Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1110210
Tardad Ulaanbaatar
Gravity is considered one of the most mysterious of the four fundamental forces, a well-studied but poorly understood phenomenon in science. Newtonian physics and General Relativity have studied it from outside. Based on fundamental forces the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) and the Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics study from the inside. GUT and SM explain three fundamental forces that govern the universe: electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force. The fourth fundamental force hopes that must be gravity, which the SM cannot adequately explain. The research aims to explain fundamental forces and their interactions based on the hysteresis law. The hysteresis law studies the fundamental forces from both inside and outside, so, I hope it can explain the rules and principles of the universe from the microworld to the macroscopic world. The united force of the three fundamental forces in high energy singularity (vertical asymptote) of the hysteresis becomes the weakest like weak interaction and continuously like strong force but has an infinite range like electromagnetic interaction. In this sense, it may be called gravity. Unfortunately, gravity is not an individual force; it is the positive singularity or high energy asymptotic sum of three fundamental forces emerging from the depth of the hysteresis of the subatomic particles.
{"title":"Supreme Theory of Everything: The Fundamental Forces in Quantum Hysteresis","authors":"Tardad Ulaanbaatar","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1110210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1110210","url":null,"abstract":"Gravity is considered one of the most mysterious of the four fundamental forces, a well-studied but poorly understood phenomenon in science. Newtonian physics and General Relativity have studied it from outside. Based on fundamental forces the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) and the Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics study from the inside. GUT and SM explain three fundamental forces that govern the universe: electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force. The fourth fundamental force hopes that must be gravity, which the SM cannot adequately explain. The research aims to explain fundamental forces and their interactions based on the hysteresis law. The hysteresis law studies the fundamental forces from both inside and outside, so, I hope it can explain the rules and principles of the universe from the microworld to the macroscopic world. The united force of the three fundamental forces in high energy singularity (vertical asymptote) of the hysteresis becomes the weakest like weak interaction and continuously like strong force but has an infinite range like electromagnetic interaction. In this sense, it may be called gravity. Unfortunately, gravity is not an individual force; it is the positive singularity or high energy asymptotic sum of three fundamental forces emerging from the depth of the hysteresis of the subatomic particles.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1110206
Corrado Giannantoni
The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be modeled using the Maximum Ordinality Principle and its associated formal language, known as the “Incipient” Differential Calculus (IDC).
{"title":"Generativity of Self-Organizing Processes and Their Correlative Description in Terms of a Formal Language of Meta-Ordinal Generative Nature, in the Light of the Maximum Ordinality Principle and the Explicit Solution to the “Three-Body Problem”","authors":"Corrado Giannantoni","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1110206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1110206","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the internal processes of Self-Organizing Systems represent a unique and singular process, characterized by their specific generativity. This process can be modeled using the Maximum Ordinality Principle and its associated formal language, known as the “Incipient” Differential Calculus (IDC).","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119170
Ola A. Jarab’ah
In this work time independent damping systems are studied using Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for time independent damping, which are present through the factor eλq. The Hamilton Jacobi equation is formulated to find the Hamilton Jacobi function S using separation of variables technique. We can form this function in compact form of two parts the first part as a function of coordinate q, and the second part as a function of time t. Finally, we find the ability of these systems to quantize through an illustrative example.
{"title":"Quantization of Time Independent Damping Systems Using WKB Approximation","authors":"Ola A. Jarab’ah","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.119170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119170","url":null,"abstract":"In this work time independent damping systems are studied using Lagrangian and Hamiltonian for time independent damping, which are present through the factor eλq. The Hamilton Jacobi equation is formulated to find the Hamilton Jacobi function S using separation of variables technique. We can form this function in compact form of two parts the first part as a function of coordinate q, and the second part as a function of time t. Finally, we find the ability of these systems to quantize through an illustrative example.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135599284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119175
Soulef Bougueroua, Nourreddine Daili
Image processing is the set of operations performed to extract “information” from the image. An interesting problem in digital image processing is the restoration of degraded images. It often happens that the resulting image is different from the expected image. Our problem will therefore be to recover an image close to the original image from a poor quality image (that has been skewed by Gaussian and additive noise). There are several algorithms on how we can improve the broken image in better quality. We present in this paper our numerical results obtained with the models of Tikhonov regularization, ROF, Vese Osher, anisotropic and isotropic TV denoising algorithms.
