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Removing interfering signals in spaceborne radar data for precipitation detection at very high altitudes 去除星载雷达数据中的干扰信号,用于非常高海拔地区的降水探测
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0114.1
M. Hirose, Keita Okada, Kohei Kawaguchi, N. Takahashi
This study investigated the effects of interfering signals on high-altitude precipitation extraction from spaceborne precipitation radar data. Data analyses were performed on the products of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) and the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM DPR) to clarify the effects of removing radio interferences and mirror images, particularly focusing on deep precipitation detection. The TRMM PR acquired precipitation data up to an altitude of approximately 20 km and occasionally captured interferences from artificial radio transmissions in specific areas. Artifacts could be distinguished as isolated profiles exhibiting almost constant radar reflectivity. The number of interferences affecting the TRMM PR gradually increased during the operation period of 1998–2013. A filter was introduced to separate the observed profiles into deep storms that reach the upper observation altitude and contamination caused by radio interference. The former frequently appeared over the Sahel area, where the observation upper limits are lowest. The removal of the latter, radio interference, improved the detection accuracy of the mean precipitation at high altitudes and considerably influenced specific low-precipitation areas such as the Middle East. This spatial feature-based filter allowed us to evaluate the results of screening based on noise limits that are implemented in standard algorithms. The GPM DPR Ku-band radar product contained other unwanted echoes due to the mirror images appearing as second-trip echoes contaminating the high-altitude statistics. Such second-trip echoes constitute a major portion of the echoes observed near the highest altitudes of deep storms.
研究了星载降水雷达数据中干扰信号对高空降水提取的影响。对热带降雨测量任务降水雷达(TRMM PR)和全球降水测量核心天文台双频降水雷达(GPM DPR)的产品进行数据分析,以阐明去除无线电干扰和镜像的影响,特别是对深度降水的探测。TRMM PR获取了大约20公里高度的降水数据,偶尔捕获了特定地区人工无线电传输的干扰。伪影可以被区分为具有几乎恒定雷达反射率的孤立剖面。在1998-2013年运行期间,影响TRMM PR的干扰数量逐渐增加。引入了一个过滤器,将观测到的剖面分为到达观测高度较高的深风暴和无线电干扰造成的污染。前者经常出现在观测上限最低的萨赫勒地区。消除后一种干扰,即无线电干扰,提高了高海拔地区平均降水的探测精度,并对中东等特定的低降水地区产生了很大影响。这种基于空间特征的滤波器使我们能够评估基于标准算法中实现的噪声限制的筛选结果。GPM DPR ku波段雷达产品含有其他不需要的回波,因为镜像出现为二次回波,污染了高空统计数据。这种二次回波构成了深风暴最高海拔附近观测到的回波的主要部分。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical evaluation of internal tide characteristics extracted from mobile float observations: A case study near the Luzon Strait 从流动浮标观测中提取的内部潮汐特征的数值评估:以吕宋海峡附近为例
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-31 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0116.1
A. Cao, Zheng Guo, Shuya Wang, Xinyu Guo, Jinbao Song
With the development of ocean observation technology, data from specially-designed mobile profiling floats have been used to study the internal tides (ITs). However, the accuracy of IT characteristics extracted from such observations has not been fully evaluated. Based on numerical simulations of ITs and background circulation with hundreds of free-moving floats near the Luzon Strait, this study examines the IT characteristics extracted from the float observations based on statistics. For the case in which only the M2 constituent is considered, the lowest error level of extracted M2 temperature fluctuation amplitudes (TFAs) is 40−50%, which appears at 200−1500 m depth. Increasing the sampling frequency of the float from daily to hourly does not decrease the lowest error level. The quasi-daily sampling and other tidal constituents also have an impact on the extracted M2 TFAs and increase their errors. The different patterns of background currents mainly influence the errors of extracted M2 TFAs in the upper 200 m. The relation between TFA and vertical displacement of ITs and the two error sources of the TFA extracted from float observations are discussed in this study.
