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Long-term Memory of Sensory Experiences from the First Pregnancy, its Peri-partum and Post-partum in Women with Autism Spectrum Disorders without Intellectual Disabilities: A Retrospective Study. 无智力障碍的自闭症谱系障碍妇女第一次妊娠、围生期和产后感觉经验的长期记忆:一项回顾性研究
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06189-y
Benedetta Demartini, Veronica Nisticò, Serena Limonta, Vincenza Tarantino, Giulia Stefanelli, Federica Calistro, Laura Giambanco, Raffaella Faggioli, Orsola Gambini, Patrizia Turriziani

Purpose: To explore the recalled experience of pregnancy and motherhood in women diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) without intellectual disabilities, focusing on sensory perceptions and mood.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated, through an ad-hoc structured interview, the sensory sensitivity during the pre-partum, the peri-partum, and the post-partum of thirty-three mothers with ASD and thirty-two neurotypical mothers. Participants also underwent a psychometric assessment about autistic traits, general sensory sensitivity, and post-partum depressive symptomatology.

Results: Mothers with ASD recalled a higher sensitivity than the comparison group across the three time-points; however, during the peri-partum their recalled hypersensitivity decreases, and in the post-partum it returned as high as before childbirth. The difference in the length of recall between groups did not statistically influence our results. Higher levels of autistic traits correlated with higher depressive post-partum symptomatology.

Conclusions: Mothers with ASD seem to recall their experience of pregnancy, childbirth, and post-partum period differently from neurotypical mothers, particularly in terms of hypersensitivity. The correlation with depressive symptoms and the potential role of oxytocin and of long-term memory (encoding and recollection) are discussed. Further exploring these aspects might give fundamental hints to provide tailored support to mothers with ASD during pregnancy and motherhood.

目的:探讨无智力障碍的自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)女性怀孕和做母亲的回忆体验,重点关注感官知觉和情绪。方法:回顾性分析33例ASD母亲和32例神经正常母亲在产前、围生期和产后的感觉敏感性。参与者还接受了关于自闭症特征、一般感觉敏感性和产后抑郁症状的心理测量评估。结果:在三个时间点上,ASD母亲的回忆灵敏度高于对照组;然而,在围产期期间,他们回忆的超敏反应减少,在产后,它恢复到分娩前的水平。组间回忆时间长度的差异对我们的结果没有统计学影响。较高水平的自闭症特征与较高的产后抑郁症状相关。结论:与神经正常的母亲相比,患有ASD的母亲对怀孕、分娩和产后经历的回忆似乎有所不同,尤其是在过敏方面。讨论了与抑郁症状的相关性以及催产素和长期记忆(编码和回忆)的潜在作用。进一步探索这些方面可能会为在怀孕和做母亲期间为患有自闭症谱系障碍的母亲提供量身定制的支持提供基本提示。
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引用次数: 0
Brief Report: Differential Persistence of Primary Reflexes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Replication. 简要报告:自闭症谱系障碍儿童初级反射的持续性差异:系统复制。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05880-w
Olive Healy, Elaine Reilly, Joanna Davies, Victoria Lovett, Phil Reed

Primary reflexes are highly stereotypical, automatic movements comprising much of the motor repertoire of newborns. The current study examined rates of presence of five primary reflexes (snout, visual rooting, sucking, tactile rooting, and grasp) and variables predictive of their persistence for children with ASD (n = 35), developmental disability (n = 30), and typically developing children matched to participants with ASD on chronological age (n = 30). There was a higher prevalence of snout and visual rooting reflex among children with ASD. These data suggest that the persistence of primary reflexes holds promise as a biomarker for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

原始反射是高度定型化的自动动作,占新生儿运动能力的大部分。本研究调查了患有自闭症的儿童(35 人)、发育障碍儿童(30 人)以及与患有自闭症的儿童年龄相匹配的发育正常儿童(30 人)的五种原始反射(鼻孔反射、视觉扎根反射、吸吮反射、触觉扎根反射和抓握反射)的出现率以及预测其持续性的变量。在患有 ASD 的儿童中,鼻根反射和视觉根反射的发生率较高。这些数据表明,原始反射的持续性有望成为自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的生物标志物。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the Mediating Role of Executive Function in the Relationship Between ADHD and DCD Symptoms and Depression in Adults. 执行功能在成人ADHD、DCD症状和抑郁关系中的中介作用。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06148-7
Maria C Broletti, Christina Efthymiou, Aja Louise Murray, Emily McDougal, Sinéad M Rhodes

