Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.33466
O. Gorbaneva
This article is dedicated to examination of corruption in the previously researched static model of balancing common and private interests (SOCHI-models). In the previously considered two-level system, between the upper non-corrupted level and the lower – agents, is introduced the average level which in exchange for a bribe, can weaken the influence of the upper level. The upper level sets the minimum amount of resources for an agent to spend on general purposes. A supervisor, in exchange for a bribe, the role of which is played by the share of agent’s private income, can reduce this lower boundary, allowing the latter to spend more resources on private purposes. This article reviews the three-level hierarchical system “Principal-Supervisor-Agents”, where the supervisor uses the administrative corruption mechanism, which requires two descriptive and optimization approaches towards its examination. The descriptive approach suggests that the considered functions of bribery are known; while the optimization approach implies the use of Germeyer’s theorem. The author explores the impact of administrative corruption upon systemic congruence of the SOCHI-model: it is proven that the administrative corruption can only reduce congruence. The author finds the conditions that can beat or reduce administrative corruption can, as well as conditions when corruption is disadvantageous for supervisor or agent. The article determines the circle of agents that supervisor can exert influence upon.
{"title":"Administrative corruption in the static model of balancing common and private interests","authors":"O. Gorbaneva","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.33466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.33466","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article is dedicated to examination of corruption in the previously researched static model of balancing common and private interests (SOCHI-models). In the previously considered two-level system, between the upper non-corrupted level and the lower – agents, is introduced the average level which in exchange for a bribe, can weaken the influence of the upper level. The upper level sets the minimum amount of resources for an agent to spend on general purposes. A supervisor, in exchange for a bribe, the role of which is played by the share of agent’s private income, can reduce this lower boundary, allowing the latter to spend more resources on private purposes. This article reviews the three-level hierarchical system “Principal-Supervisor-Agents”, where the supervisor uses the administrative corruption mechanism, which requires two descriptive and optimization approaches towards its examination. The descriptive approach suggests that the considered functions of bribery are known; while the optimization approach implies the use of Germeyer’s theorem. The author explores the impact of administrative corruption upon systemic congruence of the SOCHI-model: it is proven that the administrative corruption can only reduce congruence. The author finds the conditions that can beat or reduce administrative corruption can, as well as conditions when corruption is disadvantageous for supervisor or agent. The article determines the circle of agents that supervisor can exert influence upon. \u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125145837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34738
Антушевич Антон Александрович, Минакова Полина Сергеевна, Зязя Александр Владимирович, Поддубный Андрей Михайлович
This article examines the energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill in the town of Partizansk, Primorsky Krai. The landfill was launched in 1975. The landfill has a monsoon-type climate with warm, humid summers and cold winters with little amount of snow. The services are provided to 45,646 people. The morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) stored on the landfill consist of recyclable paper, glass, polymers, textiles, ferrous and nonferrous metal, food waste, etc. The authors provide a brief characteristics to the landfill; examine biogas yield, component composition of landfill gas, and average composition of biogas; determine specific density of biogas per year. The article calculates the maximum single and gross emissions of pollutants, average specific values of harmful emissions, annual and maximum single amount of landfill gas. Assessment is given to the theoretical energy value of municipal solid waste landfill. The energy capacity of municipal solid waste landfill and its economic efficiency are indicated. In the course of technical calculations, the number of nonrenewable energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas), which can be saved if replace energy carriers with landfill gas is determined. The analysis of using MSW as the renewable secondary energy resources demonstrates the growing role of this source in energy saving and capacity for reducing environmental pollution due to collection and disposal of biogas.