随着海洋观测技术的发展,来自专门设计的移动剖面浮标的数据已被用于研究内部潮汐。然而,从这些观测中提取的信息技术特征的准确性尚未得到充分评估。基于对吕宋海峡附近数百个自由移动浮筒的ITs和背景环流的数值模拟,本研究基于统计数据检验了从浮筒观测中提取的IT特征。对于只考虑M2成分的情况,提取的M2温度波动幅度(TFA)的最低误差水平为40−50%,出现在200−1500 m深度。将浮动的采样频率从每天增加到每小时并不会降低最低误差水平。准每日采样和其他潮汐成分也会对提取的M2 TFA产生影响,并增加其误差。背景电流的不同模式主要影响上层200 m提取的M2 TFA的误差。本文讨论了TFA与ITs垂直位移之间的关系以及从浮子观测中提取的TFA的两个误差源。
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引用次数: 0
A Framework for Comparisons of Downburst Precursor Observations using an All-Digital Phased Array Weather Radar 全数字相控阵气象雷达下爆前兆观测比较框架
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0130.1
Connor Pearson, T. Yu, D. Bodine, S. Torres, A. Reinhart
Downbursts are a rapidly evolving meteorological phenomena with numerous vertically-oriented precursor signatures, and the temporal resolution and vertical sampling of the current NEXRAD system are too coarse to observe their evolution and precursor signatures properly. A future all-digital polarimetric phased array weather radar (PAR) should be able to improve both temporal resolution and spatial sampling of the atmosphere to provide better observations of rapidly evolving hazards such as downbursts. Previous work has been focused on understanding the trade-offs associated with using various scanning techniques on stationary PAR radars; however, a rotating, polarimetric PAR (RPAR) is a more feasible and cost-effective candidate. Thus, understanding the trade-offs associated with using various scanning techniques on an RPAR is vital in learning how to best observe downbursts with such a system. This work develops a framework for analyzing the trade-offs associated with different scanning strategies in the observation of downbursts and their precursor signatures. A proof-of-concept analysis — which uses a Cloud Model 1 (CM1) simulated downburst-producing thunderstorm — is also performed with both conventional and imaging scanning strategies in an adaptive scanning framework to show the potential value and feasibility of the framework. Preliminary results from the proof-of-concept analysis indicate that there is indeed a limit to the benefits of imaging as an update time speedup method. As imaging is used to achieve larger speedup factors, corresponding data degradation begins to hinder the observations of various precursor signatures.
下爆发是一种快速演变的气象现象,具有许多垂直方向的前兆特征,当前NEXRAD系统的时间分辨率和垂直采样过于粗糙,无法正确观察其演变和前兆特征。未来的全数字极化相控阵天气雷达(标准杆数)应能够提高大气的时间分辨率和空间采样,以更好地观测下击暴流等快速演变的危险。先前的工作重点是了解在固定标准杆数雷达上使用各种扫描技术的相关权衡;然而,旋转极化标准杆数(RPAR)是一种更可行和更具成本效益的候选。因此,了解与在RPAR上使用各种扫描技术相关的权衡对于学习如何使用这种系统最好地观测下击暴流至关重要。这项工作开发了一个框架,用于分析在观测下击暴及其前兆特征时与不同扫描策略相关的权衡。在自适应扫描框架中,还使用传统和成像扫描策略进行了概念验证分析,该分析使用云模型1(CM1)模拟的产生下击暴流的雷暴,以显示该框架的潜在价值和可行性。概念验证分析的初步结果表明,成像作为一种更新时间加速方法的好处确实是有限的。随着成像被用来实现更大的加速因子,相应的数据退化开始阻碍对各种前兆特征的观测。
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引用次数: 1
Comparative performance of Radar, Laser, and Waverider Buoy measurements of ocean waves – Part 2: Time domain analysis 海浪的雷达、激光和乘波浮标测量的比较性能——第2部分:时域分析
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0123.1
P. Jangir, K. Ewans, I. Young
