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The reintroduction of hemp in the USA: a content analysis of state and tribal hemp production plans. 美国大麻的重新引进:州和部落大麻生产计划的内容分析。
Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00181-0
Amanda Falkner, Jane Kolodinsky, Tyler Mark, William Snell, Rebecca Hill, Amelia Luke, Jonathan Shepherd, Hannah Lacasse

Background: The reintroduction of Cannabis sativa L. in the form of hemp (< 0.3% THC by dry weight) into the US agricultural sector has been complex and remains confounded by its association with cannabis (> 0.3% THC by dry weight). This has been further exacerbated by inconsistent hemp regulations in the US since the 2014 Farm Bill's reintroduction.

Methods: A content analysis was performed to analyze the terms and definitions presented by state and tribal hemp production plans, the USDA Hemp producer license, and the 2014 state pilot plans. A total of 69 hemp production plans were analyzed.

Results: Results suggest significant discrepancies between hemp production plans, which have been exacerbated by extending the 2014 Farm Bill language into the 2018 Farm Bill timeframe.

Conclusions: Findings from this study point to areas in need of uniformity and consistency as the regulatory framework is modified and provides a starting point for change for federal policymakers. The results may also be useful to companies attempting to market products across state boundaries. Suggestions for how to mitigate these inconsistencies are provided based on the content analysis findings.

背景:以大麻(干重0.3%四氢大麻酚)的形式重新引入大麻。自2014年农业法案重新引入以来,美国不一致的大麻法规进一步加剧了这种情况。方法:对各州和部落大麻生产计划、美国农业部大麻生产者许可证和2014年州试点计划中提出的术语和定义进行内容分析。对69个大麻生产计划进行了分析。结果:结果表明,大麻生产计划之间存在显著差异,将2014年农业法案的语言扩展到2018年农业法案的时间框架,加剧了这种差异。结论:本研究的发现指出了监管框架修改时需要统一和一致的领域,并为联邦政策制定者提供了变革的起点。研究结果可能对试图跨州推销产品的公司也很有用。根据内容分析结果,提供了如何减轻这些不一致的建议。
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引用次数: 0
The Cannabis sativa genetics and therapeutics relationship network: automatically associating cannabis-related genes to therapeutic properties through chemicals from cannabis literature. 大麻遗传和治疗关系网络:通过大麻文献中的化学物质自动将大麻相关基因与治疗特性联系起来。
Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00182-z
Trever J Jackson, Sunandan Chakraborty

Background: Understanding the genome of Cannabis sativa holds significant scientific value due to the multi-faceted therapeutic nature of the plant. Links from cannabis gene to therapeutic property are important to establish gene targets for the optimization of specific therapeutic properties through selective breeding of cannabis strains. Our work establishes a resource for quickly obtaining a complete set of therapeutic properties and genes associated with any known cannabis chemical constituent, as well as relevant literature.

Methods: State-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) was used to automatically extract information from many cannabis-related publications, thus producing an undirected multipartite weighted-edge paragraph co-occurrence relationship network composed of two relationship types, gene-chemical and chemical property. We also developed an interactive application to visualize sub-graphs of manageable size.

Results: Two hundred thirty-four cannabis constituent chemicals, 352 therapeutic properties, and 124 genes from the Cannabis sativa genome form a multipartite network graph which transforms 29,817 cannabis-related research documents from PubMed Central into an easy to visualize and explore network format.

Conclusion: Use of our network replaces time-consuming and labor intensive manual extraction of information from the large amount of available cannabis literature. This streamlined information retrieval process will enhance the activities of cannabis breeders, cannabis researchers, organic biochemists, pharmaceutical researchers and scientists in many other disciplines.

背景:由于大麻具有多方面的治疗性质,了解大麻基因组具有重要的科学价值。大麻基因与治疗特性之间的联系对于建立基因靶点,通过大麻品系的选择性育种优化特定治疗特性具有重要意义。我们的工作为快速获得与任何已知大麻化学成分相关的一整套治疗特性和基因以及相关文献建立了资源。方法:利用最先进的自然语言处理(NLP)自动提取大麻相关出版物中的信息,从而生成由基因-化学和化学性质两种关系类型组成的无向多方加权边段共现关系网络。我们还开发了一个交互式应用程序来可视化可管理大小的子图。结果:来自大麻基因组的234种大麻成分化学物质,352种治疗特性和124个基因形成了一个多部分网络图,将PubMed Central中的29,817份大麻相关研究文献转换为易于可视化和探索的网络格式。结论:使用我们的网络取代了耗时和劳动密集型的人工从大量可用的大麻文献中提取信息。这种简化的信息检索过程将加强大麻育种者、大麻研究人员、有机生物化学家、药物研究人员和许多其他学科的科学家的活动。
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引用次数: 0
Self-reported adverse events associated with ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC) Use. 与使用 ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC) 相关的自我报告不良事件。
Pub Date : 2023-05-23 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00191-y
Eric C Leas, Raquel M Harati, Nora Satybaldiyeva, Nicolas E Morales, Shelby L Huffaker, Tomas Mejorado, Igor Grant

Background: There is an expanding unregulated market for a psychotropic compound called ∆8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC) that is being derived from hemp, but a summary of adverse events related to delta-8-THC has not been publicly reported.

