Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1110196
Guoguang Lin, Keshun Peng
In this paper, we study the long time behavior of a class of generalized Beam-Kirchhoff equation , and prove the existence and uniqueness of the global solution of this class of equation by Galerkin method by making some assumptions about the nonlinear function term . The existence of the family of global attractor and its Hausdorff dimension and Fractal dimension estimation are proved.
{"title":"Long Time Behavior of a Class of Generalized Beam-Kirchhoff Equations","authors":"Guoguang Lin, Keshun Peng","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1110196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1110196","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the long time behavior of a class of generalized Beam-Kirchhoff equation , and prove the existence and uniqueness of the global solution of this class of equation by Galerkin method by making some assumptions about the nonlinear function term . The existence of the family of global attractor and its Hausdorff dimension and Fractal dimension estimation are proved.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135157353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1110204
Md. Shahadat Hossain Mojumder, Md. Nazmul Haque, Md. Joni Alam
In this paper, we investigate and analyze one-dimensional heat equation with appropriate initial and boundary condition using finite difference method. Finite difference method is a well-known numerical technique for obtaining the approximate solutions of an initial boundary value problem. We develop Forward Time Centered Space (FTCS) and Crank-Nicolson (CN) finite difference schemes for one-dimensional heat equation using the Taylor series. Later, we use these schemes to solve our governing equation. The stability criterion is discussed, and the stability conditions for both schemes are verified. We exhibit the results and then compare the results between the exact and approximate solutions. Finally, we estimate error between the exact and approximate solutions for a specific numerical problem to present the convergence of the numerical schemes, and demonstrate the resulting error in graphical representation.
{"title":"Efficient Finite Difference Methods for the Numerical Analysis of One-Dimensional Heat Equation","authors":"Md. Shahadat Hossain Mojumder, Md. Nazmul Haque, Md. Joni Alam","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1110204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1110204","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we investigate and analyze one-dimensional heat equation with appropriate initial and boundary condition using finite difference method. Finite difference method is a well-known numerical technique for obtaining the approximate solutions of an initial boundary value problem. We develop Forward Time Centered Space (FTCS) and Crank-Nicolson (CN) finite difference schemes for one-dimensional heat equation using the Taylor series. Later, we use these schemes to solve our governing equation. The stability criterion is discussed, and the stability conditions for both schemes are verified. We exhibit the results and then compare the results between the exact and approximate solutions. Finally, we estimate error between the exact and approximate solutions for a specific numerical problem to present the convergence of the numerical schemes, and demonstrate the resulting error in graphical representation.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1111213
Aman Chawla, Salvatore Domenic Morgera
{"title":"A Study of Compound Action Potentials in Current-Coupled Tracts: the General Case","authors":"Aman Chawla, Salvatore Domenic Morgera","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1111213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1111213","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135448162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.118144
Haoyu Zhao
In this paper, we study the long-time behavior of solutions of the single-layer quasi-geostrophic model arising from geophysical fluid dynamics. We obtain the lower bound of the decay estimate of the solution. Utilizing the Fourier splitting method, under suitable assumptions on the initial data, for any multi-index α, we show that the solution Ψ satisfies
{"title":"Lower Bounds of Decay Rates for Solution to the Single-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Model","authors":"Haoyu Zhao","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.118144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.118144","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the long-time behavior of solutions of the single-layer quasi-geostrophic model arising from geophysical fluid dynamics. We obtain the lower bound of the decay estimate of the solution. Utilizing the Fourier splitting method, under suitable assumptions on the initial data, for any multi-index α, we show that the solution Ψ satisfies","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136078756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.118145
Fagueye Ndiaye, Mouhamadou Ngom, Diaraf Seck
In this paper, we provide an explicit expression for the full Dirichlet-to-Neumann map corresponding to a radial potential for a hyperbolic differential equation in 3-dimensional. We show that the Dirichlet-Neumann operators corresponding to a potential radial have the same properties for hyperbolic differential equations as for elliptic differential equations. We numerically implement the coefficients of the explicit formulas. Moreover, a Lipschitz type stability is established near the edge of the domain by an estimation constant. That is necessary for the reconstruction of the potential from Dirichlet-to-Neumann map in the inverse problem for a hyperbolic differential equation.