Accurate measurements of ocean waves underpin efficient offshore operations and optimal offshore structure design, helping to ensure the offshore industry can operate both safely and economically. Popular instruments used by the offshore industry are the Rosemount WaveRadar (Radar) and the Waverider Buoy. The Optech Laser has been used at some locations for specific studies. Recent reports indicate systematic differences of order 10% among the wave measurements made by these instruments. This paper examines the relative performance of these instruments based upon various time-domain comparisons, including results from a quality control procedure (QC), capabilities of measuring the wave surface profile (skewness), and crest heights for varying wind sea and swell conditions. The QC check provides good quality data that can be further investigated with an assurance of error-free data, suggesting that the Waverider produces the best quality data with the lowest failure rate compared to the Laser and Radar. A significant number of the Waverider surface elevation records have negative skewness, particularly at higher sea states, affecting its crest height measurements, which are lower than those from the Laser and Radar. Additionally, the significant wave height (H1/3) estimates of the Radar are lower than the Laser and Waverider, but its zero-crossing wave periods (TZ), on average, are longer than the Laser and the Waverider. The significant heights (H1/3) of Laser and Waverider are in good agreement for all three datasets, but the Waverider’s zero-crossing wave period (TZ) estimates are significantly longer than the Laser.
海浪的精确测量为高效的海上作业和优化的海上结构设计奠定了基础,有助于确保海上行业能够安全经济地运营。海上工业使用的常用仪器有罗斯蒙特WaveRadar(雷达)和Waverrider浮标。Optech激光器已在一些地方用于特定研究。最近的报告表明,这些仪器进行的波浪测量之间存在10%左右的系统差异。本文基于各种时域比较来检查这些仪器的相对性能,包括质量控制程序(QC)的结果、测量波面轮廓(倾斜度)的能力以及不同风海和涌浪条件下的波峰高度。QC检查提供了质量良好的数据,可以在保证无错误数据的情况下进行进一步调查,这表明与激光和雷达相比,Wavelrider产生了质量最好、故障率最低的数据。相当多的Waverider表面高程记录具有负偏斜度,特别是在较高的海况下,影响了其波峰高度测量值,该值低于激光和雷达的测量值。此外,雷达的有效波高(H1/3)估计值低于激光器和载波器,但其过零波周期(TZ)平均比激光器和载波器长。对于所有三个数据集,Laser和Waverider的有效高度(H1/3)都非常一致,但Waveride的过零波周期(TZ)估计值明显长于Laser。
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引用次数: 1
Multivariate Data Assimilation at a Partially-mixed Estuary 部分混合河口的多元数据同化
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0101.1
Dorukhan Ardağ, G. Wilson, J. Lerczak, Dylan S. Winters, Adam G. Peck-Richardson, D. Lyons, R. Orben
In 2013 and 2014, multiple field excursions of varying scope were concentrated on the Columbia River, a highly energetic, partially-mixed estuary. These experiments included surface drifter and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements during the ONR RIVET-II experiment, and a novel animal tracking effort that samples oceanographic data by employing cormorants tagged with bio-logging devices. In the present work, several different data types from these experiments were combined in order to test an iterative, ensemble-based inversion methodology at the Mouth of the Columbia River (MCR). Results show that, despite inherent limitations of observation and model accuracy, it is possible to detect dynamically relevant bathymetric features such as large shoals and channels while originating from a linear, featureless prior bathymetry in a partially-mixed estuary by inverting surface current and gravity wave observations with a 3-D hydrostatic ocean model. Bathymetry estimation skill depends on two factors; location (i.e., differing estimation quality inside vs. outside the MCR) and observation type (e.g., surface currents vs. significant wave height). Despite not being inverted directly, temperature and salinity outputs in the hydrodynamic model improved agreement with observations after bathymetry inversion.