Methods: This case series assessed adverse events reported by delta-8-THC users on the Reddit forum r/Delta8 and compared these to delta-8-THC AEs in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Delta-8-THC and cannabis AEs reported in FAERS were also compared. The r/Delta8 forum was selected because it includes a large sample of 98,700 registered individuals who publicly discuss their experiences using delta-8-THC. All r/Delta8 posts were obtained from August 20, 2020, through September 25, 2022. A random sample of r/Delta8 posts was drawn (n = 10,000) and filtered for posts in which delta-8-THC users reported an adverse event (n = 335). FAERS reports that listed delta-8-THC (N = 326) or cannabis (N = 7076) as a suspect product active ingredient were obtained. Adverse events claimed to result from delta-8-THC use were coded using Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities to system organ class and preferred term categories.

Results: The absolute number of delta-8-THC adverse event reports (N = 2184, 95% CI = 1949-2426) and serious adverse event reports (N = 437; 95% CI = 339-541) on r/Delta 8 were higher than the adverse event reports (N = 326) and serious adverse event reports (N = 289) to FAERS. Psychiatric disorders were the most frequently cited system organ class in r/Delta8 adverse event reports, mentioned in 41.2% (95% CI = 35.8%-46.3%) of reports, followed by respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders (29.3%, 95% CI = 25.1%-34.0%) and nervous system disorders (23.3%, 95% CI = 18.5%-27.5%). Anxiety (16.4%, 95% CI = 12.8-20.6), Cough (15.5%, 95% CI = 11.9-20.0) and Paranoia (9.3%, 95% CI = 6.3-12.5) were the most frequently cited preferred terms in adverse event reports. The overall prevalence of AEs reported for cannabis and delta-8-THC on FAERS were also similar when analyzed by system organ class (Pearson's r = 0.88).

Conclusions: The findings of this case series suggest that most of the adverse events reported by delta-8-THC users are like those reported during acute cannabis intoxication. This finding suggests that health care professionals follow similar treatment and management protocols, and that jurisdictions should clarify whether delta-8-THC can be sold as a hemp product.

背景:从大麻中提取的一种名为Δ8-四氢大麻酚(δ-8-THC)的精神药物市场正在不断扩大,但与δ-8-THC有关的不良事件摘要尚未公开报道:本病例系列评估了δ-8-THC 用户在 Reddit 论坛 r/Delta8 上报告的不良事件,并将其与美国食品和药物管理局不良事件报告系统(FAERS)中的δ-8-THC AEs 进行了比较。还对 FAERS 中报告的 Delta-8-THC 和大麻 AE 进行了比较。之所以选择 r/Delta8 论坛,是因为该论坛有 98,700 名注册用户,他们公开讨论自己使用 Delta-8-THC 的经历。从 2020 年 8 月 20 日到 2022 年 9 月 25 日,获取了所有 r/Delta8 帖子。随机抽取r/Delta8帖子样本(n = 10,000),并筛选出δ-8-THC使用者报告不良事件的帖子(n = 335)。获得了将 delta-8-THC (N = 326)或大麻(N = 7076)列为可疑产品活性成分的 FAERS 报告。声称因使用δ-8-THC 而导致的不良事件使用《监管活动医学词典》按系统器官类别和首选术语类别进行编码:关于r/Delta 8的δ-8-THC不良事件报告(N = 2184,95% CI = 1949-2426)和严重不良事件报告(N = 437;95% CI = 339-541)的绝对数量高于FAERS的不良事件报告(N = 326)和严重不良事件报告(N = 289)。精神障碍是 r/Delta8 不良事件报告中最常提及的系统器官类别,41.2%(95% CI = 35.8%-46.3%)的报告中提及精神障碍,其次是呼吸系统、胸部和纵隔疾病(29.3%,95% CI = 25.1%-34.0%)和神经系统疾病(23.3%,95% CI = 18.5%-27.5%)。焦虑(16.4%,95% CI = 12.8-20.6)、咳嗽(15.5%,95% CI = 11.9-20.0)和妄想症(9.3%,95% CI = 6.3-12.5)是不良事件报告中最常引用的首选术语。按系统器官类别分析,FAERS 报告的大麻和δ-8-四氢大麻酚不良反应的总体发生率也相似(皮尔森 r = 0.88):本病例系列的研究结果表明,δ-8-THC 使用者报告的大多数不良反应与急性大麻中毒时报告的不良反应相似。这一发现表明,医疗保健专业人员应遵循类似的治疗和管理规程,司法管辖区应明确δ-8-THC 是否可以作为大麻产品销售。
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引用次数: 0
The safety of lookalikes: a new THC beverage enhancer and a non-THC counterpart. 相似物的安全性:一种新的四氢大麻酚饮料增强剂和一种非四氢大麻酚对应物。
Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00188-7
Geoffrey W Brown, Anthony DeGelorm, Terrance J Bellnier

A new tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) beverage enhancer is available to medical and recreational cannabis consumers across the US. Beverage enhancers that do not contain THC, but instead contain flavored concentrates and/or other additives such as caffeine, are used by squirting the contents of a bottle into water, or other beverage of choice, ad libitum and can be used in a titratable manner according to the user's preference or taste. The THC beverage enhancer described herein has an important safety feature: a mechanism that allows users to measure out a 5-mg dose of THC before they add it to their beverage. This mechanism, however, can be easily bypassed if a user attempts to use the product exactly the same way that its non-THC counterparts are used, by turning the bottle upside down and squirting the contents of the bottle into a beverage ad libitum. The THC beverage enhancer described herein would benefit from additional safety features such as a mechanism that prevents the contents of the bottle from leaving the device when turned upside down and a THC warning label.