{"title":"Dirichlet-to-Neumann Map for a Hyperbolic Equation","authors":"Fagueye Ndiaye, Mouhamadou Ngom, Diaraf Seck","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.118145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.118145","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we provide an explicit expression for the full Dirichlet-to-Neumann map corresponding to a radial potential for a hyperbolic differential equation in 3-dimensional. We show that the Dirichlet-Neumann operators corresponding to a potential radial have the same properties for hyperbolic differential equations as for elliptic differential equations. We numerically implement the coefficients of the explicit formulas. Moreover, a Lipschitz type stability is established near the edge of the domain by an estimation constant. That is necessary for the reconstruction of the potential from Dirichlet-to-Neumann map in the inverse problem for a hyperbolic differential equation.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136078761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119178
Frank Blume
We expand previously established results concerning the uniform representability of classical and relativistic gravitational field equations by means of velocity-field divergence equations by demonstrating that conservation equations for (probability) density functions give rise to velocity-field divergence equations the solutions of which generate—by way of superposition—the totality of solutions of various well-known classical and quantum-mechanical wave equations.
{"title":"How Classical, Quantum-Mechanical, and Relativistic Wave and Field Equations Are Uniformly Generated by Velocity-Field Divergence Equations","authors":"Frank Blume","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.119178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119178","url":null,"abstract":"We expand previously established results concerning the uniform representability of classical and relativistic gravitational field equations by means of velocity-field divergence equations by demonstrating that conservation equations for (probability) density functions give rise to velocity-field divergence equations the solutions of which generate—by way of superposition—the totality of solutions of various well-known classical and quantum-mechanical wave equations.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135798366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119177
Steven D. P. Moore
The theory of relativity links space and time to account for observed events in four-dimensional space. In this article we describe an alternative static state causal discrete time modeling system using an omniscient viewpoint of dynamical systems that can express object relations in the moment(s) they are observed. To do this, three key components are required, including the introduction of independent object-relative dimensional metrics, a zero-dimensional frame of reference, and application of Euclidean geometry for modeling. Procedures separate planes of matter, extensions of space (relational distance) and time (duration) using object-oriented dimensional quantities. Quantities are converted into base units using symmetry for space (Dihedral360), time (Dihedral12), rotation (Dihedral24), and scale (Dihedral10). Geometric elements construct static state outputs in discrete time models rather than continuous time using calculus, thereby using dimensional and positional natural number numerals that can visually encode complex data instead of using abstraction and irrationals. Static state Euclidean geometric models of object relations are both measured and expressed in the state they are observed in zero-time as defined by a signal. The frame can include multiple observer frames of reference where each origin, point, is the location of a distinct privileged point of reference. Two broad and diverse applications are presented: a one-dimensional spatiotemporal orbital model, and a thought experiment related to a physical theory beyond Planck limits. We suggest that expanding methodologies and continued formalization, novel tools for physics can be considered along with applications for computational discrete geometric modeling.
{"title":"Separating Space and Time for Dimensional Analysis and Euclidean Relational Modeling","authors":"Steven D. P. Moore","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.119177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119177","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of relativity links space and time to account for observed events in four-dimensional space. In this article we describe an alternative static state causal discrete time modeling system using an omniscient viewpoint of dynamical systems that can express object relations in the moment(s) they are observed. To do this, three key components are required, including the introduction of independent object-relative dimensional metrics, a zero-dimensional frame of reference, and application of Euclidean geometry for modeling. Procedures separate planes of matter, extensions of space (relational distance) and time (duration) using object-oriented dimensional quantities. Quantities are converted into base units using symmetry for space (Dihedral360), time (Dihedral12), rotation (Dihedral24), and scale (Dihedral10). Geometric elements construct static state outputs in discrete time models rather than continuous time using calculus, thereby using dimensional and positional natural number numerals that can visually encode complex data instead of using abstraction and irrationals. Static state Euclidean geometric models of object relations are both measured and expressed in the state they are observed in zero-time as defined by a signal. The frame can include multiple observer frames of reference where each origin, point, is the location of a distinct privileged point of reference. Two broad and diverse applications are presented: a one-dimensional spatiotemporal orbital model, and a thought experiment related to a physical theory beyond Planck limits. We suggest that expanding methodologies and continued formalization, novel tools for physics can be considered along with applications for computational discrete geometric modeling.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135800061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119166
Gombojav O. Ariunbold
In quantum optics, unitary transformations of arbitrary states are evaluated by using the Taylor series expansion. However, this traditional approach can become cumbersome for the transformations involving non-commuting operators. Addressing this issue, a nonstandard unitary transformation technique is highlighted here with new perspective. In a spirit of “quantum” series expansions, the transition probabilities between initial and final states, such as displaced, squeezed and other nonlinearly transformed coherent states are obtained both numerically and analytically. This paper concludes that, although this technique is novel, its implementations for more extended systems are needed.
