱动力,无论是与能量物质有关的还是与能量反应有关的。在纯物质和主动反应之间,能量已成为几个混合研究的焦点,一方面将能量作为源,另一方面将能量作为成品。在17世纪初[1],大多数关于电流的研究都表明材料的导电性不稳定,而18世纪左右发现的新化学元素在科学领域的出现,加强了工作的质量,从而提高了世界上的电力生产率。核能将遭受与电能同样的发展命运,经历关键时期,特别是那些与发现高活性材料有关的时期[2]。然而,18世纪初爱因斯坦关于相对论的著名公式(E= mc2)[3]的到来,结束了科学家们对能量的主要关注,最终了解了物质在活动过程中能量补偿的性质和价值。反过来,我们认为阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的公式并不完全足以解释物质的真正能量现实。我们的工作是对相对论公式的重新塑造,不仅从物理的角度,而且从数学的角度。因此,我们对这一恢复的贡献恳求人们重新理解原子是“宇宙的原始副本”,它具有无限的纳米级粒子,这些粒子在物质中保持活性,化学活性和物理亚稳态。相对论公式的这种外推将认识到能量独立于物质的另一面。
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引用次数: 0
Innovative Theoretical Correlation of eπ With Mass, Number of Atoms and Enrichment Percentage (%E) Using Sayed’s Enrichment Formula 利用Sayed的富集公式,创新地推导了epi与质量、原子数和富集百分比(%E)的理论关联
Pub Date : 2022-01-27 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v20i.9180
S. El-Mongy
This article introduces an innovative theoretical correlation between eπ and enrichment percentage (%E) assay. Based on the published Sayed`s theorem and its applications, a simple equation was derived to calculate the %E. Different formulas for enrichment percentage calculation are also presented in this work. The theoretical calculations using the eπ formula show results with deviation from 0.96 to ~2.8%. A correlation between eπ, number of atoms (N), count rate (C), half life time (T1/2), efficiency (η) of the detector at specific energy, the branching ratio (Iγ), Avogadro`s number (AN), atomic weight (AW) and mass (M) was also found and elucidated. It can sharply state that this is first time to calculate the %E correlated with eπ by using what is called Sayed`s enrichment formula. The correlation of eπ and N AW AN M η Iγ T1/2 is a unique and pioneer scientific approach in the nuclear fields.
本文介绍了一种创新的epi与富集百分率(%E)测定之间的理论关联。基于已发表的赛义德定理及其应用,导出了一个简单的公式来计算%E。本文还提出了不同的浓缩百分比计算公式。用epi公式进行理论计算,结果偏差在0.96 ~ ~2.8%之间。还发现并阐明了epi、原子数(N)、计数率(C)、半衰期(T1/2)、探测器比能效率(η)、分支比(Iγ)、阿伏伽德罗数(AN)、原子量(AW)和质量(M)之间的相关关系。可以明确地说,这是第一次使用所谓的赛义德富集公式来计算与π相关的%E。epi与N - AW和M η Iγ T1/2的相关性是核领域中一种独特的、开拓性的科学方法。
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引用次数: 0
Four Bosons EM Gauge Invariance and EM Flux 四玻色子电磁规范不变性与电磁通量
Pub Date : 2021-10-25 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v19i.9054
J. Chauca, R. Doria, R. Soares
Electromagnetic phenomena is based on electric charge and spin. However, Maxwell equations are just macroscopic. There is a microscopic EM phenomena to be understood. A performance originated from electric charge microscopic behavior. Thus, keeping on mind the two basic EM postulates, which are light invariance and charge conservation, Maxwell is extended to a Four Bosons Electromagnetism. It says that, the macroscopic Maxwell equations does not describe all electromagnetism. The electric charge physics has been studied microscopically through elementary particle physics. A new perception of EM phenomena emerges based on three interconnected charges {+, 0, −} under four intermediated bosons {Aµ, Uµ, V±µ }. From Maxwell photon, EM becomes a systemic cooperation between four fields. This quadruplet originates a new electric charge physics. New features for electric charge conservation, exchange, conduction, interaction are derived. The research is to analyze the Four Bosons Electromagnetism gauge invariance and EM flux. The model is studied under U(1), SO(2)global and U(1)×SO(2)global symmetries. Two approaches are considered. Based on fields strengths and on fields. A gauge invariant quadruplet physics is obtained under free coefficients conditions. A nonlinear EM flux appears. Without requiring electric charge as source nonlinear fields work as own sources for flowing spin-1 and spin-0 waves and particles. It flows through a four potential field quadruplet, granular and collective fields strengths. A self contained EM is constituted providing a nonlinear physicality that precedes physical constants as electric charge and medium parameters. The EM meaning is enlarged and we have to understand on the physical structures generated by this antireductionist nonlinear four bosons microscopic electromagnetism. Determine the corresponding fields blocks which are real and gauge invariants. They are identified as the electromagnetic domains. The Four Bosons EM develops interdependent EM domains. Interlaced physical sectors sharing a common EM energy context. Lagrangian, equations of motion, conservation laws are expressing such domains physics. They correspond to physical sectors where each one contains its own EM energy.