一种新的四氢大麻酚(THC)饮料增强剂可供美国各地的医疗和娱乐大麻消费者使用。饮料增强剂不含四氢大麻酚,而是含有调味浓缩物和/或其他添加剂,如咖啡因,通过将瓶中的内容物喷射到水或其他选择的饮料中,可以随意使用,并且可以根据用户的偏好或口味以滴定方式使用。这里描述的四氢大麻酚饮料增强剂有一个重要的安全特性:一种机制,允许用户在将其添加到饮料中之前测量出5毫克的四氢大麻酚剂量。然而,如果用户试图以与非四氢大麻酚产品完全相同的方式使用该产品,则可以轻松绕过这一机制,只需将瓶子倒置并将瓶中的内容物随意喷射到饮料中。本文所述的四氢大麻酚饮料增强剂将受益于额外的安全特征,例如当倒置时防止瓶中的内容物离开设备的机制和四氢大麻酚警告标签。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling a pesticide remediation strategy for preparative liquid chromatography using high-performance liquid chromatography. 利用高效液相色谱法对制备型液相色谱的农药修复策略进行建模。
Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00172-1
Jamie Cuchiaro, James Baumgartner, Melissa M Reynolds

Background: Cannabis sativa L. also known as industrial hemp, is primarily cultivated as source material for cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC). Pesticide contamination during plant growth is a common issue in the cannabis industry which can render plant biomass and products made from contaminated material unusable. Remediation strategies to ensure safety compliance are vital to the industry, and special consideration should be given to methods that are non-destructive to concomitant cannabinoids. Preparative liquid chromatography (PLC) is an attractive strategy for remediating pesticide contaminants while also facilitating targeted isolation cannabinoids in cannabis biomass.

Methods: The present study evaluated the benchtop-scale suitability of pesticide remediation by liquid chromatographic eluent fractionation, by comparing retention times of 11 pesticides relative to 26 cannabinoids. The ten pesticides evaluated for retention times are clothianidin, imidacloprid, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins (I/II mixture), diuron, permethrin, boscalid, carbaryl, spinosyn A, and myclobutanil. Analytes were separated prior to quantification on an Agilent Infinity II 1260 high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The detection wavelengths used were 208, 220, 230, and 240 nm. Primary studies were performed using an Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 3.0 × 50 mm column with 2.7 μm particle diameter, using a binary gradient. Preliminary studies on Phenomenex Luna 10 μm C18 PREP stationary phase were performed using a 150 × 4.6 mm column.

Results: The retention times of standards and cannabis matrices were evaluated. The matrices used were raw cannabis flower, ethanol crude extract, CO2 crude extract, distillate, distillation mother liquors, and distillation bottoms. The pesticides clothianidin, imidacloprid, carbaryl, diuron, spinosyn A, and myclobutanil eluted in the first 3.6 min, and all cannabinoids (except for 7-OH-CBD) eluted in the final 12.6 min of the 19-minute gradient for all matrices evaluated. The elution times of 7-OH-CBD and boscalid were 3.44 and 3.55 min, respectively.

Discussion: 7-OH-CBD is a metabolite of CBD and was not observed in the cannabis matrices evaluated. Thus, the present method is suitable for separating 7/11 pesticides and 25/26 cannabinoids tested in the six cannabis matrices tested. 7-OH-CBD, pyrethrins I and II (RTA: 6.8 min, RTB: 10.5 min), permethrin (RTA: 11.9 min, RTB: 12.2 min), and piperonyl butoxide (RTA: 8.3 min, RTB: 11.7 min), will require additional fractionation or purification steps.

Conclusions: The benchtop method was demonstrated have congruent elution profiles using preparative-scale stationary phase. The resolution of pesticides from cannabinoids in

