Nephropathy is a chronic complication characterized by increased urinary albumin excretion (proteinuria) or reduced kidney glomerular filtration rate in both forms of diabetic mellitus, type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is categorized into stages so called microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion greater than 20 g/min and less than or equal to 199 g/min) and macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion greater than or equal to 200 g/min). Hyperglycemia, increased blood pressure levels, and genetic predispositions are the main risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Nephropathy occurs as a result of an interaction between metabolic and hemodynamic factors, which activate diverse pathways that lead to renal damage. Growing evidence highlights the importance of inflammatory mechanisms in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, investigation into antiinflammatory strategies may offer new approaches of further effect.
{"title":"Risk Factors and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.02","url":null,"abstract":"Nephropathy is a chronic complication characterized by increased urinary albumin excretion (proteinuria) or reduced kidney glomerular filtration rate in both forms of diabetic mellitus, type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is categorized into stages so called microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion greater than 20 g/min and less than or equal to 199 g/min) and macroalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion greater than or equal to 200 g/min). Hyperglycemia, increased blood pressure levels, and genetic predispositions are the main risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Nephropathy occurs as a result of an interaction between metabolic and hemodynamic factors, which activate diverse pathways that lead to renal damage. Growing evidence highlights the importance of inflammatory mechanisms in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, investigation into antiinflammatory strategies may offer new approaches of further effect.","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116830603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study investigated the risk factors associated with reductions in postpartum pel-vic floor muscle tension and evaluated improvements in pelvic floor muscle tension with electrical stimulation combined with biofeedback technology and Kegel exercis-es. Methods: We conducted a case-control study of 170 women with postpartum follow-up at Ningbo Li Huili Hospital from April 2019 to May 2020. According to the Oxford modified scale assessment(MOS), 94 and 76 women were included in the abnormal pelvic floor muscle tension group and control group, respectively. The two groups were trained by pelvic floor training. The changes in pelvic floor muscle tension before and after treatment in the two groups were analyzed to evaluate the effect of postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation training. Results: The EMG value of the fast muscle contraction stage was negatively correlated with age and neonatal weight (P <0.05). The EMG values of slow muscle contraction and endurance were negatively correlated with weight gain during pregnancy but posi-tively correlated with age and BMI at delivery (P <0.05). The muscle tension of the abnormal muscle tension group was significantly improved and significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05) after the two groups received the intervention. Conclusion: The factors affecting postpartum pelvic floor muscle tension include age, delivery times, BMI at delivery and neonatal weight. Electrical stimulation combined with the biofeedback technique and Kegel exercises in the early postpartum period are effec-tive means to reduce the incidence of Pelvic floor disorders.
{"title":"Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Reduction in Postpartum Pelvic Floor Muscle Tension and The Therapeutic Effect","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.15","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study investigated the risk factors associated with reductions in postpartum pel-vic floor muscle tension and evaluated improvements in pelvic floor muscle tension with electrical stimulation combined with biofeedback technology and Kegel exercis-es. Methods: We conducted a case-control study of 170 women with postpartum follow-up at Ningbo Li Huili Hospital from April 2019 to May 2020. According to the Oxford modified scale assessment(MOS), 94 and 76 women were included in the abnormal pelvic floor muscle tension group and control group, respectively. The two groups were trained by pelvic floor training. The changes in pelvic floor muscle tension before and after treatment in the two groups were analyzed to evaluate the effect of postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation training. Results: The EMG value of the fast muscle contraction stage was negatively correlated with age and neonatal weight (P <0.05). The EMG values of slow muscle contraction and endurance were negatively correlated with weight gain during pregnancy but posi-tively correlated with age and BMI at delivery (P <0.05). The muscle tension of the abnormal muscle tension group was significantly improved and significantly higher than that of the control group (P <0.05) after the two groups received the intervention. Conclusion: The factors affecting postpartum pelvic floor muscle tension include age, delivery times, BMI at delivery and neonatal weight. Electrical stimulation combined with the biofeedback technique and Kegel exercises in the early postpartum period are effec-tive means to reduce the incidence of Pelvic floor disorders.","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114101129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Over the years, the relationship between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and dysglycemia has been noticed to be positive and continuous. Specifically, for each 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), there is a defined increased risk for CVDs. Also, the risk of developing CVDs for people with overt Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases by 2 to 3 times for men and 3 to 5 times for women compared to people without diabetes mellitus. Objectives: The article briefly discussed the meaning of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) as a medical phenomenon and the interconnecting role it plays in the pathogenesis of both CVDs and T2DM. It further highlighted the risk factors that are common in CMS and the evidence-based control measures for the syndrome. Methods: A review of related online full articles published from 2000 to 2021 was carried out from different scientific search engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Mendeley, Medline, and Academia. Results: CVDs and T2DM are closely related diseases, both appearing in the same spectrum of chronic diseases. They are closely linked by a similar pathophysiological phenomenon – the CMS. Any attempt to prevent or treat either CVDs or T2DM without due attention and consideration for the CMS, may not result in significant success, especially on a long-term basis. Conclusion: A better understanding and control of CMS and its risk factors are critical in the global efforts to prevent and control the rising global burden of both CVDs and T2DM, especially in developing countries.