{"title":"Nonstandard Unitary Transformations of Quantum States","authors":"Gombojav O. Ariunbold","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.119166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119166","url":null,"abstract":"In quantum optics, unitary transformations of arbitrary states are evaluated by using the Taylor series expansion. However, this traditional approach can become cumbersome for the transformations involving non-commuting operators. Addressing this issue, a nonstandard unitary transformation technique is highlighted here with new perspective. In a spirit of “quantum” series expansions, the transition probabilities between initial and final states, such as displaced, squeezed and other nonlinearly transformed coherent states are obtained both numerically and analytically. This paper concludes that, although this technique is novel, its implementations for more extended systems are needed.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135400261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.1110200
Jinqing Zhang, Xintong Zhang
The aim of this paper is to study the 3x + 1 problem based on the Collatz iterative formula. It can be seen from the iterative formula that the necessary condition for the Collatz iteration convergence is that its slope being less than 1. An odd number N that satisfies the condition of a slope less than 1 after nth Collatz iterations is defined as an n-step odd number. Through statistical analysis, it is found that after nth Collatz iterations, the iterative value of any n-step odd number N that is greater than 1 is less than N, which proves that the slope less than 1 is a sufficient and necessary condition for Collatz iteration convergence.
{"title":"Collatz Iterative Trajectories of All Odd Numbers Attain Bounded Values","authors":"Jinqing Zhang, Xintong Zhang","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.1110200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.1110200","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to study the 3x + 1 problem based on the Collatz iterative formula. It can be seen from the iterative formula that the necessary condition for the Collatz iteration convergence is that its slope being less than 1. An odd number N that satisfies the condition of a slope less than 1 after nth Collatz iterations is defined as an n-step odd number. Through statistical analysis, it is found that after nth Collatz iterations, the iterative value of any n-step odd number N that is greater than 1 is less than N, which proves that the slope less than 1 is a sufficient and necessary condition for Collatz iteration convergence.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135210965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2023.119164
Enli Wu, Yao Wang, Fei Luo
This paper considers adaptive synchronization of uncertain neural networks with time delays and stochastic perturbation. A general adaptive controller is designed to deal with the difficulties deduced by uncertain parameters and stochastic perturbations, in which the controller is less conservative and optimal since its control gains can be automatically adjusted according to some designed update laws. Based on Lyapunov stability theory and Barbalat lemma, sufficient condition is obtained for synchronization of delayed neural networks by strict mathematical proof. Moreover, the obtained results of this paper are more general than most existing results of certainly neural networks with or without stochastic disturbances. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to substantiate our theoretical results.
{"title":"Adaptive Stochastic Synchronization of Uncertain Delayed Neural Networks","authors":"Enli Wu, Yao Wang, Fei Luo","doi":"10.4236/jamp.2023.119164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2023.119164","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers adaptive synchronization of uncertain neural networks with time delays and stochastic perturbation. A general adaptive controller is designed to deal with the difficulties deduced by uncertain parameters and stochastic perturbations, in which the controller is less conservative and optimal since its control gains can be automatically adjusted according to some designed update laws. Based on Lyapunov stability theory and Barbalat lemma, sufficient condition is obtained for synchronization of delayed neural networks by strict mathematical proof. Moreover, the obtained results of this paper are more general than most existing results of certainly neural networks with or without stochastic disturbances. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to substantiate our theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":15035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134888711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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