背景:大麻也被称为工业大麻,主要作为大麻素大麻二酚(CBD)和∆9-四氢大麻酚(∆9-THC)的原料种植。植物生长过程中的农药污染是大麻工业中的一个常见问题,它可以使植物生物量和由受污染材料制成的产品无法使用。确保安全合规的补救策略对该行业至关重要,应特别考虑对伴随大麻素无破坏性的方法。制备液相色谱法(PLC)是一种有吸引力的修复农药污染物的策略,同时也促进了大麻生物质中大麻素的靶向分离。方法:本研究通过比较11种农药相对于26种大麻素的保留时间,评价了液相色谱洗脱液分离修复农药的台式规模适用性。保留时间评价的10种农药分别为噻虫胺、吡虫啉、胡椒酰丁醇、除虫菊酯(I/II混合物)、迪乌隆、氯菊酯、氯虫碱、西威因、斯宾诺辛A和丁腈菌酯。分析物在Agilent Infinity II 1260高效液相色谱二极管阵列检测(HPLC-DAD)上进行定量前分离。检测波长分别为208、220、230、240 nm。初步研究采用Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 3.0 × 50 mm色谱柱,粒径2.7 μm,采用二元梯度。采用150 × 4.6 mm色谱柱对Phenomenex Luna 10 μm C18 PREP固定相进行初步研究。结果:评价了标准品和大麻基质的保留时间。所用基质为生大麻花、乙醇粗提物、CO2粗提物、蒸馏液、蒸馏母液和蒸馏底液。农药噻虫胺、吡虫啉、西威因、迪乌隆、spinsyn A和myclobutanil在前3.6分钟被洗脱,所有的大麻素(7-OH-CBD除外)在19分钟梯度的最后12.6分钟被洗脱。7-OH-CBD和boscalid的洗脱时间分别为3.44 min和3.55 min。讨论:7-OH-CBD是CBD的代谢物,在评估的大麻基质中未观察到。因此,本方法适用于分离6种大麻基质中检测的7/11农药和25/26大麻素。7-OH-CBD、除虫菊酯I和II (RTA: 6.8 min, RTB: 10.5 min)、氯菊酯(RTA: 11.9 min, RTB: 12.2 min)和胡椒酰丁二醇(RTA: 8.3 min, RTB: 11.7 min)将需要额外的分离或纯化步骤。结论:实验台法在制备级固定相中具有一致的洗脱轮廓。该方法从大麻素中分离农药,表明淋洗液分离是一种极具吸引力的工业解决方案,可用于污染大麻材料的农药修复和大麻素的靶向分离。
{"title":"Modeling a pesticide remediation strategy for preparative liquid chromatography using high-performance liquid chromatography.","authors":"Jamie Cuchiaro,&nbsp;James Baumgartner,&nbsp;Melissa M Reynolds","doi":"10.1186/s42238-023-00172-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-023-00172-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cannabis sativa L. also known as industrial hemp, is primarily cultivated as source material for cannabinoids cannabidiol (CBD) and ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC). Pesticide contamination during plant growth is a common issue in the cannabis industry which can render plant biomass and products made from contaminated material unusable. Remediation strategies to ensure safety compliance are vital to the industry, and special consideration should be given to methods that are non-destructive to concomitant cannabinoids. Preparative liquid chromatography (PLC) is an attractive strategy for remediating pesticide contaminants while also facilitating targeted isolation cannabinoids in cannabis biomass.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present study evaluated the benchtop-scale suitability of pesticide remediation by liquid chromatographic eluent fractionation, by comparing retention times of 11 pesticides relative to 26 cannabinoids. The ten pesticides evaluated for retention times are clothianidin, imidacloprid, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethrins (I/II mixture), diuron, permethrin, boscalid, carbaryl, spinosyn A, and myclobutanil. Analytes were separated prior to quantification on an Agilent Infinity II 1260 high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The detection wavelengths used were 208, 220, 230, and 240 nm. Primary studies were performed using an Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 EC-C18 3.0 × 50 mm column with 2.7 μm particle diameter, using a binary gradient. Preliminary studies on Phenomenex Luna 10 μm C18 PREP stationary phase were performed using a 150 × 4.6 mm column.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The retention times of standards and cannabis matrices were evaluated. The matrices used were raw cannabis flower, ethanol crude extract, CO<sub>2</sub> crude extract, distillate, distillation mother liquors, and distillation bottoms. The pesticides clothianidin, imidacloprid, carbaryl, diuron, spinosyn A, and myclobutanil eluted in the first 3.6 min, and all cannabinoids (except for 7-OH-CBD) eluted in the final 12.6 min of the 19-minute gradient for all matrices evaluated. The elution times of 7-OH-CBD and boscalid were 3.44 and 3.55 min, respectively.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>7-OH-CBD is a metabolite of CBD and was not observed in the cannabis matrices evaluated. Thus, the present method is suitable for separating 7/11 pesticides and 25/26 cannabinoids tested in the six cannabis matrices tested. 7-OH-CBD, pyrethrins I and II (RT<sub>A</sub>: 6.8 min, RT<sub>B</sub>: 10.5 min), permethrin (RT<sub>A</sub>: 11.9 min, RT<sub>B</sub>: 12.2 min), and piperonyl butoxide (RT<sub>A</sub>: 8.3 min, RT<sub>B</sub>: 11.7 min), will require additional fractionation or purification steps.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The benchtop method was demonstrated have congruent elution profiles using preparative-scale stationary phase. The resolution of pesticides from cannabinoids in ","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10099646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9359464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Glandular trichome development, morphology, and maturation are influenced by plant age and genotype in high THC-containing cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) inflorescences. 在高thc含量的大麻(cannabis sativa L.)花序中,腺毛的发育、形态和成熟受植物年龄和基因型的影响。
Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00178-9
Zamir K Punja, Darren B Sutton, Tommy Kim

Background: Glandular capitate trichomes which form on bract tissues of female inflorescences of high THC-containing Cannabis sativa L. plants are important sources of terpenes and cannabinoids. The influence of plant age and cannabis genotype on capitate trichome development, morphology, and maturation has not been extensively studied. Knowledge of the various developmental changes that occur in trichomes over time and the influence of genotype and plant age on distribution, numbers, and morphological features should lead to a better understanding of cannabis quality and consistency.

Methods: Bract tissues of two genotypes-"Moby Dick" and "Space Queen"-were examined from 3 weeks to 8 weeks of flower development using light and scanning electron microscopy. Numbers of capitate trichomes on upper and lower bract surfaces were recorded at different positions within the inflorescence. Observations on distribution, extent of stalk formation, glandular head diameter, production of resin, and extent of dehiscence and senescence were made at various time points. The effects of post-harvesting handling and drying on trichome morphology were examined in an additional five genotypes.

Results: Two glandular trichome types-bulbous and capitate (sessile or stalked)-were observed. Capitate trichome numbers and stalk length were significantly (P = 0.05) greater in "Space Queen" compared to "Moby Dick" at 3 and 6 weeks of flower development. Significantly more stalked-capitate trichomes were present on lower compared to upper bract surfaces at 6 weeks in both genotypes, while sessile-capitate trichomes predominated at 3 weeks. Epidermal and hypodermal cells elongated to different extents during stalk formation, producing significant variation in length (from 20 to 1100 μm). Glandular heads ranged from 40 to 110 μm in diameter. Maturation of stalked-capitate glandular heads was accompanied by a brown color development, reduced UV autofluorescence, and head senescence and dehiscence. Secreted resinous material from glandular heads appeared as droplets on the cuticular surface that caused many heads to stick together or collapse. Trichome morphology was affected by the drying process.