{"title":"A Scoping Review of Cardio-Metabolic Syndrome: A Critical Step in Mitigating the Rising Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Over the years, the relationship between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and dysglycemia has been noticed to be positive and continuous. Specifically, for each 1% increase in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), there is a defined increased risk for CVDs. Also, the risk of developing CVDs for people with overt Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases by 2 to 3 times for men and 3 to 5 times for women compared to people without diabetes mellitus. Objectives: The article briefly discussed the meaning of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) as a medical phenomenon and the interconnecting role it plays in the pathogenesis of both CVDs and T2DM. It further highlighted the risk factors that are common in CMS and the evidence-based control measures for the syndrome. Methods: A review of related online full articles published from 2000 to 2021 was carried out from different scientific search engines, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Mendeley, Medline, and Academia. Results: CVDs and T2DM are closely related diseases, both appearing in the same spectrum of chronic diseases. They are closely linked by a similar pathophysiological phenomenon – the CMS. Any attempt to prevent or treat either CVDs or T2DM without due attention and consideration for the CMS, may not result in significant success, especially on a long-term basis. Conclusion: A better understanding and control of CMS and its risk factors are critical in the global efforts to prevent and control the rising global burden of both CVDs and T2DM, especially in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115699088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar). About 90% of people with diabetes around the world have type II diabetes. It is the main global health issues and burden as well with serious health complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations. In middleand low-income countries the prevalence of diabetes has been rising more rapidly and needs great attention. The data from such case has been considered as recurrent event data and correlation between events should be taken into account in the analysis. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify risk factors for recurrence of diabetic patient’s recovery time in Benishangul-Gumuz hospitals (Assosa, Pawi and Wonbera hospital), Ethiopia. A retrospective study has been applied to obtain data on the recurrence of diabetic patient’s recovery time in Benishangul-Gumuz hospitals, Ethiopia, from September 1, 2019 to September 1, 2021. Kaplan-Meier plot (s) and Log-rank test were used for comparison of patient’s recovery time from diabetes; Standard Cox-PH and Shared Frailty model were used to identify factors significantly affect the recovery time of diabetic patients, using R version 4.1.1 for data analysis. Of the total diabetic patients in this study 61.87 % experienced recurrence of diabetic. The estimated median recovery time of diabetic patients was 6 months. The Shared Log-normal Frailty model was chosen to be best fit for this data set, based on Likelihood Cross-Validation value. Family history, other medical history and Systolic Blood Pressure of patients were significantly affected the recovery time of diabetic patient’s.