2013年和2014年,不同范围的多次实地考察集中在哥伦比亚河,这是一个高能、部分混合的河口。这些实验包括ONR RIVET-II实验期间的表面漂移和合成孔径雷达(SAR)测量,以及一项新的动物追踪工作,该工作通过使用标有生物测井设备的cormorants对海洋学数据进行采样。在本工作中,将这些实验中的几种不同数据类型结合起来,以测试哥伦比亚河口(MCR)的迭代、基于系综的反演方法。结果表明,尽管观测和模型精度存在固有的局限性,但通过用三维静水海洋模型反演地表流和重力波观测,可以在部分混合河口的线性、无特征的先验测深中探测到动态相关的水深特征,如大浅滩和水道。水深估计技巧取决于两个因素;位置(即MCR内部与外部的不同估计质量)和观测类型(例如表面电流与有效波高)。尽管没有直接反演,但水动力学模型中的温度和盐度输出与测深反演后的观测结果更加一致。
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引用次数: 0
A CO2 and H2O gas analyzer with reduced error due to platform motion CO2和H2O气体分析仪,减少了由于平台运动的误差
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0131.1
D. Vandemark, Marc Emond, Scott D. Miller, S. Shellito, I. Bogoev, J. Covert
One long-standing technical problem affecting the accuracy of eddy correlation air-sea CO2 flux estimates has been motion contamination of the CO2 mixing ratio measurement. This sensor-related problem is well known but its source remains unresolved. This report details an attempt to identify and reduce motion-induced error and to improve the infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) design. The key finding is that a large fraction of the motion sensitivity is associated with the detection approach common to most closed- and open-path IRGA employed today for CO2 and H2O measurements. A new prototype sensor was developed to both investigate and remedy the issue. Results in laboratory and deep water tank tests show marked improvement. The prototype shows a factor of 4-10 reduction in CO2 error under typical at-sea buoy pitch and roll tilts in comparison to an off-the-shelf IRGA system. A similar noise reduction factor of 2-8 is observed in water vapor measurements. The range of platform tilt motion testing also helps to document motion-induced error characteristics of standard analyzers. Study implications are discussed including findings relevant to past field measurements and the promise for improved future flux measurements using similarly modified IRGA on moving ocean observing and aircraft platforms.
影响涡流相关海气CO2通量估计准确性的一个长期存在的技术问题是CO2混合比测量的运动污染。这个与传感器相关的问题是众所周知的,但其根源仍未解决。本报告详细介绍了识别和减少运动引起的误差以及改进红外气体分析仪(IRGA)设计的尝试。关键发现是,运动灵敏度的很大一部分与当今用于CO2和H2O测量的大多数闭合和开放路径IRGA常见的检测方法有关。开发了一种新的原型传感器来调查和解决这个问题。实验室和深水池试验的结果显示有明显的改善。原型显示,与现成的IRGA系统相比,在典型的海上浮筒俯仰和滚转倾斜情况下,CO2误差降低了4-10倍。在水蒸气测量中观察到类似的噪声降低因子2-8。平台倾斜运动测试的范围也有助于记录标准分析仪的运动引起的误差特性。讨论了研究意义,包括与过去现场测量相关的发现,以及在移动的海洋观测和飞机平台上使用类似修改的IRGA改进未来通量测量的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Correcting nonstationary sea surface temperature bias in NCEP CFSv2 using Ensemble-based Neural Networks 基于集成的神经网络校正NCEP CFSv2非平稳海面温度偏差
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0066.1
Ziying Yang, Jiping Liu, Chaoyuan Yang, Yongyun Hu
Sea surface temperature (SST) forecast products from the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFSv2) that are widely used in climate research and prediction have nonstationary bias. In this study, we develop single (ANN1) and three hidden layers (ANN3) neural networks and examine their ability to correct the SST bias in the NCEP CFSv2 extended seasonal forecast starting from July in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere. Our results show that the ensemble-based ANN1 and ANN3 can reduce the uncertainty associated with parameters assigned initially and dependence on random sampling. Overall, ANN1 reduces RMSE of the CFSv2 forecasted SST substantially by 0.35°C (0.34°C) for the testing (training) data and ANN3 further reduces RMSE relatively by 0.49°C (0.47°C). Both the ensemble-based ANN1 and ANN3 can significantly reduce the spatial and temporal varying bias of the CFSv2 forecasted SST in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and ANN3 shows better agreement withthe observation than that of ANN1 in some subregions.