电磁现象是以电荷和自旋为基础的。然而,麦克斯韦方程只是宏观的。有一种微观的电磁现象有待了解。一种源于电荷微观行为的性能。因此,记住两个基本的电磁假设,即光不变性和电荷守恒,麦克斯韦被扩展到四玻色子电磁学。它说,宏观的麦克斯韦方程并不能描述所有的电磁学。从基本粒子物理学的角度对电荷物理进行了微观研究。在四个中间玻色子{Aµ,Uµ,V±µ}下,基于三个相互连接的电荷{+,0,−},提出了一种新的电磁现象感知。从麦克斯韦光子,EM成为四个领域之间的系统合作。这种四重态产生了一种新的电荷物理学。导出了电荷守恒、交换、传导和相互作用的新特征。研究了四玻色子的电磁规范不变性和电磁通量。在U(1)、SO(2)全局和U(1)×SO(2)全局对称下研究了该模型。考虑了两种方法。基于场强和场强。在自由系数条件下,得到了一个规范不变的四重态物理。非线性电磁通量出现。在不需要电荷作为源的情况下,非线性场可以作为自旋为1和自旋为0的波和粒子的流动源。它通过四重势场、粒状场和集体场的力量流动。一个自包含的电磁结构提供了一个非线性的物理性质,在物理常数之前,如电荷和介质参数。扩大了电磁学的意义,我们必须理解这种反约化的非线性四玻色子微观电磁学所产生的物理结构。确定对应的实不变量和规范不变量字段块。它们被识别为电磁域。四玻色子EM发展了相互依赖的EM域。相互交织的实体部门共享一个共同的新兴市场能源环境。拉格朗日,运动方程,守恒定律都在表达这样的物理领域。它们对应于物理扇区,其中每个扇区都包含自己的EM能量。
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引用次数: 4
Common-Sense Rejected by Physicists: 被物理学家拒绝的常识:
Pub Date : 2021-09-25 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v19i.9115
Jeffrey H. Boyd
We propose a new integration of relativity and quantum mechanics (QM). Your cell phone or smart phone is a rich source of empirical information about relativity. It tells time based on a system called Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) which assumes absolute simultaneity: all observers in all inertial frames observe the same sequence of all events. You must choose whether to trust the time on your cell phone, or trust Einstein’s incompatible ideas about a space-time continuum. As concerns QM, the existence of “weirdness” means a mistake was made in QM’s starting assumptions. This article finds and corrects that mistake and presents for the first time, a quantum world free of all weirdness. There is another half to nature, previously unrecognized. It is devoid of energy and matter, namely zero-energy Elementary Waves which move within the medium of aether. We derive the linear wave PDE’s. There is evidence that Elementary Waves are in control of nature, despite their lack of energy. The existence of UFO’s (Unidentified Flying Objects) suggests that someone has learned how to control Elementary Waves. If we could learn from the UFO’s, we might acquire a decisive advantage in our battle against climate change.
我们提出了一种新的相对论与量子力学(QM)的结合。你的手机或智能手机是相对论经验信息的丰富来源。它根据一种称为协调世界时(UTC)的系统来计时,该系统假设绝对同时性:所有惯性系中的所有观测者都观察到所有事件的相同顺序。你必须选择是相信你手机上的时间,还是相信爱因斯坦关于时空连续体的不相容的观点。就QM而言,“怪异”的存在意味着在QM的初始假设中犯了错误。这篇文章发现并纠正了这个错误,首次呈现了一个没有任何怪异的量子世界。大自然还有另外一半是以前未被认识到的。它没有能量和物质,即在以太介质中运动的零能量基本波。我们推导出线性波的偏微分方程。有证据表明,基本波可以控制自然,尽管它们缺乏能量。UFO(不明飞行物)的存在表明有人已经学会了如何控制基本波。如果我们能从UFO中吸取教训,我们可能会在对抗气候变化的战斗中获得决定性的优势。
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引用次数: 0
KEPLER – NEWTON – LEIBNIZ – HEGEL
Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v19i.9106
Abdul Malek
Kepler’s Laws of planetary motion (following the Copernican revolution in cosmology), according to Leibniz and his follower Hegel, for the first-time in history discovered the keys to what Hegel called the absolute mechanics mediated by dialectical laws, which drives the celestial bodies, in opposition to finite mechanics in terrestrial Nature developed by mathematical and empirical sciences, but that are of very limited scope. Newton wrongly extended and imposed finite mechanics on the absolute mechanics of the cosmic bodies in the form of his Law of one-sided Universal Gravitational Attraction, by distorting and misrepresenting Kepler’s profound laws and in opposition to Leibniz’s more appropriate “Radial Planetary Orbital Equation”. The still-prevailing error by Newton (notwithstanding his well known manipulation of science for selfish ends), not only shows the limitation of mathematical idealism and prejudice driven modern cosmology in the form of Einstein’s theories of relativity; but also, have made gaining positive knowledge of the cosmos an impossibility and has impaired social/historical development of humanity by reinforcing decadent ruling ideas. Hegel’s Naturphilosophie is not only a protest against the misrepresentation of Kepler’s Laws in particular; his Enzyklopädie der Philosophischem Wissenschaften is the negation and the direct rebuttal of Newtonian physics and Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in general. Modern natural science ignores Leibniz and Hegel at its own peril! Kepler’s phenomenological laws of planetary motion and the dialectical insights of Leibnitz and Hegel opens the way for gaining positive knowledge of the dynamics, structure and the evolution of the cosmic bodies and other cosmic phenomena; without invoking mysteries and dark/black cosmic entities, which has been the pabulum of official astrophysics and cosmology so far.