{"title":"The assessment of energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill","authors":"Антушевич Антон Александрович, Минакова Полина Сергеевна, Зязя Александр Владимирович, Поддубный Андрей Михайлович","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34738","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill in the town of Partizansk, Primorsky Krai. The landfill was launched in 1975. The landfill has a monsoon-type climate with warm, humid summers and cold winters with little amount of snow. The services are provided to 45,646 people. The morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) stored on the landfill consist of recyclable paper, glass, polymers, textiles, ferrous and nonferrous metal, food waste, etc. The authors provide a brief characteristics to the landfill; examine biogas yield, component composition of landfill gas, and average composition of biogas; determine specific density of biogas per year. The article calculates the maximum single and gross emissions of pollutants, average specific values of harmful emissions, annual and maximum single amount of landfill gas. Assessment is given to the theoretical energy value of municipal solid waste landfill. The energy capacity of municipal solid waste landfill and its economic efficiency are indicated. In the course of technical calculations, the number of nonrenewable energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas), which can be saved if replace energy carriers with landfill gas is determined. The analysis of using MSW as the renewable secondary energy resources demonstrates the growing role of this source in energy saving and capacity for reducing environmental pollution due to collection and disposal of biogas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132875551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34906
A. A. Kovalev
The goal of this article lies in examination of the topical issues of modern security strategy implemented by small states. For achieving the set goal, the author solves the following tasks: 1) define a “small country” as a concept of modern political science; 2) outline the current needs and problems of small states; 3) analyze the existing and possible security strategies of small states. Analysis is conducted on the security strategies used by small states, as well as the policy of small states in the current complicated international situation that threatens the security of all mankind. The Modern small states face a range of problems related to security, which determine their foreign policy behavior and security strategies. Small states are much more vulnerable than major powers, and thus are limited in their domestic and foreign policy. In order to enhance their security and sustainability, as well as have greater influence and meet their own economic and political needs, the small states either seek partners and allies to fulfill their goals or remain neutral. The security strategies of small states are aimed at improving their chances to stay the course and conduct their independent policy in the modern conditions of civilizational clash and escalating confrontation. Depending on their geography, historical fate, and existing limitations from the perspective of economic, political, and territorial capabilities, the small states choose different behavioral models in their foreign policy.
{"title":"Topical issues of the security strategy of small states","authors":"A. A. Kovalev","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34906","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The goal of this article lies in examination of the topical issues of modern security strategy implemented by small states. For achieving the set goal, the author solves the following tasks: 1) define a “small country” as a concept of modern political science; 2) outline the current needs and problems of small states; 3) analyze the existing and possible security strategies of small states. Analysis is conducted on the security strategies used by small states, as well as the policy of small states in the current complicated international situation that threatens the security of all mankind. The Modern small states face a range of problems related to security, which determine their foreign policy behavior and security strategies. Small states are much more vulnerable than major powers, and thus are limited in their domestic and foreign policy. In order to enhance their security and sustainability, as well as have greater influence and meet their own economic and political needs, the small states either seek partners and allies to fulfill their goals or remain neutral. The security strategies of small states are aimed at improving their chances to stay the course and conduct their independent policy in the modern conditions of civilizational clash and escalating confrontation. Depending on their geography, historical fate, and existing limitations from the perspective of economic, political, and territorial capabilities, the small states choose different behavioral models in their foreign policy.\u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128336055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.33775
M. Zelenkov
The object of this research is the religious terrorism. The subject is the factors contributing to this process. Based on the results of systemic analysis of the causes that incite a person towards religious terrorism, the author attempts to determine those that play a fundamental role in this asocial process and conduct their classification. The methodological framework is comprised of retrospective analysis of the scientific and publicistic texts that reveal the essence and content of religious terrorism, socio-psychological characteristics of the extremists. The systemic comprehensive approach allows revealing and substantiating the leading factors in the process of radicalization of an individual, classifying them into three groups, as well as creating a set of key factors encourage a modern person to take the path of becoming a member of the religious terrorist organization. Mathematical model that describes the functionality of such complex is built in accordance with the method of mathematical modelling. The novelty of this work and acquired results are defined by the original approach towards determining the key factors of religious terrorism of the XXI century. The author examines the correlation between these factors within a single structure, which allows to continuously replenish the ranks of religious terrorists. The developed mathematical model reveals interdependence between the process of joining a religious terrorist organization and the key factors contributing to this action. The acquired results are valuable for the development of anti-terrorist activity in modern world, as well as creating a system of parrying the existential threats to an individual, adequate to the religious terrorism of the XXI century.