NCEP气候预报系统(CFSv2)中广泛应用于气候研究和预测的海面温度预报产品具有非平稳偏差。在这项研究中,我们开发了单层(ANN1)和三隐层(ANN3)神经网络,并检验了它们在北半球温带7月开始的NCEP CFSv2扩展季节预报中校正SST偏差的能力。我们的结果表明,基于系综的ANN1和ANN3可以降低与初始分配的参数相关的不确定性和对随机采样的依赖性。总体而言,对于测试(训练)数据,ANN1将CFSv2预测SST的均方根误差大幅降低0.35°C(0.34°C),ANN3将均方根误差相对降低0.49°C(0.47°C)。基于系综的ANN1和ANN3都可以显著降低太平洋和大西洋CFSv2预测海温的空间和时间变化偏差,在某些亚区域,ANN3与ANN1的观测结果更为一致。
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引用次数: 0
Two-way nesting in a split-implicit ocean model: NCOM 分隐式海洋模型中的双向嵌套:NCOM
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0112.1
Jie Yu, C. Blain, P. Martin, T. Campbell
Presented is the approach, implementation, and evaluation of two-way nesting in a split-implicit ocean model, the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM). Emphasis is on the strategies applied to feed back fields from the fine-mesh nest (child grid) to the coarse-mesh (parent grid). On an appropriate separation of dynamic and feedback interfaces, attention is especially needed for the feedback interface of surface elevation. One particular issue addressed is the inconsistency between the 3D baroclinic velocities and 2D barotropic transports in the feedback. The discrepancy is inherently associated with bathymetry, depth-integration, and the need to average over spatial grid points. A simple remedy is proposed and proven to be effective and necessary in realistic coastal applications. In addition to the full two-way nesting, a simplified two-way nesting approach is provided in which only the temperature and salinity are fed back from the nest, and the velocity fields are assumed to self-adjust according to the geostrophic balance. The performance of both approaches is evaluated using the idealized benchmark, propagation of a baroclinic vortex, and an application to the Mississippi River outflowin the northeast Gulf ofMexico, including a comparison with available observations. Discussions are also made on the computational efficiency of the two-way nesting and its sensitivity to the open boundary conditions in regard to noise suppression.