This study was designed to test the effects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD) on depression levels and investigate the mediating role of executive function (EF) in adults. Adults with ADHD, DCD, and ADHD + DCD (N = 139) completed self-report measures of ADHD, DCD, depression, and EF. There were distinct profiles of EF across diagnostic groups, and higher depression symptoms in adults with ADHD + DCD than DCD alone. All EF domains were predicted by ADHD symptoms, and several by DCD symptoms. ADHD and DCD symptoms, and most EF domains, predicted depression symptoms. Overall EF difficulties fully mediated the relationships between ADHD/DCD and depression symptoms. Several specific EF domains relating to behavioural regulation and metacognition also showed full/partial mediating effects. The mediating role of EF difficulties between these neurodevelopmental conditions and depression symptoms has implications for their understanding and treatment, suggesting that targeting EF may be important for preventing co-occurring depression.

本研究旨在探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)和发展性协调障碍(DCD)对成人抑郁水平的影响,并探讨执行功能(EF)的中介作用。患有ADHD、DCD和ADHD + DCD的成人(N = 139)完成了ADHD、DCD、抑郁和EF的自我报告测量。不同诊断组的EF有不同的特征,ADHD + DCD的成人抑郁症状高于单独的DCD。所有EF结构域均可由ADHD症状预测,部分由DCD症状预测。ADHD和DCD症状以及大多数EF域预测抑郁症状。整体EF困难完全介导了ADHD/DCD与抑郁症状之间的关系。与行为调节和元认知相关的几个特定EF域也显示出完全/部分中介作用。EF障碍在这些神经发育状况和抑郁症状之间的中介作用对其理解和治疗具有重要意义,表明靶向EF可能对预防并发抑郁症很重要。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Interventions Involving Tablet-Based Speech-Generating Devices for Individuals with ASD: A Meta-analysis. 基于平板电脑的语音生成设备对ASD个体干预的影响:一项荟萃分析。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06173-6
Reem Muharib, Virginia Walker, Walker Dunn

The purpose of this review was to assess the effectiveness of tablet-based speech-generating devices (SGDs) in improving communication skills for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A total of 31 single-case design intervention studies involving 84 individuals with ASD were reviewed and included in the analysis. We calculated Tau-U to evaluate the impact of interventions involving tablet-based SGDs on four different communication responses: specifically, mands, intraverbals, tacts, and vocalizations. To explore potential moderating variables for mand outcomes, we used the Kruskal-Wallis one-way test. The analysis revealed that interventions utilizing tablet-based SGDs led to improvements in communication responses. Specifically, large to very large changes were observed in mand and intraverbal responses, whereas moderate changes were noted in tact responses and vocalizations. The findings of this review underscore the potential of tablet-based SGDs in enhancing communication among individuals with ASD. We discuss the findings and provide implications for future research and practice.

本综述的目的是评估基于平板电脑的语音生成设备(SGDs)在改善自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)患者沟通技巧方面的有效性。共有31项涉及84名ASD患者的单例设计干预研究被纳入分析。我们计算了Tau-U,以评估涉及基于平板电脑的SGDs的干预措施对四种不同沟通反应的影响:具体而言,手势、语内、机智和发声。为了探索这些结果的潜在调节变量,我们使用了Kruskal-Wallis单向检验。分析显示,使用基于平板电脑的SGDs的干预措施可以改善沟通反应。具体来说,在手势和言语内反应中观察到大到非常大的变化,而在机智反应和发声中则注意到适度的变化。本综述的发现强调了基于片剂的SGDs在加强ASD患者之间交流方面的潜力。我们讨论了这些发现,并为未来的研究和实践提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Developmental Play Skills as Outcomes of Early Intervention. 发展游戏技能作为早期干预的结果。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06147-8
Ya-Chih Chang, Stephanie Shire, Wendy Shih, Connie Kasari

Play is critical in the development of cognitive and language skills in young children with autism; however, few studies have examined the impact of the intervention on the development of play skills. The current study aims to address the change in developmental skills, including play after participation in the JASPER intervention, and to examine the initiation of joint attention as a moderator of the effect of treatment on changes in play skills. The study included 109 preschool-age children who participated in the JASPER intervention and examined changes in developmental skills, including play skills. Children who received JASPER improved significantly in both play diversity (F(1,99) = 4.89, p = 0.029, ES = 0.22) and complexity (F(1,98) = 5.21, p = 0.025; ES = 0.23) compared to children in control conditions. These gains in play skills were associated with concurrent improvements in cognition and communication skills. Additionally, children with more initiations of joint attention skills at entry made greater progress in play diversity (F(1,97) = 15.85, p < 0.001 ES = 0.40) and complexity (p = 0.096). Play and joint attention skills are critical intervention targets and outcomes for children with autism.