Conclusion: Capitate trichome numbers, development, and degree of maturation were influenced by cannabis genotype and plant age. The observations of trichome development indicate that asynchronous formation leads to different stages of trichome maturity on bracts. Trichome stalk lengths also varied between the two genotypes selected for study as well as over time. The variability in developmental stage and maturation between genotypes can potentially lead to variation in total cannabinoid levels in final product. Post-harvest handling and drying were shown to affect trichome morphology.

背景:高四氢大麻酚(thc)植物雌性花序苞片组织上形成的腺状头状毛状体是萜烯和大麻素的重要来源。植物年龄和大麻基因型对头状毛发育、形态和成熟的影响尚未得到广泛研究。了解毛状体随时间发生的各种发育变化,以及基因型和植物年龄对分布、数量和形态特征的影响,应该有助于更好地了解大麻的质量和一致性。方法:利用光镜和扫描电镜对“白鲸”和“太空女王”两种基因型花发育3 ~ 8周的苞片组织进行了观察。在花序内的不同位置记录了上、下苞片表面的头状毛状体的数量。观察不同时间点的分布、茎形成程度、腺头直径、树脂产量、开裂和衰老程度。采后处理和干燥对另外5个基因型的毛状体形态的影响进行了研究。结果:观察到两种腺毛类型:球茎型和头状型(无梗或柄)。在花发育第3周和第6周,“太空女王”的头状毛状体数量和茎长显著高于“白鲸”(P = 0.05)。两种基因型在6周时苞片表面下部的柄头状毛明显多于上部,而在3周时无柄头状毛占主导地位。在茎的形成过程中,表皮细胞和皮下细胞有不同程度的伸长,产生显著的长度变化(从20 μm到1100 μm)。腺头直径在40 ~ 110 μm之间。柄头状腺头的成熟伴随着棕色发育,紫外线自身荧光减少,头部衰老和开裂。从腺头分泌的树脂物质以液滴的形式出现在角质层表面,导致许多头粘在一起或塌陷。干燥过程对毛状体形态有影响。结论:大麻基因型和株龄对头状毛的数量、发育和成熟程度均有影响。对毛状体发育的观察表明,不同步形成导致苞片上毛状体成熟的不同阶段。毛柄长度也在选择的两种基因型之间以及随着时间的推移而变化。基因型之间发育阶段和成熟的可变性可能导致最终产品中总大麻素水平的变化。收获后的处理和干燥对毛状体形态有影响。
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引用次数: 6
Topical cannabidiol is well tolerated in individuals with a history of elite physical performance and chronic lower extremity pain. 外用大麻二酚对有精英体育表现和慢性下肢疼痛病史的人有很好的耐受性。
Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00179-8
Nicole Hall, Bradie James, Mohammad Alfrad Nobel Bhuiyan, Erin Crane, Carlie Falgout, Kevin Sean Murnane

Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a potential therapeutic for pain management. Yet, there exists a dearth of studies of its tolerability and efficacy, especially in special populations. Former elite athletes are a special population both susceptible to chronic pain and also highly trained and attuned to assess medication tolerability concerns. The purpose of the present open-label pilot study was to assess the tolerability of CBD in this population.

Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted in deidentified data from 20 individuals who were all previously professional athletes in US/American football, track and field, or basketball, with careers ranging from 4 to 10 years. Participants received topical CBD (10 mg twice daily by controlled dispenser) for chronic pain resulting from acute lower extremity injuries. Assessments of tolerability and secondary analyses of pain, pain-related disability, and activities of daily living were collected by self-report over the 6-week study period. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, pairwise t-test, and linear regression.

Results: Seventy percent of participants completed the study. Of the individuals who completed the study, 50% reported minor adverse effects, none of which required medical attention, and 50% did not report any adverse effects. The mostly commonly reported effects were skin dryness (43% of study completers) and skin rash (21% of study completers), which rapidly resolved. There was a significant improvement in self-reported pain levels (intake mean 3.5 ± 0.29; exit mean 1.7 ± 0.23; P < 0.001) and pain-related disability, including family and home responsibilities, life support activities, occupational activities, recreational activities, self-care, sexual function, and social activities (all P < 0.001).

Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess CBD treatment in elite athletes, who are disproportionally susceptible to disabling injuries. Topical administration of CBD was tolerated well by this population and resulted in only minor adverse effects. As elite athletes are trained and attuned to assess their own bodies due to their professional lives, this population is likely to detect tolerability concerns. However, this study was limited to a convenience sample and self-reported data. These pilot findings warrant further study of topical CBD in randomized and controlled studies of elite athletes.