{"title":"Numerical Comparisons of Different Imaging Algorithms","authors":"Soulef Bougueroua, Nourreddine Daili","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.119175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119175","url":null,"abstract":"Image processing is the set of operations performed to extract “information” from the image. An interesting problem in digital image processing is the restoration of degraded images. It often happens that the resulting image is different from the expected image. Our problem will therefore be to recover an image close to the original image from a poor quality image (that has been skewed by Gaussian and additive noise). There are several algorithms on how we can improve the broken image in better quality. We present in this paper our numerical results obtained with the models of Tikhonov regularization, ROF, Vese Osher, anisotropic and isotropic TV denoising algorithms.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135750955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119174
Gangsha Zhi, Rulin Xiu
Both consciousness and quantum phenomenon are subjective and indeterministic. In this paper, we propose consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. A quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) is presented based on a new interpretation of quantum physics. We show that this QTOC can address the mind and body problem, the hard problem of consciousness. It also provides a physics foundation and mathematical formulation to study consciousness and neural network. We demonstrate how to apply it to develop and extend various models of consciousness. We show the predictions from this theory about the existence of a universal quantum vibrational field and the large-scale, nearly instantaneous synchrony of brainwaves among different parts of brain, body, people, and objects. The correlation between Schumann Resonances and some brainwaves is explained. Recent progress in quantum information theory, especially regarding quantum entanglement and quantum error correction code, is applied to study memory and shed new light in neuroscience.
{"title":"Quantum Theory of Consciousness","authors":"Gangsha Zhi, Rulin Xiu","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.119174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119174","url":null,"abstract":"Both consciousness and quantum phenomenon are subjective and indeterministic. In this paper, we propose consciousness is a quantum phenomenon. A quantum theory of consciousness (QTOC) is presented based on a new interpretation of quantum physics. We show that this QTOC can address the mind and body problem, the hard problem of consciousness. It also provides a physics foundation and mathematical formulation to study consciousness and neural network. We demonstrate how to apply it to develop and extend various models of consciousness. We show the predictions from this theory about the existence of a universal quantum vibrational field and the large-scale, nearly instantaneous synchrony of brainwaves among different parts of brain, body, people, and objects. The correlation between Schumann Resonances and some brainwaves is explained. Recent progress in quantum information theory, especially regarding quantum entanglement and quantum error correction code, is applied to study memory and shed new light in neuroscience.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135750956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1111218
Magne Stensland
In this paper, we define some non-elementary amplitude functions that are giving solutions to some well-known second-order nonlinear ODEs and the Lorenz equations, but not the chaos case. We are giving the solutions a name, a symbol and putting them into a group of functions and into the context of other functions. These solutions are equal to the amplitude, or upper limit of integration in a non-elementary integral that can be arbitrary. In order to define solutions to some short second-order nonlinear ODEs, we will make an extension to the general amplitude function. The only disadvantage is that the first derivative to these solutions contains an integral that disappear at the second derivation. We will also do a second extension: the two-integral amplitude function. With this extension we have the solution to a system of ODEs having a very strange behavior. Using the extended amplitude functions, we can define solutions to many short second-order nonlinear ODEs.
{"title":"The Extended Non-Elementary Amplitude Functions as Solutions to the Damped Pendulum Equation, the Van der Pol Equation, the Damped Duffing Equation, the Lienard Equation and the Lorenz Equations","authors":"Magne Stensland","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1111218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1111218","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we define some non-elementary amplitude functions that are giving solutions to some well-known second-order nonlinear ODEs and the Lorenz equations, but not the chaos case. We are giving the solutions a name, a symbol and putting them into a group of functions and into the context of other functions. These solutions are equal to the amplitude, or upper limit of integration in a non-elementary integral that can be arbitrary. In order to define solutions to some short second-order nonlinear ODEs, we will make an extension to the general amplitude function. The only disadvantage is that the first derivative to these solutions contains an integral that disappear at the second derivation. We will also do a second extension: the two-integral amplitude function. With this extension we have the solution to a system of ODEs having a very strange behavior. Using the extended amplitude functions, we can define solutions to many short second-order nonlinear ODEs.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135562041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.118155
Rasaq Adekunle Kareem, Joshua Olugbenga Ajilore, Samuel Oluyinka Sogunro
The effect toxic industrial discharge on the environment and ecosystem cannot be overlooked. This is owing to a partial combustion of hydrocarbon arising from industrial activities and human endeavours. As such, this investigation focuses on the pressure driven flow and heat propagation of combustible Prandtl-Eyring viscous heating fluid in a horizontal device. The combustion-reaction of the viscoplastic material is considered to be inspired by two-step exothermic reaction. With negligible reactant consumption, the flowing fluid is influenced by a chemical kinetic, activation energy and electromagnetic force. An invariant transformation of the partial derivative model to an ordinary derivative model is obtained through an applied dimensionless variable. The solutions to the unsteady thermal fluid flow model are obtained via a semi-implicit difference scheme, and the outputs of the solution are displayed in plots and tables. As revealed, an enhanced heat propagation is obtained that in turn encourages the combustion process of the system. Also, increasing material dilatant simulated fluid molecular bond and viscosity. Therefore, the outcomes of this study are treasured to the thermal and chemical engineering, and the environmental management.