介绍了在一个分裂隐式海洋模型——海军沿海海洋模型(NCOM)中双向嵌套的方法、实现和评估。重点是应用从细网格巢(子网格)到粗网格(父网格)的反馈域的策略。在动态界面与反馈界面的适当分离上,特别需要注意地表高程反馈界面。一个特别的问题是在反馈中三维斜压速度和二维正压传输之间的不一致。这种差异本质上与测深、深度整合以及对空间网格点进行平均的需要有关。提出了一种简单的补救措施,并在实际的沿海应用中证明是有效和必要的。在完全双向嵌套的基础上,提出了一种简化的双向嵌套方法,该方法仅从巢中反馈温度和盐度,并假设速度场根据地转平衡自调整。利用理想基准、斜压涡旋的传播和对墨西哥湾东北部密西西比河流出的应用,包括与现有观测结果的比较,对这两种方法的性能进行了评估。讨论了双向嵌套的计算效率及其对开放边界条件的噪声抑制敏感性。
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引用次数: 0
Observing Tropical Cyclone Morphology Using RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Images 利用RADARSAT-2和Sentinel-1合成孔径雷达图像观测热带气旋形态
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0053.1
Jessie C. Moore Torres, Christopher R. Jackson, Tyler W. Ruff, S. Helfrich, R. Romeiser
Since the 1960’s, meteorological satellites have been able to monitor tropical cyclones and typhoons. Their images have been acquired by passive remote sensing instruments that operate in the visible and infrared bands, where they only display the cloud-top structure of tropical cyclones and make it a challenge to study the air-sea interaction near the sea surface. On the other hand, active remote sensors, such as spaceborne microwave scatterometers and synthetic aperture radars (SARs), can “see” through clouds and facilitate observations of the air-sea interaction processes. However, SAR acquires images and provides the wind field at a much higher resolution, where the eye of a tropical cyclone at surface level can be identified. The backscattered signals received by the SAR can be processed into a high-resolution image and calibrated to represent the normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) of the sea surface. In this study, 33 RADARSAT-2 and 102 Sentinel-1 SAR images of Atlantic and Indian Ocean tropical cyclones and Pacific typhoons from 2016-2021, which display eye structure, have been statistically analyzed with ancillary tropical cyclone intensity information. To measure the size of the eye, a 34-kt contour is defined around it and the amount and size of pixels within the eye is utilized to provide its area in km2. Additionally, an azimuthal wavenumber for each shape of the eye was assigned. Results showed that eye areas increase with decreasing wind speed and increasing wavenumber and demonstrate that SAR-derived data is useful for studying tropical cyclones at the air-sea interface and provide results of these behaviors closely to data derived from best-track archives.
自20世纪60年代以来,气象卫星已经能够监测热带气旋和台风。它们的图像是由在可见光和红外波段工作的被动遥感仪器获取的,在那里它们只显示热带气旋的云顶结构,这使得研究海面附近的海气相互作用成为一项挑战。另一方面,有源遥感器,如星载微波散射计和合成孔径雷达,可以“看透”云层,促进对海空相互作用过程的观测。然而,SAR获取图像并以更高的分辨率提供风场,从而可以识别地表热带气旋的风眼。SAR接收到的后向散射信号可以被处理成高分辨率图像,并被校准以表示海面的归一化雷达截面(NRCS)。在这项研究中,使用辅助热带气旋强度信息对2016-2021年大西洋和印度洋热带气旋和太平洋台风的33张RADARSAT-2和102张Sentinel-1 SAR图像进行了统计分析,这些图像显示了风眼结构。为了测量眼睛的大小,在眼睛周围定义了一个34kt的轮廓,并利用眼睛内像素的数量和大小来提供其面积(km2)。此外,还为每种眼睛形状指定了方位波数。结果表明,风眼面积随着风速的降低和波数的增加而增加,并表明SAR导出的数据对于研究海空界面的热带气旋是有用的,并提供了与最佳轨迹档案中导出的数据密切相关的这些行为的结果。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparison of Convective Storm Inflow Moisture Variability between the Great Plains and the Southeastern United States Using Multiplatform Field Campaign Observations 利用多平台野外活动观测对大平原和美国东南部对流风暴流入水分变化的比较
IF 2.2 4区 地球科学 Q2 Engineering Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1175/jtech-d-22-0037.1
Guo Lin, Zhien Wang, C. Ziegler, Xiao‐Ming Hu, M. Xue, B. Geerts, Yufei Chu