简介:大麻二酚(CBD)是一种潜在的疼痛治疗药物。然而,有关其耐受性和疗效的研究却十分匮乏,尤其是在特殊人群中。退役精英运动员是一个特殊的群体,他们既容易受到慢性疼痛的影响,又经过了严格的训练,对药物耐受性的评估非常敏感。本开放标签试验研究的目的是评估 CBD 在这一人群中的耐受性:研究人员对 20 人的去身份化数据进行了回顾性分析,这些人以前都是美国/美式足球、田径或篮球职业运动员,职业生涯从 4 年到 10 年不等。参与者接受了局部 CBD(10 毫克,每天两次,由受控配药器配药)治疗急性下肢损伤引起的慢性疼痛。在为期 6 周的研究期间,通过自我报告收集了对耐受性的评估以及对疼痛、疼痛相关残疾和日常生活活动的二次分析。数据分析采用描述性统计、配对 t 检验和线性回归:结果:70%的参与者完成了研究。在完成研究的人中,50%的人报告了轻微的不良反应,但都不需要就医,50%的人没有报告任何不良反应。最常报告的不良反应是皮肤干燥(43% 的研究完成者)和皮疹(21% 的研究完成者),这些症状很快就会消失。自我报告的疼痛程度有了明显改善(入院平均为 3.5 ± 0.29;出院平均为 1.7 ± 0.23;P 讨论):据我们所知,这是第一项评估 CBD 对精英运动员治疗效果的研究。该人群对局部使用 CBD 的耐受性良好,仅有轻微的不良反应。由于精英运动员在职业生活中训练有素,善于评估自己的身体,因此他们很可能会发现耐受性方面的问题。不过,这项研究仅限于方便抽样和自我报告数据。这些试验性研究结果证明,有必要在针对精英运动员的随机对照研究中进一步研究外用 CBD。
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引用次数: 0
"It doesn't make any sense to even try": the disruptive impact of COVID-19's first wave on people with chronic pain using medical cannabis in New York. "即使尝试也毫无意义":COVID-19 第一波对纽约使用医用大麻的慢性疼痛患者的破坏性影响。
Pub Date : 2023-03-29 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00180-1
Yuval Zolotov, Jacinta Lomba, Megan Ghiroli, Mariya Masyukova, Julia H Arnsten, Joanna L Starrels, Jonathan Ross, Chinazo O Cunningham, Deepika E Slawek

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health care but it is unknown how it impacted the lives of people using medical cannabis for chronic pain.

Objective: To understand the experiences of individuals from the Bronx, NY, who had chronic pain and were certified to use medical cannabis during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We conducted 1:1 semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews from March through May 2020 with a convenience sample of 14 individuals enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. We purposively recruited participants with both frequent and infrequent patterns of cannabis use. Interviews addressed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily life, symptoms, medical cannabis purchase, and use. We conducted a thematic analysis, with a codebook approach, to identify and describe prominent themes.

Results: Participants' median age was 49 years, nine were female, four were Hispanic, four were non-Hispanic White, and four were non-Hispanic Black. We identified three themes: (1) disrupted access to health services, (2) disrupted access to medical cannabis due to the pandemic, and (3) mixed impact of chronic pain on social isolation and mental health. Due to increased barriers to health care in general and to medical cannabis specifically, participants reduced medical cannabis use, stopped use, or substituted medical cannabis with unregulated cannabis. Living with chronic pain both prepared participants for the pandemic and made the pandemic more difficult.

Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic amplified pre-existing challenges and barriers to care, including to medical cannabis, among people with chronic pain. Understanding pandemic-era barriers may inform policies in ongoing and future public health emergencies.

背景:COVID-19 大流行扰乱了医疗保健,但它对使用医用大麻治疗慢性疼痛的人的生活有何影响尚不得而知:了解纽约布朗克斯区在 COVID-19 大流行的第一波期间获得使用医用大麻资格的慢性疼痛患者的经历:2020 年 3 月至 5 月,我们对参加纵向队列研究的 14 人进行了 1:1 半结构化定性电话访谈。我们有目的地招募了经常和不经常使用大麻的参与者。访谈内容涉及 COVID-19 大流行对日常生活、症状、医用大麻购买和使用的影响。我们采用代码簿方法进行了主题分析,以确定并描述突出的主题:参与者的年龄中位数为 49 岁,9 人为女性,4 人为西班牙裔,4 人为非西班牙裔白人,4 人为非西班牙裔黑人。我们确定了三个主题:(1) 获得医疗服务的途径受阻;(2) 大流行病导致获得医用大麻的途径受阻;(3) 慢性疼痛对社会隔离和心理健康的混合影响。由于获得医疗保健的总体障碍和获得医用大麻的具体障碍增加,参与者减少了医用大麻的使用,停止了使用,或用不受管制的大麻替代医用大麻。生活在慢性疼痛中的参与者既为大流行做好了准备,也使大流行变得更加困难:结论:COVID-19 大流行加剧了慢性疼痛患者在获得护理(包括医用大麻)方面原有的挑战和障碍。了解大流行时期的障碍可为当前和未来的公共卫生突发事件政策提供参考。
{"title":"\"It doesn't make any sense to even try\": the disruptive impact of COVID-19's first wave on people with chronic pain using medical cannabis in New York.","authors":"Yuval Zolotov, Jacinta Lomba, Megan Ghiroli, Mariya Masyukova, Julia H Arnsten, Joanna L Starrels, Jonathan Ross, Chinazo O Cunningham, Deepika E Slawek","doi":"10.1186/s42238-023-00180-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s42238-023-00180-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted health care but it is unknown how it impacted the lives of people using medical cannabis for chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To understand the experiences of individuals from the Bronx, NY, who had chronic pain and were certified to use medical cannabis during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted 1:1 semi-structured qualitative telephone interviews from March through May 2020 with a convenience sample of 14 individuals enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. We purposively recruited participants with both frequent and infrequent patterns of cannabis use. Interviews addressed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily life, symptoms, medical cannabis purchase, and use. We conducted a thematic analysis, with a codebook approach, to identify and describe prominent themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants' median age was 49 years, nine were female, four were Hispanic, four were non-Hispanic White, and four were non-Hispanic Black. We identified three themes: (1) disrupted access to health services, (2) disrupted access to medical cannabis due to the pandemic, and (3) mixed impact of chronic pain on social isolation and mental health. Due to increased barriers to health care in general and to medical cannabis specifically, participants reduced medical cannabis use, stopped use, or substituted medical cannabis with unregulated cannabis. Living with chronic pain both prepared participants for the pandemic and made the pandemic more difficult.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic amplified pre-existing challenges and barriers to care, including to medical cannabis, among people with chronic pain. Understanding pandemic-era barriers may inform policies in ongoing and future public health emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10049907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9456078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unintentional ingestion of putative delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol by two youth requiring critical care: a case report. 两名需要重症监护的青年意外摄入假定的δ -8四氢大麻酚:一例报告。
Pub Date : 2023-03-21 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00176-x
Erin K Bradley, Brooke E Hoots, Evan S Bradley, Douglas R Roehler

Background: Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a psychoactive cannabinoid from the cannabis plant that can be synthetically converted from cannabidiol (CBD). Most states permit the full or restricted sale of hemp and hemp-derived CBD products, and therefore, delta-8 THC products are on the rise. Delta-8 THC consumption can cause intoxication. Products are often sold in edible form and occasionally in packaging that appears similar to candy. Clinical presentations for delta-8 THC ingestions are understudied and may differ from those described for delta-9 THC ingestions.