{"title":"Heat Propagation of Eyring-Prandtl Double Reaction and Pressure Driven Hydromagnetic Viscous Heating Fluid in a Device","authors":"Rasaq Adekunle Kareem, Joshua Olugbenga Ajilore, Samuel Oluyinka Sogunro","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.118155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.118155","url":null,"abstract":"The effect toxic industrial discharge on the environment and ecosystem cannot be overlooked. This is owing to a partial combustion of hydrocarbon arising from industrial activities and human endeavours. As such, this investigation focuses on the pressure driven flow and heat propagation of combustible Prandtl-Eyring viscous heating fluid in a horizontal device. The combustion-reaction of the viscoplastic material is considered to be inspired by two-step exothermic reaction. With negligible reactant consumption, the flowing fluid is influenced by a chemical kinetic, activation energy and electromagnetic force. An invariant transformation of the partial derivative model to an ordinary derivative model is obtained through an applied dimensionless variable. The solutions to the unsteady thermal fluid flow model are obtained via a semi-implicit difference scheme, and the outputs of the solution are displayed in plots and tables. As revealed, an enhanced heat propagation is obtained that in turn encourages the combustion process of the system. Also, increasing material dilatant simulated fluid molecular bond and viscosity. Therefore, the outcomes of this study are treasured to the thermal and chemical engineering, and the environmental management.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136299276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.118146
Anael Verdugo
This paper presents a bifurcation study of a mRNA-protein network with negative feedback and time delay. The network is modeled as a coupled system of N ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and N delay differential equations (DDEs). Linear analysis of the stable equilibria shows the existence of a critical time delay beyond which limit cycle oscillations are born in a Hopf bifurcation. The Poincaré-Lindstedt perturbation method is applied to the nonlinear system, resulting in closed form approximate expressions for the amplitude and frequency of oscillation. We confirm our perturbation analysis results by numerically simulating the full 2N-dimensional nonlinear system for N = 2, 7, 15, and 30. Our results show that for small perturbations the equilibrium undergoes a supercritical Hopf and the system exhibits stable periodic solutions. Furthermore, our closed form numerical expressions exhibit the importance of the network’s negative feedback and nonlinear effects.
{"title":"Bifurcation Analysis of a Nonlinear Genetic Network Model with Time Delay","authors":"Anael Verdugo","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.118146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.118146","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a bifurcation study of a mRNA-protein network with negative feedback and time delay. The network is modeled as a coupled system of N ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and N delay differential equations (DDEs). Linear analysis of the stable equilibria shows the existence of a critical time delay beyond which limit cycle oscillations are born in a Hopf bifurcation. The Poincaré-Lindstedt perturbation method is applied to the nonlinear system, resulting in closed form approximate expressions for the amplitude and frequency of oscillation. We confirm our perturbation analysis results by numerically simulating the full 2N-dimensional nonlinear system for N = 2, 7, 15, and 30. Our results show that for small perturbations the equilibrium undergoes a supercritical Hopf and the system exhibits stable periodic solutions. Furthermore, our closed form numerical expressions exhibit the importance of the network’s negative feedback and nonlinear effects.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.118148
Joaquim Bocresion
The aim of this lab was to determine an experimental value for the charge-to-mass ratio e/me of the electron. In order to do this, an assembly consisting of Helmholtz coils and a helium-filled fine beam tube containing an electron gun was used. Electrons were accelerated from rest by the electron gun at a voltage of 201.3 V kept constant across trials. When the accelerated electrons collided with the helium atoms in the fine beam tube, the helium atoms entered an excited state and released energy as light. Since the Helmholtz coils put the electrons into centripetal motion, this resulted in a circular beam of light, the radius of which was measured by taking a picture and using photo analysis. This procedure was used to test currents through the Helmholtz coils ranging from 1.3 A to 1.7 A in increments of 0.1 A. Using a linearization of these data, the experimental value for the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron was found to be 1.850 × 1011 C/kg, bounded between 1.440 × 1011 C/kg and 2.465 × 1011 C/kg. This range of values includes the accepted value of 1.759 × 1011 C/kg, and yields a percent error of 5.17%. The rather low percent error is a testament to the accuracy of this procedure. During this experiment, the orientation of the ambient magnetic field due to the Earth at the center of the apparatus was not considered. In the future, it would be worthwhile to repeat this procedure, taking care to position the Helmholtz coils in such a way to negate the effects of the Earth’s magnetic field on the centripetal motion of electrons.