游戏对自闭症幼儿认知和语言技能的发展至关重要;然而,很少有研究考察干预对游戏技能发展的影响。目前的研究旨在解决参与JASPER干预后发展技能(包括游戏)的变化,并检验联合注意力的启动是否是治疗对游戏技能变化影响的调节因素。这项研究包括109名学龄前儿童,他们参与了JASPER干预,并检查了包括游戏技能在内的发展技能的变化。接受JASPER的儿童在两种游戏多样性方面都有显著改善(F(1,99) = 4.89,p = 0.029,ES = 0.22)和复杂性(F(1,98) = 5.21,p = 0.025;ES = 0.23)。这些游戏技能的提高与认知和沟通技能的同时提高有关。此外,在入学时更多地开始联合注意力技能的儿童在游戏多样性方面取得了更大的进步(F(1,97) = 15.85,p
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引用次数: 0
The Power Card Strategy: Strength-Based Intervention Against Bullying for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. 权力卡策略:以力量为基础的自闭症谱系障碍儿童欺凌干预。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06161-w
Hatice Ulu Aydin, Ilknur Cifci Tekinarslan, Yesim Gulec Aslan

The pattern of behaviors and abilities that reflect the core characteristics of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and an environment that lacks the ability to understand individuals with ASD can make these students targets of bullying. Bullying is a serious problem for students with ASD, and practices against it are important in terms of improving students' coping strategies and overall well-being. In this study, we used a multiple probe model with an interprobe phase across participants to evaluate the effectiveness of the power card strategy to teach three students with ASD to respond to bullying. At baseline, the students gave few appropriate responses based on coping strategies for bullying after listening to stories about bullying. During the application of the power cards, the students read scenarios and power cards created for their favorite heroes or special interests, which included coping strategies for three different bullying situations (exclusion, being pushed, and being tickled). Then, they watched animations prepared for these bullying situations and were asked to answer questions about strategies to deal with bullying. The findings showed that all three students learned targeted strategies for coping with bullying in the context of the sessions using power cards. The students were able to generalize to different bullying situations (teasing, damaging one's belongings, being ignored) while retaining their strategies for coping with bullying in the context of the sessions held after the teaching was completed. The social validity findings of the power card strategy showed that one out of three students exhibited coping strategies for bullying in the school environment. The findings of the present study are discussed in the context of bullying and ASD, limitations, and recommendations.

反映自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)学生核心特征的行为和能力模式,以及缺乏理解ASD个体能力的环境,可能使这些学生成为欺凌的目标。欺凌对自闭症学生来说是一个严重的问题,就提高学生的应对策略和整体幸福感而言,反对欺凌的做法很重要。在本研究中,我们使用了一个多探针模型,在参与者之间进行了一个探针间阶段,以评估权力卡策略对三名ASD学生的欺凌反应的有效性。在基线上,学生在听了欺凌故事后,很少给出基于欺凌应对策略的适当反应。在使用权力卡的过程中,学生们阅读了为他们最喜欢的英雄或特殊兴趣创造的场景和权力卡,其中包括三种不同的欺凌情况(排斥、被推和被挠)的应对策略。然后,他们观看了为这些欺凌情境准备的动画,并被要求回答有关应对欺凌策略的问题。研究结果表明,这三名学生在使用权力卡的课程中都学会了有针对性的应对欺凌的策略。学生们能够归纳出不同的欺凌情境(被戏弄、损坏自己的财物、被忽视),同时在教学结束后的课程中保留他们应对欺凌的策略。权力卡策略的社会效度结果显示,三分之一的学生在学校环境中表现出应对欺凌的策略。本研究的结果是在欺凌和自闭症的背景下讨论的,局限性和建议。
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引用次数: 0
Achieving Independence and Mastery in School: A School-Based Executive Function Group Intervention for Autistic Middle Schoolers. 在学校实现独立与掌握:基于学校的自闭症中学生执行功能团体干预。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06164-7
Leanne Tamm, Elizabeth Hamik, Tat Shing Yeung, Allison K Zoromski, Constance A Mara, Amie Duncan