根据莱布尼茨和他的追随者黑格尔的说法,开普勒的行星运动定律(在哥白尼的宇宙学革命之后)在历史上第一次发现了黑格尔所谓的以辩证规律为中心的绝对力学的关键,这种绝对力学驱动着天体,而不是由数学和经验科学发展起来的地球自然的有限力学,但范围非常有限。牛顿以单侧万有引力定律的形式,错误地将有限力学扩展和强加于宇宙物体的绝对力学之上,扭曲和歪曲了开普勒的深刻定律,并与莱布尼茨更为恰当的“径向行星轨道方程”相违背。牛顿仍然盛行的错误(尽管他为自私的目的操纵科学是众所周知的),不仅显示了数学唯心主义和以爱因斯坦相对论形式驱动的现代宇宙学的偏见的局限性;但同时,也使获得对宇宙的积极认识成为不可能,并通过加强腐朽的统治思想而损害了人类的社会/历史发展。黑格尔的《自然哲学》不仅是对开普勒定律被歪曲的抗议;他的Enzyklopädie der philosopischem Wissenschaften一般是对牛顿物理学和自然哲学的数学原理的否定和直接反驳。现代自然科学忽视莱布尼茨和黑格尔,后果自负!开普勒关于行星运动的现象学规律和莱布尼茨、黑格尔的辩证洞见,为获得宇宙天体的动力学、结构和演化等宇宙现象的实证认识开辟了道路;而不涉及神秘和黑暗/黑色宇宙实体,这是迄今为止官方天体物理学和宇宙学的焦点。
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引用次数: 0
Drop Size Distribution and Lightning Manifestations in AMMA-CATH Area AMMA-CATH区域雨滴大小分布与闪电表现
Pub Date : 2021-09-08 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v19i.9102
Adéchinan A. Joseph, Moumouni Sounmaïla, G. François, Houngninou B. Etienne
This paper analyses for the first time in tropical area, the relationship between lightning and DSD (Drop Size Distribution) parameters on rainy events that occurred during the monsoon period. The Lightning data used are collected by the LINET (Lightning Detection Network) while the DSD data were recorded by a distrometer. The correlation was computed within five circles of radius varying between  to  with a step of . These consecutive areas are centered on the position of the disdrometer. By taking into account only the convective spectra and remove out of the data the cases where there is rain without any lightning and vice versa, all data was computed with a time scale of one minute during each of the rainy events .The results showed that the exponential and polynomial laws fit better our data than the power and linear laws. The highest correlation coefficients are obtained within a radius of about 20 km around the distrometer location. The correlation between the parameter  and  is the most stable with a correlation coefficient equal to .
本文首次分析了热带地区季风期降雨事件中闪电与DSD (Drop Size Distribution)参数的关系。使用的闪电数据由LINET(闪电探测网)收集,而DSD数据则由失真仪记录。在半径为的5个圆内,以步长为计算出相关性。这些连续的区域以测差仪的位置为中心。通过只考虑对流谱,去掉有雨没有闪电的情况和有雨没有闪电的情况,在每次降雨期间以1分钟为时间尺度计算所有数据。结果表明,指数律和多项式律比幂律和线性律更适合我们的数据。相关系数最高的是在畸变仪位置周围约20公里的半径内。参数与的相关性最稳定,相关系数为。
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引用次数: 0
Magnetism: Insights from the Thomas Young Experiment 磁性:托马斯·杨实验的启示
Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.24297/jap.v19i.9090
Bhekuzulu Khumalo
The principles of Thomas Young’s double slit experiment are used to find out further the nature of magnetism. This paper shows that not only can magnetism be defined as a wave but it allows us to understand the nature of all waves and concept of polarization in quantum mechanics. A wave pattern results from the interactions. It is something else before it organizes into a wave formation. In all, because of the nature of magnetic phenomenon, it must be studied at close range with the double slit experiment.  This gives an incredibly unique insight. All data  is available at figshare.com to share.
托马斯·杨的双缝实验原理被用来进一步发现磁性的本质。本文表明,磁性不仅可以被定义为一种波,而且可以让我们理解量子力学中所有波的本质和极化的概念。这种相互作用产生了一种波形。在形成波浪之前,它是别的东西。总之,由于磁现象的性质,必须用双缝实验近距离研究。这提供了一个令人难以置信的独特见解。所有数据可在figshare.com分享。
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引用次数: 2
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Journal of Advances in Physics
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