Case presentation: This case report describes unintentional ingestions of putative delta-8 THC by two pediatric patients that results in admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. The ingestions were of putative delta-8 THC infused product that resembled popular candies. Both patients developed periods of bradypnea with continued intermittent periods of agitation. Medical intervention included observation, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation via high flow nasal cannula, and intubation-but was not needed for both patients. Although family noted ongoing irritability for the patients, both were discharged approximately 45 h after ingestion. Delta-8 THC ingestion is reliant on self-report.

Conclusions: As the availability of delta-8 THC increases, along with associated pediatric exposures, it is imperative for health care providers to quickly recognize and provide adequate treatment. While there is no specific antidote for THC intoxication beyond supportive care, providers can play an important role in prevention by educating parents and guardians on safe cannabis storage and by documenting cases for adverse event monitoring.

背景:δ -8四氢大麻酚(THC)是从大麻植物中提取的一种具有精神活性的大麻素,可以由大麻二酚(CBD)合成。大多数州允许完全或限制销售大麻和大麻衍生的CBD产品,因此,delta-8 THC产品呈上升趋势。δ -8四氢大麻酚的摄入会导致中毒。这些产品通常以可食用的形式出售,偶尔也会采用类似糖果的包装。δ -8 THC摄入的临床表现尚未得到充分研究,可能与δ -9 THC摄入的临床表现有所不同。病例介绍:本病例报告描述了两名儿科患者无意中摄入假定的δ -8四氢大麻酚,导致其进入儿科重症监护室。摄入的是假定的δ -8 THC注入产品,类似于流行的糖果。两例患者均出现呼吸缓慢并伴有持续的间歇性躁动。医疗干预包括观察、通过高流量鼻插管进行无创正压通气和插管,但并非两例患者都需要。虽然家属注意到患者持续烦躁,但两人均在摄入后约45小时出院。δ -8 THC摄入依赖于自我报告。结论:随着δ -8四氢大麻酚可用性的增加,以及相关的儿科暴露,卫生保健提供者必须迅速识别并提供适当的治疗。虽然除了支持性护理之外,没有针对四氢大麻酚中毒的特定解毒剂,但提供者可以通过教育父母和监护人安全储存大麻以及记录病例以监测不良事件,在预防方面发挥重要作用。
{"title":"Unintentional ingestion of putative delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol by two youth requiring critical care: a case report.","authors":"Erin K Bradley,&nbsp;Brooke E Hoots,&nbsp;Evan S Bradley,&nbsp;Douglas R Roehler","doi":"10.1186/s42238-023-00176-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-023-00176-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a psychoactive cannabinoid from the cannabis plant that can be synthetically converted from cannabidiol (CBD). Most states permit the full or restricted sale of hemp and hemp-derived CBD products, and therefore, delta-8 THC products are on the rise. Delta-8 THC consumption can cause intoxication. Products are often sold in edible form and occasionally in packaging that appears similar to candy. Clinical presentations for delta-8 THC ingestions are understudied and may differ from those described for delta-9 THC ingestions.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This case report describes unintentional ingestions of putative delta-8 THC by two pediatric patients that results in admission to the pediatric intensive care unit. The ingestions were of putative delta-8 THC infused product that resembled popular candies. Both patients developed periods of bradypnea with continued intermittent periods of agitation. Medical intervention included observation, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation via high flow nasal cannula, and intubation-but was not needed for both patients. Although family noted ongoing irritability for the patients, both were discharged approximately 45 h after ingestion. Delta-8 THC ingestion is reliant on self-report.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>As the availability of delta-8 THC increases, along with associated pediatric exposures, it is imperative for health care providers to quickly recognize and provide adequate treatment. While there is no specific antidote for THC intoxication beyond supportive care, providers can play an important role in prevention by educating parents and guardians on safe cannabis storage and by documenting cases for adverse event monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10029299/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9161561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Recreational Cannabis Legislation: substance use and impaired driving among Canadian rural and urban postsecondary students. 娱乐性大麻立法:加拿大农村和城市大专学生的物质使用和驾驶障碍。
Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00175-y
N'deye Rokhaya Gueye, Kevin Prada, Danielle de Moissac

Background: Investigation of cannabis use trends among emerging adults (EA, aged between 18 and 24 years) following 2018 Canadian Recreational Cannabis Legislation (RCL) is critical. EAs report the heaviest cannabis use in Canada and are particularly vulnerable to the onset of problematic substance use.

Objectives: To describe and compare post-RCL use of cannabis and other state-altering substances, as well as the prevalence of impaired driving, among EA postsecondary students in both rural and urban settings, studying on one of five campuses in either Manitoba, Ontario, or Quebec.