{"title":"Determining The Recurrence of Diabetic Patients Recovery Time in BenishangulGumuz Hospitals, Ethiopia","authors":"E. Abebe, Zelalem Birku","doi":"10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.06","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (or blood sugar). About 90% of people with diabetes around the world have type II diabetes. It is the main global health issues and burden as well with serious health complications including heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations. In middleand low-income countries the prevalence of diabetes has been rising more rapidly and needs great attention. The data from such case has been considered as recurrent event data and correlation between events should be taken into account in the analysis. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify risk factors for recurrence of diabetic patient’s recovery time in Benishangul-Gumuz hospitals (Assosa, Pawi and Wonbera hospital), Ethiopia. A retrospective study has been applied to obtain data on the recurrence of diabetic patient’s recovery time in Benishangul-Gumuz hospitals, Ethiopia, from September 1, 2019 to September 1, 2021. Kaplan-Meier plot (s) and Log-rank test were used for comparison of patient’s recovery time from diabetes; Standard Cox-PH and Shared Frailty model were used to identify factors significantly affect the recovery time of diabetic patients, using R version 4.1.1 for data analysis. Of the total diabetic patients in this study 61.87 % experienced recurrence of diabetic. The estimated median recovery time of diabetic patients was 6 months. The Shared Log-normal Frailty model was chosen to be best fit for this data set, based on Likelihood Cross-Validation value. Family history, other medical history and Systolic Blood Pressure of patients were significantly affected the recovery time of diabetic patient’s.","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131118623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: To investigate the factors that influence diabetic foot (DF) minor amputation. Methods: In this case-control study, the clinical data of 955 hospitalized patients with DF were retrospectively analyzed, according to whether hospitalization amputation was divided into minor amputation and the non-amputation group, compared two groups of general data, laboratory examination, diabetes complications and complications, such as differences, multiple factors regression analysis DF Risk factors associated with minor amputation in patients. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in DPN, DR, PAD, ABI, TBI, and Wagner grades, as well as age, sex, HbA1c, FPG, Scr, SUA, TC, ALB, HDL-C, WBC, and Hb (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis that HbA1c (odds ratio [OR] 1.082 [95% CI 1.011–1.158], p= 0.023), ABI＜0.9 (odds ratio [OR] 1.793 [95% CI 1.316–2.443], p=0.000), TBI＜0.7(odds ratio [OR] 2.569 [95% CI 1.889–3.495], p=0.000), Wagner classification (odds ratio [OR] 2.792 [95% CI 2.303–3.384], p=0.000) and PAD (odds ratio [OR] 2.343 [95% CI 1.731–3.170], p=0.000) were significant risk factors for DF minor amputation (P＜0.05). Higher Hb (odds ratio [OR] 0.981 [95% CI 0.973–0.988], p=0.000) was an independent protective factor for minor amputation. Conclusion: HbA1c, lower ankle brachial index level, and lower toe-brachial index level were all related with minor amputation. Wagner classification and diabetic peripheral angiopathy may represent a novel independent factor. In light of these concerns, early preventive and timely multidisciplinary assistance is critical to prevent diabetic foot minor amputation.
目的:探讨糖尿病足(DF)轻微截肢的影响因素。方法:本病例对照研究对955例住院DF患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，按是否住院截肢分为轻度截肢组和非截肢组，比较两组一般资料、实验室检查、糖尿病并发症及并发症等差异，多因素回归分析DF患者轻度截肢的相关危险因素。结果:两组患者DPN、DR、PAD、ABI、TBI、Wagner分级以及年龄、性别、HbA1c、FPG、Scr、SUA、TC、ALB、HDL-C、WBC、Hb比较，差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示，HbA1c(比值比[OR] 1.082 [95% CI 1.011-1.158]， p= 0.023)、ABI<0.9(比值比[OR] 1.793 [95% CI 1.316-2.443]， p=0.000)、TBI<0.7(比值比[OR] 2.569 [95% CI 1.889-3.495]， p=0.000)、Wagner分类(比值比[OR] 2.792 [95% CI 2.303-3.384]， p=0.000)、PAD(比值比[OR] 2.343 [95% CI 1.731-3.170]， p=0.000)是DF轻微截肢的显著危险因素(p <0.05)。较高的Hb(比值比[OR] 0.981 [95% CI 0.973-0.988]， p=0.000)是轻微截肢的独立保护因素。结论:HbA1c、下踝肱指数、下趾肱指数均与轻度截肢相关。瓦格纳分类和糖尿病周围血管病变可能是一个新的独立因素。鉴于这些问题，早期预防和及时的多学科援助对于预防糖尿病足轻微截肢至关重要。