{"title":"Determining the Charge-to-Mass Ratio of the Electron","authors":"Joaquim Bocresion","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.118148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.118148","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this lab was to determine an experimental value for the charge-to-mass ratio e/me of the electron. In order to do this, an assembly consisting of Helmholtz coils and a helium-filled fine beam tube containing an electron gun was used. Electrons were accelerated from rest by the electron gun at a voltage of 201.3 V kept constant across trials. When the accelerated electrons collided with the helium atoms in the fine beam tube, the helium atoms entered an excited state and released energy as light. Since the Helmholtz coils put the electrons into centripetal motion, this resulted in a circular beam of light, the radius of which was measured by taking a picture and using photo analysis. This procedure was used to test currents through the Helmholtz coils ranging from 1.3 A to 1.7 A in increments of 0.1 A. Using a linearization of these data, the experimental value for the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron was found to be 1.850 × 1011 C/kg, bounded between 1.440 × 1011 C/kg and 2.465 × 1011 C/kg. This range of values includes the accepted value of 1.759 × 1011 C/kg, and yields a percent error of 5.17%. The rather low percent error is a testament to the accuracy of this procedure. During this experiment, the orientation of the ambient magnetic field due to the Earth at the center of the apparatus was not considered. In the future, it would be worthwhile to repeat this procedure, taking care to position the Helmholtz coils in such a way to negate the effects of the Earth’s magnetic field on the centripetal motion of electrons.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136160316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1110199
Avas Khugaev, Eugeniya Bibaeva
The article puts forward a hypothesis about the possibility of the existence of our Universe inside a supermassive black hole, analyzes the basic assumptions and verifiable physical consequences. The transformation of the Primary Particles obtained from the decay of Borromeo rings into binary and ternary structures is considered separately, taking into account how the percentages between Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Baryonic matter are formed. A system of kinetic equations has been compiled, which makes it possible to develop a theoretical approach to obtain these values depending on the geometric and physical characteristics of interacting particles. The possibility and necessity of the existence of a Primary Relic of Primary Particles are substantiated. The nature of the voids and the analytical solution of the Einstein equations obtained from the generalized Papapetrou solution, which leads to the existence of strings with an arbitrary distribution of matter along the string and with lengths comparable to the size of the Universe, are considered. In the case of a string of finite size and constant density, this solution leads to the well-known Weyl solution. An assumption is put forward about the existence of an Einstein-Rosen type transition, when the dimensions of the white and black holes at the ends of this transition have different dimensions.
{"title":"About Worlds inside a Black Hole and Peculiarities of the Formation of Exotic Space Objects","authors":"Avas Khugaev, Eugeniya Bibaeva","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1110199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1110199","url":null,"abstract":"The article puts forward a hypothesis about the possibility of the existence of our Universe inside a supermassive black hole, analyzes the basic assumptions and verifiable physical consequences. The transformation of the Primary Particles obtained from the decay of Borromeo rings into binary and ternary structures is considered separately, taking into account how the percentages between Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Baryonic matter are formed. A system of kinetic equations has been compiled, which makes it possible to develop a theoretical approach to obtain these values depending on the geometric and physical characteristics of interacting particles. The possibility and necessity of the existence of a Primary Relic of Primary Particles are substantiated. The nature of the voids and the analytical solution of the Einstein equations obtained from the generalized Papapetrou solution, which leads to the existence of strings with an arbitrary distribution of matter along the string and with lengths comparable to the size of the Universe, are considered. In the case of a string of finite size and constant density, this solution leads to the well-known Weyl solution. An assumption is put forward about the existence of an Einstein-Rosen type transition, when the dimensions of the white and black holes at the ends of this transition have different dimensions.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135211346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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