Methods: For this quantitative cross-sectional study, a self-report survey was administered to 1496 EA postsecondary students in the months following RCL (2018-2019). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the influence of provincial and urban/rural living contexts on recreational cannabis use, other state-altering substance use and impaired driving behaviours, adjusting for sociodemographic variables.

Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between cohorts in almost all measures. Quebec students were more likely to have consumed cannabis during their lifetime (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI [1.05, 1.90]) than all other cohorts. Rural cohorts all had greater odds of reporting consumption of cannabis during the previous year compared to urban cohorts (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.04, 1.67]). However, the relation between cannabis use in the last month and operating a motor vehicle after using cannabis (lifetime and past month) and living context differed between subjects in Quebec and those in the two other provinces. Quebec's students having lived mostly in urban contexts had greater odds of using cannabis in the past month and operating a motor vehicle after using cannabis (lifetime and past month) than those in rural contexts; the opposite was observed in Manitoba and Ontario. Differing interprovincial prohibitive/permissive legislation and licit cannabis infrastructure appeared to have little impact on post-RCL substance use.

Conclusions: In Manitoba and in Ontario, rural/urban living context seems to better predict substance use and related road-safety practices, suggesting these trends supersede permissive/prohibitive provincial legislation and licit cannabis-related infrastructures. Further investigation into sociodemographic factors influencing state-altering substance use and impaired driving, and maintaining tailored cannabis misuse prevention campaigns, is warranted on Canadian campuses.

背景:2018年加拿大娱乐性大麻立法(RCL)后,对18至24岁的新兴成年人(EA)的大麻使用趋势进行调查至关重要。ea报告了加拿大最严重的大麻使用情况,并且特别容易受到问题物质使用的影响。目的:描述和比较rcl后大麻和其他状态改变物质的使用情况,以及在农村和城市环境中,在马尼托巴省,安大略省或魁北克省的五个校区之一学习的EA高等教育学生中受损驾驶的患病率。方法:在这项定量横断面研究中,在RCL(2018-2019)后的几个月内,对1496名EA高等教育学生进行了自我报告调查。在对社会人口变量进行调整后,进行了多元logistic回归分析,以探讨省级和城乡生活环境对娱乐性大麻使用、其他改变状态的物质使用和驾驶行为的影响。结果:在几乎所有的测量中,在队列之间观察到统计学上的显著差异。魁北克学生一生中吸食大麻的可能性高于其他所有队列(AOR = 1.41, 95% CI[1.05, 1.90])。与城市人群相比,农村人群报告前一年吸食大麻的几率都更高(AOR = 1.32, 95% CI[1.04, 1.67])。然而,魁北克省和其他两个省的受试者在上个月使用大麻和使用大麻后操作机动车辆(终生和上个月)与生活环境之间的关系有所不同。与农村地区的学生相比,主要生活在城市环境中的魁北克学生在过去一个月内使用大麻和在使用大麻(终生和过去一个月)后操作机动车辆的可能性更大;马尼托巴省和安大略省的情况正好相反。不同的省际禁止/许可立法和合法大麻基础设施似乎对rcl之后的物质使用影响不大。结论:在马尼托巴省和安大略省,农村/城市生活环境似乎能更好地预测物质使用和相关的道路安全实践,这表明这些趋势取代了允许/禁止的省级立法和合法的大麻相关基础设施。有必要进一步调查影响改变状态的物质使用和驾驶障碍的社会人口因素,并在加拿大的校园中开展有针对性的预防大麻滥用运动。
{"title":"Recreational Cannabis Legislation: substance use and impaired driving among Canadian rural and urban postsecondary students.","authors":"N'deye Rokhaya Gueye,&nbsp;Kevin Prada,&nbsp;Danielle de Moissac","doi":"10.1186/s42238-023-00175-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-023-00175-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Investigation of cannabis use trends among emerging adults (EA, aged between 18 and 24 years) following 2018 Canadian Recreational Cannabis Legislation (RCL) is critical. EAs report the heaviest cannabis use in Canada and are particularly vulnerable to the onset of problematic substance use.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe and compare post-RCL use of cannabis and other state-altering substances, as well as the prevalence of impaired driving, among EA postsecondary students in both rural and urban settings, studying on one of five campuses in either Manitoba, Ontario, or Quebec.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>For this quantitative cross-sectional study, a self-report survey was administered to 1496 EA postsecondary students in the months following RCL (2018-2019). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the influence of provincial and urban/rural living contexts on recreational cannabis use, other state-altering substance use and impaired driving behaviours, adjusting for sociodemographic variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant differences were observed between cohorts in almost all measures. Quebec students were more likely to have consumed cannabis during their lifetime (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI [1.05, 1.90]) than all other cohorts. Rural cohorts all had greater odds of reporting consumption of cannabis during the previous year compared to urban cohorts (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.04, 1.67]). However, the relation between cannabis use in the last month and operating a motor vehicle after using cannabis (lifetime and past month) and living context differed between subjects in Quebec and those in the two other provinces. Quebec's students having lived mostly in urban contexts had greater odds of using cannabis in the past month and operating a motor vehicle after using cannabis (lifetime and past month) than those in rural contexts; the opposite was observed in Manitoba and Ontario. Differing interprovincial prohibitive/permissive legislation and licit cannabis infrastructure appeared to have little impact on post-RCL substance use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Manitoba and in Ontario, rural/urban living context seems to better predict substance use and related road-safety practices, suggesting these trends supersede permissive/prohibitive provincial legislation and licit cannabis-related infrastructures. Further investigation into sociodemographic factors influencing state-altering substance use and impaired driving, and maintaining tailored cannabis misuse prevention campaigns, is warranted on Canadian campuses.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10014410/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9499525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Journal of Cannabis Research
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