{"title":"Analysis of Influencing Factors of Diabetic Foot Minor Amputation","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.14","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate the factors that influence diabetic foot (DF) minor amputation. Methods: In this case-control study, the clinical data of 955 hospitalized patients with DF were retrospectively analyzed, according to whether hospitalization amputation was divided into minor amputation and the non-amputation group, compared two groups of general data, laboratory examination, diabetes complications and complications, such as differences, multiple factors regression analysis DF Risk factors associated with minor amputation in patients. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in DPN, DR, PAD, ABI, TBI, and Wagner grades, as well as age, sex, HbA1c, FPG, Scr, SUA, TC, ALB, HDL-C, WBC, and Hb (P<0.05). The logistic regression analysis that HbA1c (odds ratio [OR] 1.082 [95% CI 1.011–1.158], p= 0.023), ABI＜0.9 (odds ratio [OR] 1.793 [95% CI 1.316–2.443], p=0.000), TBI＜0.7(odds ratio [OR] 2.569 [95% CI 1.889–3.495], p=0.000), Wagner classification (odds ratio [OR] 2.792 [95% CI 2.303–3.384], p=0.000) and PAD (odds ratio [OR] 2.343 [95% CI 1.731–3.170], p=0.000) were significant risk factors for DF minor amputation (P＜0.05). Higher Hb (odds ratio [OR] 0.981 [95% CI 0.973–0.988], p=0.000) was an independent protective factor for minor amputation. Conclusion: HbA1c, lower ankle brachial index level, and lower toe-brachial index level were all related with minor amputation. Wagner classification and diabetic peripheral angiopathy may represent a novel independent factor. In light of these concerns, early preventive and timely multidisciplinary assistance is critical to prevent diabetic foot minor amputation.","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122089202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Those who monitor fasting glucose daily have a better chance of staying on a healthy path and improving diabetes self-management.
那些每天监测空腹血糖的人更有可能保持健康的生活方式，并改善糖尿病的自我管理。
{"title":"The Role of Fasting Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes Self-Management","authors":"E. Chacko","doi":"10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.08","url":null,"abstract":"Those who monitor fasting glucose daily have a better chance of staying on a healthy path and improving diabetes self-management.","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"660 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116097267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This theme that the author will address in this article is very well established in the literature of Western medicine where diabetic patients are more likely to have nosocomial infection. In the article written by Abu-Ashour et al. (2018) entitled Diabetes and the occurrence of infection in primary care: a matched cohort study, the author is saying that diabetic patients has an increased risk of having infection if compared to patients without diabetes [1].
{"title":"Why Diabetic Patients Are More Likely to Get Hospital Infection?","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/ijdmd.07.01.01","url":null,"abstract":"This theme that the author will address in this article is very well established in the literature of Western medicine where diabetic patients are more likely to have nosocomial infection. In the article written by Abu-Ashour et al. (2018) entitled Diabetes and the occurrence of infection in primary care: a matched cohort study, the author is saying that diabetic patients has an increased risk of having infection if compared to patients without diabetes [1].","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130027421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-31DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1574234/v1
E. Balbona
There have been several reports of thrombotic adverse events after administration of the mRNA COVID vaccine [1] [2]. The onset of autoimmune disease has also been reported following viral illness as well as following vaccination [3]. The antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune hypercoagulable state that can result in thrombotic events such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, and stroke [4]. The antiphospholipid syndrome has also been reported following natural Covid infection [5]. Herein we present a case of “antiphospholipid syndrome” following COVID mRNA vaccination and associated with life threatening thrombosis.
{"title":"Case of Covid Mrna Vaccine Linked Antiphospholipid Syndrome","authors":"E. Balbona","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1574234/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1574234/v1","url":null,"abstract":"There have been several reports of thrombotic adverse events after administration of the mRNA COVID vaccine [1] [2]. The onset of autoimmune disease has also been reported following viral illness as well as following vaccination [3]. The antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune hypercoagulable state that can result in thrombotic events such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolus, and stroke [4]. The antiphospholipid syndrome has also been reported following natural Covid infection [5]. Herein we present a case of “antiphospholipid syndrome” following COVID mRNA vaccination and associated with life threatening thrombosis.","PeriodicalId":150671,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116319954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：