Executive functioning (EF) deficits, such as challenges with planning, organization, and materials management, negatively impact academic performance, particularly for middle-school students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) without intellectual disability (ID). The aim was to assess the initial efficacy of the school-based version of the Achieving Independence and Mastery in School (AIMS) intervention in a pilot randomized clinical trial. 47 autistic middle-schoolers without ID attending nine different schools were randomized to participate in AIMS or to wait to receive AIMS the following semester (waitlist control = WLC). Youth, caregivers, and teachers rated academic EFs and academic functioning, and youth completed an objective EF measure, at baseline and outcome (post). Effect sizes were computed comparing baseline and post measures within each group. Individuals randomized to AIMS improved from baseline to post on academic EF outcome measures with small to moderate effect sizes, compared to WLC, who made some improvements but with generally smaller effect sizes. Analyses with academic functioning measures showed a similar pattern of results. These promising results suggest that AIMS delivered in the school by school-based personnel to small groups of students with ASD without ID can improve academic EF skills.

执行功能(EF)缺陷,如计划、组织和材料管理方面的挑战,会对学习成绩产生负面影响,特别是对患有自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)而没有智力障碍(ID)的中学生。目的是在一项试点随机临床试验中评估以学校为基础的在学校实现独立和精通(AIMS)干预的初步效果。47名来自9所不同学校的无ID自闭症中学生被随机分为两组,一组参加AIMS,另一组等待下一学期接受AIMS (waitlist control = WLC)。青少年、照顾者和教师对学术EF和学术功能进行评分,青少年完成了客观的EF测量,包括基线和结果(后)。在每组中比较基线和后测量值计算效应量。与WLC相比,随机分配到AIMS的个体在学术EF结果测量方面从基线到后期都有改善,效果大小为小到中等,WLC有一些改善,但效果大小一般较小。对学术功能测量的分析显示了类似的结果模式。这些有希望的结果表明,由校本人员在学校向一小群没有ID的ASD学生提供AIMS可以提高学术EF技能。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating Sleep in Autism Using CSHQ and CSHQ-Autism - A Perspective Through the Cultural Lens. 使用 CSHQ 和 CSHQ-Autism 评估自闭症患者的睡眠状况--从文化角度看问题。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06564-3
Nishant Prabhakaran, Ann Moncy Maria, Roopa N, Sowmyashree Mayur Kaku

The Child Sleep Hygiene Questionnaire (CSHQ) and its adapted version for autistic children, known as CSHQ-Autism, have gained recognition as essential tools for studying pediatric sleep patterns. 67 autistic children were evaluated using these questionnaires. 52 children screened positive on the CSHQ while 18 were screened positive on the CSHQ-Autism. Notably, both tools showed elevated ratings in the domains of sleep anxiety and co-sleeping, which may hinder their ability to accurately distinguish sleep disturbances. However, the prevalence of sleep anxiety/co-sleeping in Indian culture was found to be linked to more severe sleep disorders, while also serving as a protective factor against separation anxiety and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Therefore, while the CSHQ and CSHQ-Autism serve as valuable assessment tools, their scores may be inflated by ingrained cultural norms in the Indian context.

儿童睡眠卫生问卷(CSHQ)及其针对自闭症儿童的改编版(CSHQ-Autism)已被公认为研究儿童睡眠模式的重要工具。我们使用这些问卷对 67 名自闭症儿童进行了评估。其中 52 名儿童的 CSHQ 结果呈阳性,18 名儿童的 CSHQ-Autism 结果呈阳性。值得注意的是,这两种工具在睡眠焦虑和同眠方面都显示出较高的评分,这可能会妨碍它们准确区分睡眠障碍的能力。然而,研究发现,在印度文化中,睡眠焦虑/同睡的普遍性与更严重的睡眠障碍有关,同时也是防止分离焦虑和婴儿猝死综合症(SIDS)的保护因素。因此,虽然 CSHQ 和 CSHQ-自闭症是很有价值的评估工具,但其分数可能会被印度根深蒂固的文化规范所夸大。
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引用次数: 0
Factors that Influence the Daily Living Skills of Autistic Adults: The Importance of Opportunity. 影响自闭症成年人日常生活技能的因素:机会的重要性。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06154-9
Shin Er Teh, Le Thao Vy Vo, Vanessa H Bal