{"title":"A set of factors contributing to modern religious terrorism","authors":"M. Zelenkov","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.33775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.33775","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The object of this research is the religious terrorism. The subject is the factors contributing to this process. Based on the results of systemic analysis of the causes that incite a person towards religious terrorism, the author attempts to determine those that play a fundamental role in this asocial process and conduct their classification. The methodological framework is comprised of retrospective analysis of the scientific and publicistic texts that reveal the essence and content of religious terrorism, socio-psychological characteristics of the extremists. The systemic comprehensive approach allows revealing and substantiating the leading factors in the process of radicalization of an individual, classifying them into three groups, as well as creating a set of key factors encourage a modern person to take the path of becoming a member of the religious terrorist organization. Mathematical model that describes the functionality of such complex is built in accordance with the method of mathematical modelling. The novelty of this work and acquired results are defined by the original approach towards determining the key factors of religious terrorism of the XXI century. The author examines the correlation between these factors within a single structure, which allows to continuously replenish the ranks of religious terrorists. The developed mathematical model reveals interdependence between the process of joining a religious terrorist organization and the key factors contributing to this action. The acquired results are valuable for the development of anti-terrorist activity in modern world, as well as creating a system of parrying the existential threats to an individual, adequate to the religious terrorism of the XXI century.\u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133556690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2020.5.34738
A. A. Antushevich, P. Minakova, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Zyazya, Andrei Mikhailovich Poddubnyi
This article examines the energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill in the town of Partizansk, Primorsky Krai. The landfill was launched in 1975. The landfill has a monsoon-type climate with warm, humid summers and cold winters with little amount of snow. The services are provided to 45,646 people. The morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) stored on the landfill consist of recyclable paper, glass, polymers, textiles, ferrous and nonferrous metal, food waste, etc. The authors provide a brief characteristics to the landfill; examine biogas yield, component composition of landfill gas, and average composition of biogas; determine specific density of biogas per year. The article calculates the maximum single and gross emissions of pollutants, average specific values of harmful emissions, annual and maximum single amount of landfill gas. Assessment is given to the theoretical energy value of municipal solid waste landfill. The energy capacity of municipal solid waste landfill and its economic efficiency are indicated. In the course of technical calculations, the number of nonrenewable energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas), which can be saved if replace energy carriers with landfill gas is determined. The analysis of using MSW as the renewable secondary energy resources demonstrates the growing role of this source in energy saving and capacity for reducing environmental pollution due to collection and disposal of biogas.
{"title":"The assessment of energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill","authors":"A. A. Antushevich, P. Minakova, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Zyazya, Andrei Mikhailovich Poddubnyi","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2020.5.34738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2020.5.34738","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article examines the energy capacity of the municipal solid waste landfill in the town of Partizansk, Primorsky Krai. The landfill was launched in 1975. The landfill has a monsoon-type climate with warm, humid summers and cold winters with little amount of snow. The services are provided to 45,646 people. The morphological composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) stored on the landfill consist of recyclable paper, glass, polymers, textiles, ferrous and nonferrous metal, food waste, etc. The authors provide a brief characteristics to the landfill; examine biogas yield, component composition of landfill gas, and average composition of biogas; determine specific density of biogas per year. The article calculates the maximum single and gross emissions of pollutants, average specific values of harmful emissions, annual and maximum single amount of landfill gas. Assessment is given to the theoretical energy value of municipal solid waste landfill. The energy capacity of municipal solid waste landfill and its economic efficiency are indicated. In the course of technical calculations, the number of nonrenewable energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas), which can be saved if replace energy carriers with landfill gas is determined. The analysis of using MSW as the renewable secondary energy resources demonstrates the growing role of this source in energy saving and capacity for reducing environmental pollution due to collection and disposal of biogas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133467484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34927
V. Shumov, Evgenij Sergeevich Girnik, Pavel Dmitrievich Senichenkov
The object of this research is the border activity, while the subject is the science of border activity – borderology. The article consists of five sections. The first section views border activity as a system of preventive (border prevention and deterrence), security and control (border patrol, border search), and defense-militant measures (special activity, combat activity, operational actions). The second and third sections give detail description to these measures, as well as the typical stages of the cycles of activity. The fourth section is dedicated to description of the structure of borderology – the system of knowledge on ensuring border security, state c of border organizations, preparation and conduct of border activity, and its all-round provision. The fifth section provides a systemic formulation of principles of border activity. Within the framework of development of the concept of “border management system”, the author considers the border activity as a system of measures aimed at ensuring national security in the borders. The science of border activity includes the following disciplines: border art (border policy, border operational art, border tactics), border history, border statistics, mathematical theory of managing border security, legal framework of border security and border activity, philosophy of border security, psychology and sociology of border activity, theory of border training and education, theories of all-round support of border activity, theory of development, application of technical and special means of border activity.