The magnitude of water vapor content within the near-storm inflow can either support or deter the storm’s upscale growth and maintenance. However, the heterogeneity of the moisture field near storms remains poorly understood because the operational observation network lacks detail. This observational study illustrates that near-storm inflow water vapor environments are both significantly heterogeneous and different than the far-inflow storm environment. This study also depicts the importance of temporal variation of water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) to instability during the peak tornadic seasons in the U.S. Southeast and Great Plains regions during the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment Southeast 2018 (VSE18) campaign and the Targeted Observation by Radar and UAS of Supercells (TORUS) campaign, respectively. VSE18 results suggest that the surface processes control WVMR variation significantly in lower levels, with the highest WVMR mainly located near the surface in inflows in the southeast region. In contrast, TORUS results show more vertically homogeneous WVMR profiles and rather uniform water vapor distribution variation occurring in deep, moist stratified inflows in the Great Plains region. Temporal water vapor variations within 5-min periods could lead to over 1000 J kg−1 CAPE changes in both VSE18 and TORUS, which represent significant potential buoyancy perturbations for storms to intensify or decay. These temporal water vapor and instability evolutions of moving storms remain difficult to capture via radiosondes and fixed in situ or profiling instrumentation, yet may exert a strong impact on storm evolution. This study suggests that improving observations of the variability of near-storm inflow moisture can accurately refine a potential severe weather threat.It has long been recognized that better observations of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) inflow near convective storms are needed to improve severe weather forecasting. The current operational networks essentially do not provide profile measurements of the PBL, except for the sparsely spaced 12-hourly sounding network. More frequent geostationary satellite observations do not provide adequately high vertical resolution in the PBL. This study uses airborne lidar profiler measurements to examine moisture in the inflow region of convective storms in the Great Plains and the southeastern United States during their respective tornadic seasons. Rapid PBL water vapor variations on a ∼5 min time scale can lead to CAPE perturbations exceeding 1000 J kg−1, representing significant perturbations that could promote storm intensification or decay. Severe thunderstorms may generate high-impact weather phenomena, such as tornadoes, high winds, hail, and heavy rainfall, which have substantial socioeconomic impacts. Ultimately, by contrasting characteristics of the convective storm inflow in the two regions, this study may lead to a more accurate assessment of severe w
近风暴流入中水汽含量的大小可以支持或阻止风暴的高级增长和维持。然而,由于业务观测网络缺乏细节,对风暴附近水汽场的非均质性仍然知之甚少。该观测研究表明,近暴雨入流水汽环境与远暴雨入流水汽环境具有显著的异质性和差异性。本研究还分别在“2018东南龙卷风实验旋转起源验证”(VSE18)项目和“超级单体雷达和无人机目标观测”(TORUS)项目中,描述了水汽混合比(WVMR)的时间变化对美国东南部和大平原地区龙卷风高峰季节不稳定性的重要性。VSE18结果表明,地面过程在较低水平上显著控制着WVMR的变化,最高的WVMR主要位于东南地区流入的近地面。相比之下,TORUS结果显示,大平原地区深层潮湿分层流入的WVMR垂直分布更为均匀,水汽分布变化较为均匀。在5分钟的时间内,水汽的变化可能导致VSE18和TORUS的CAPE变化超过1000 J kg−1,这代表了风暴增强或衰减的重要潜在浮力扰动。移动风暴的这些时间水汽和不稳定性演变仍然难以通过无线电探空仪和固定原位或剖面仪器捕获,但可能对风暴演变产生强烈影响。这项研究表明,改进对近风暴流入湿度变异性的观测可以准确地确定潜在的恶劣天气威胁。人们早就认识到,需要更好地观测对流风暴附近的行星边界层(PBL)流入,以改进恶劣天气预报。目前的业务网络基本上不能提供PBL的剖面测量,除了稀疏间隔的12小时测深网络。更频繁的地球静止卫星观测不能提供足够高的PBL垂直分辨率。本研究使用机载激光雷达剖面仪测量,在大平原和美国东南部各自的龙卷风季节检查对流风暴流入区域的水分。在~ 5分钟的时间尺度上,PBL水汽的快速变化可导致CAPE扰动超过1000 J kg−1,这代表了可能促进风暴增强或衰减的显著扰动。严重雷暴可能产生高影响的天气现象,如龙卷风、大风、冰雹和暴雨,对社会经济产生重大影响。最终,通过对比两个地区对流风暴流入的特征,本研究可能导致对恶劣天气威胁的更准确的评估。
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Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
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