While existing literature has demonstrated that Daily Living Skills (DLS) performance of autistic individuals is lower than what is expected of their age and cognitive abilities, limited studies have examined DLS in autistic adults. This study aimed to understand the influence of intellectual function (IQ) and contextual factors (i.e., provision of opportunities) on autistic individuals' DLS performance. Participants included 33 autistic individuals ranging in age from 16 to 35 years. Their caregivers were administered the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 3rd edition's (Vineland-3) caregiver interview form. A novel coding system was developed to capture the frequency of reasons for participants' non-performance of DLS tasks, based on caregiver's report. "Target" scores reflecting expected possible score if reasons for nonperformance could be addressed were computed. Qualitative analysis of parental responses indicated that, for adults with average or higher IQ, lack of opportunity to learn and/or implement the skill was the most frequent reason for not performing DLS. Lack of opportunity was also the second most common reason provided for adults with NVIQ below 85, following cognitive ability. Taking into account reasons for nonperformance, "Target" scores were, on average, 7.65 points higher for the NVIQ ≥ 85 group. These findings highlight a need for multi-dimensional assessment to go beyond individual strengths and difficulties to also include contextual factors that may influence adults' skill acquisition and performance. It is essential that clinicians ensure that adequate opportunities for learning and performance are available to promote acquisition of important DLS.

虽然现有文献表明,自闭症患者的日常生活技能(DLS)表现低于对其年龄和认知能力的预期,但对自闭症成年人DLS的研究有限。本研究旨在了解智力功能(IQ)和情境因素(即提供机会)对自闭症患者DLS表现的影响。参与者包括33名自闭症患者,年龄从16岁到35岁不等。他们的护理人员接受了Vineland适应性行为量表,第三版(Vineland-3)护理人员访谈表。根据护理人员的报告,开发了一种新的编码系统来捕捉参与者未完成DLS任务的原因频率。计算“目标”分数,反映出如果不履行的原因能够得到解决,预期可能的分数。对父母反应的定性分析表明,对于智商中等或更高的成年人来说,缺乏学习和/或实施技能的机会是不进行DLS的最常见原因。缺乏机会也是NVIQ低于85的成年人的第二常见原因,仅次于认知能力。考虑到不履约的原因,NVIQ的“目标”得分平均高出7.65分 ≥ 85组。这些发现强调了多维评估的必要性,以超越个人的优势和困难,还包括可能影响成年人技能获取和表现的背景因素。临床医生必须确保有足够的学习和表现机会来促进重要DLS的获得。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing the Effectiveness of Physical Exercise Intervention and Melatonin Supplement in Improving Sleep Quality in Children with ASD. 体育锻炼干预与补充褪黑素对改善ASD儿童睡眠质量的效果比较。
IF 3.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06172-7
Andy C Y Tse, Paul H Lee, Cindy H P Sit, Eric Tsz-Chun Poon, F Sun, Chi-Ling Pang, James C H Cheng

Purpose: Previous studies have demonstrated that physical exercise can modulate the endogenous melatonin level in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and improve their sleep quality. However, it remains unclear whether physical exercise or melatonin supplement, or a combination of both, is more effective in improving sleep quality in this population. The purpose of this study is to answer this research question by comparing the effectiveness of three types of interventions (physical exercise vs. melatonin supplement or a combination of both) in improving sleep quality in children with ASD.

Methods: Sixty-two (62) children diagnosed with ASD were randomly assigned to one of four groups: cycling (n = 18), melatonin supplement (n = 14), a combination of both (n = 12), and placebo control group (n = 18). Four (4) sleep parameters (sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, sleep duration, and wake after sleep onset) were assessed.

Results: The results revealed a significant improvement in sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and sleep duration in all of the interventions, but not in the placebo control group. However, no significant group differences were found among the interventions (ps > .05).

Conclusion: Our findings suggest similar effectiveness of physical exercise and melatonin supplementation in improving sleep quality in children with ASD.

目的:已有研究表明,体育锻炼可以调节自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的内源性褪黑激素水平,改善其睡眠质量。然而,目前尚不清楚体育锻炼或补充褪黑激素,或两者结合,在改善这一人群的睡眠质量方面更有效。本研究的目的是通过比较三种干预措施(体育锻炼与褪黑激素补充或两者结合)在改善自闭症儿童睡眠质量方面的有效性来回答这个研究问题。方法:将62名诊断为ASD的儿童随机分为四组:骑车组(n = 18)、补充褪黑激素组(n = 14)、两者联合组(n = 12)和安慰剂对照组(n = 18)。评估四(4)项睡眠参数(睡眠效率、睡眠开始潜伏期、睡眠持续时间和睡眠开始后醒来)。结果:结果显示,在所有干预措施中,睡眠效率、睡眠开始潜伏期和睡眠持续时间都有显著改善,但安慰剂对照组没有。然而,不同干预措施间无显著组间差异(p < 0.05)。结论:我们的研究结果表明,体育锻炼和补充褪黑激素在改善ASD儿童睡眠质量方面具有相似的效果。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
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