{"title":"Scientific support of border activity","authors":"V. Shumov, Evgenij Sergeevich Girnik, Pavel Dmitrievich Senichenkov","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34927","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The object of this research is the border activity, while the subject is the science of border activity – borderology. The article consists of five sections. The first section views border activity as a system of preventive (border prevention and deterrence), security and control (border patrol, border search), and defense-militant measures (special activity, combat activity, operational actions). The second and third sections give detail description to these measures, as well as the typical stages of the cycles of activity. The fourth section is dedicated to description of the structure of borderology – the system of knowledge on ensuring border security, state c of border organizations, preparation and conduct of border activity, and its all-round provision. The fifth section provides a systemic formulation of principles of border activity. Within the framework of development of the concept of “border management system”, the author considers the border activity as a system of measures aimed at ensuring national security in the borders. The science of border activity includes the following disciplines: border art (border policy, border operational art, border tactics), border history, border statistics, mathematical theory of managing border security, legal framework of border security and border activity, philosophy of border security, psychology and sociology of border activity, theory of border training and education, theories of all-round support of border activity, theory of development, application of technical and special means of border activity. \u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121448911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34251
E. Sevostyanova, O. Ul'yanova
The state takes different steps towards solution of demographic problems, one of which is the implementation of State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad in Their Voluntary Resettlement in the Russian Federation approved by the President of the Russian Federation on June 22, 2006. The goal of this program is encourage and arrange the process of voluntary resettlement of compatriots in the Russian Federation, promote socioeconomic development of the regions, and solve demographic problems, namely in the territories of priority settlement. Within the framework of this program in 2012-2013, the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District were included into the list of territories of priority settlement. However, there is yet no unified Far Eastern program of resettlement; the regional programs that have been approved by the government of the Russian Federation are being implemented. The subject of this research is the implementation of the program of resettlement in Zabaykalsky Krai. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the strategic geopolitical location of the region. The author examines the normative legal framework and measures taken by the government aimed at implementation of State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad in Their Voluntary Resettlement in the Russian Federation. The two vectors of the program are considered: assistance to the voluntary resettlement of compatriots, and cooperation with compatriots who do not intend to relocate to Russia. The main trends of resettlement are revealed. The need to intensity information support for this project is underlined. The authors believe that more active involvement of civil society in cooperation with the compatriots living abroad may become an additional motivation for improving effectiveness of the state program.
{"title":"Implementation of state policy of assistance to compatriots living abroad in Zabaykalsky Krai","authors":"E. Sevostyanova, O. Ul'yanova","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34251","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The state takes different steps towards solution of demographic problems, one of which is the implementation of State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad in Their Voluntary Resettlement in the Russian Federation approved by the President of the Russian Federation on June 22, 2006. The goal of this program is encourage and arrange the process of voluntary resettlement of compatriots in the Russian Federation, promote socioeconomic development of the regions, and solve demographic problems, namely in the territories of priority settlement. Within the framework of this program in 2012-2013, the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District were included into the list of territories of priority settlement. However, there is yet no unified Far Eastern program of resettlement; the regional programs that have been approved by the government of the Russian Federation are being implemented. The subject of this research is the implementation of the program of resettlement in Zabaykalsky Krai. The relevance of this topic is substantiated by the strategic geopolitical location of the region. The author examines the normative legal framework and measures taken by the government aimed at implementation of State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad in Their Voluntary Resettlement in the Russian Federation. The two vectors of the program are considered: assistance to the voluntary resettlement of compatriots, and cooperation with compatriots who do not intend to relocate to Russia. The main trends of resettlement are revealed. The need to intensity information support for this project is underlined. The authors believe that more active involvement of civil society in cooperation with the compatriots living abroad may become an additional motivation for improving effectiveness of the state program.\u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132258921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2020.3.33191
I. Kuzmin
The subject of this research is the problem of understanding and content of exercising positive legal responsibility in the context of prevention of unlawful acts and stimulation of law-abiding behavior. The author aims to determine the role and functional purpose of law enforcement policy (within the framework of national security), its key trends and vectors, as well as the factors and conditions for implementation of legal responsibility for unlawful behavior and concomitant risks of its excessive application. Legal responsibility is viewed in accordance of its manifestations on the level of objective and subjective law, as well as systemic legal institution that incorporates normative, procedural and organizational subsystems. As a result of the conducted research, the author substantiates the need for prevention of offenses at the stage of emergence of social conflicts. Analysis is conducted on the positive experience of crime prevention in certain Asian countries and the factors of ineffective crime control policies in Russia and other countries. An original perspective on legal responsibility in legal right and law is presented. The author explicates the conceptual ideas of the preventive effect of responsibility at different stages of its materialization with regards to actual and potential offenders. The article takes into account peculiarities of the methods and means of external and internal influence of legal responsibility upon the behavior and consciousness of the subjects of law; outlines merits and flaws of the policy of preventing legal violations from the standpoints of its official objectives and tools; describes the structure of the system of legal responsibility and the advantage of its implementation in preventive activity of the law enforcement agencies and penal system of the Russian Federation.
{"title":"Exercising positive legal responsibility","authors":"I. Kuzmin","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2020.3.33191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2020.3.33191","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The subject of this research is the problem of understanding and content of exercising positive legal responsibility in the context of prevention of unlawful acts and stimulation of law-abiding behavior. The author aims to determine the role and functional purpose of law enforcement policy (within the framework of national security), its key trends and vectors, as well as the factors and conditions for implementation of legal responsibility for unlawful behavior and concomitant risks of its excessive application. Legal responsibility is viewed in accordance of its manifestations on the level of objective and subjective law, as well as systemic legal institution that incorporates normative, procedural and organizational subsystems. As a result of the conducted research, the author substantiates the need for prevention of offenses at the stage of emergence of social conflicts. Analysis is conducted on the positive experience of crime prevention in certain Asian countries and the factors of ineffective crime control policies in Russia and other countries. An original perspective on legal responsibility in legal right and law is presented. The author explicates the conceptual ideas of the preventive effect of responsibility at different stages of its materialization with regards to actual and potential offenders. The article takes into account peculiarities of the methods and means of external and internal influence of legal responsibility upon the behavior and consciousness of the subjects of law; outlines merits and flaws of the policy of preventing legal violations from the standpoints of its official objectives and tools; describes the structure of the system of legal responsibility and the advantage of its implementation in preventive activity of the law enforcement agencies and penal system of the Russian Federation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128609468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2020.2.32680
Першин Юрий Юрьевич
The object of this research is the concept of “hybrid forces”. Hybrid warfare is a war that employs hybrid force, which hybridity depends on whether they are composed of regular or irregular component. Initially, the irregular component involved partisans, who were later replaced by Special Forces Units, including Commando, which continued to perform a role of irregular units. Hybrid forces, in accordance with the Western doctrines, are most effective. Therefore, it appears relevant to conduct a historical overview and specify methodological approaches towards emergence, role, effectiveness, and potential usage of hybrid forces based on the data provided in foreign sources. The concept is examines its initial meaning, content and relevance of application in describing the conduct of military operations in the modern conditions. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the analysis of foreign source, which in the author’s opinion, underlies the concept of “hybrid warfare”. The historical retrospective, presented in the source, would help theoreticians of hybrid warfare to define this concept with more precision. The conclusion is made that the phenomenon recently dubbed as “hybrid warfare” and “hybrid forces” is not new and has analogues in human history.
{"title":"Hybrid warfare: untraceable armies and invisible hands","authors":"Першин Юрий Юрьевич","doi":"10.25136/2409-7543.2020.2.32680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25136/2409-7543.2020.2.32680","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The object of this research is the concept of “hybrid forces”. Hybrid warfare is a war that employs hybrid force, which hybridity depends on whether they are composed of regular or irregular component. Initially, the irregular component involved partisans, who were later replaced by Special Forces Units, including Commando, which continued to perform a role of irregular units. Hybrid forces, in accordance with the Western doctrines, are most effective. Therefore, it appears relevant to conduct a historical overview and specify methodological approaches towards emergence, role, effectiveness, and potential usage of hybrid forces based on the data provided in foreign sources. The concept is examines its initial meaning, content and relevance of application in describing the conduct of military operations in the modern conditions. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the analysis of foreign source, which in the author’s opinion, underlies the concept of “hybrid warfare”. The historical retrospective, presented in the source, would help theoreticians of hybrid warfare to define this concept with more precision. The conclusion is made that the phenomenon recently dubbed as “hybrid warfare” and “hybrid forces” is not new and has analogues in human history.\u0000","PeriodicalId":150406,"journal":{"name":"Вопросы безопасности","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130001191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-01DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2020.2.31937
Тиханычев Олег Васильевич
The subject of this research is the application of autonomous robotic systems of various designation. The object of this research is the algorithmic problems emerging in this area, namely the problem of control over security of algorithms. The study is carried out on the basis of implementation of robotics in military sphere. The analysis of peculiarities of the modern military operations demonstrates that one of the aspects of revolution in military science is the battlefield robotics. However, its realization generates certain issues in legal sphere, related to algorithmic support of the autonomous system. The manifestations of such problem consist in critical use errors, divided by the experts into the errors of first and second grade. The main cause of these errors is the software functionality of the autonomous robotic system. If the consequences for conventional armament are predictable, and the responsibility for their results is determined, the situation in case of implementation of military robots requires solution. Application of the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis allow examining the main aspects of current state and prospects of the problem of algorithmization with regards to implementation of autonomous systems. The article synthesizes articulation of the scientific tasks aimed at solution of the problem of division of responsibility between the developers and users of similar system in terms of development and testing of the algorithms of their implementation.
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