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Industrial hemp seed: from the field to value-added food ingredients. 工业大麻籽:从田间到增值食品配料。
Pub Date : 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00156-7
Rachel A Burton, Mike Andres, Martin Cole, James M Cowley, Mary Ann Augustin

Industrial hemp, with low levels of the intoxicating cannabinoid tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is grown for fibre and seeds. The industrial hemp industry is poised for expansion. The legalisation of industrial hemp as an agricultural commodity and the inclusion of hemp seed in foods is helping to drive the expansion of the hemp food ingredients industry. This paper discusses the opportunity to build an industrial hemp industry, with a focus on the prospects of hemp seed and its components in food applications. The market opportunities for industrial hemp products are examined. Various aspects of the science that underpins the development of an industrial hemp industry through the food supply chain are presented. This includes a discussion on the agronomy, on-farm and post-harvest considerations and the various types of food ingredients that can be made from hemp seed. The characteristics of hemp seed meal, hemp seed protein and hemp seed oil are reviewed. Different processes for production of value-added ingredients from hemp seed, hemp seed oil and hemp seed protein, are examined. The applicability of hemp seed ingredients in food applications is reviewed. The design of hemp seed ingredients that are fit-for-purpose for target food applications, through the selection of varieties and processing methods for production of various hemp seed ingredients, needs to consider market-led opportunities. This will require an integrated through chain approach, combined with the development of on-farm and post-farm strategies, to ensure that the hemp seed ingredients and foods containing hemp seed are acceptable to the consumer.

工业大麻的大麻素四氢大麻酚(THC)含量较低,种植工业大麻是为了生产纤维和种子。工业大麻产业正蓄势待发。工业大麻作为农产品的合法化以及在食品中加入大麻籽有助于推动大麻食品配料行业的发展。本文讨论了建立工业大麻产业的机遇,重点是大麻籽及其成分在食品应用中的前景。本文探讨了工业大麻产品的市场机遇。本文介绍了支持通过食品供应链发展工业大麻产业的科学的各个方面。这包括讨论农艺学、农场和收获后的注意事项,以及可以用大麻籽制成的各类食品配料。回顾了大麻籽粕、大麻籽蛋白和大麻籽油的特点。研究了用大麻籽、大麻籽油和大麻籽蛋白生产增值配料的不同工艺。综述了大麻籽配料在食品应用中的适用性。通过选择生产各种大麻籽配料的品种和加工方法,设计适合目标食品应用的大麻籽配料,需要考虑市场导向的机会。这将需要采取综合的全产业链方法,同时制定农场和农场后战略,以确保大麻籽配料和含有大麻籽的食品为消费者所接受。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of subacute exposure to a water-soluble cannabinol compound in male mice. 亚急性暴露于一种水溶性大麻酚化合物对雄性小鼠的影响。
Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00153-w
Melissa M Bailey, Mariah C Emily Mills, Ashley E Haas, Kelly Bailey, Robert C Kaufmann

Background: Cannabinol (CBN) is one of the many cannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa and has been explored as a potential treatment for sleeplessness. The purpose of this study was to determine the physiological and behavioral effects of subacute exposure to therapeutic and low pharmacological levels of a mechanically formed, stabilized water-soluble cannabinol nano-emulsion (CBNight™).

Methods: Sixty-two male mice were randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups given CBNight™ at dosages designed to deliver 0mg (control) to 4 mg/kg of CBN daily via oral gavage for 14 days. In-cage behavior was observed at 30 minutes and at 2, 4, 8, and 16 hours after each dose. After 14 days, the mice were sacrificed and necropsied. Organs were weighed and inspected for gross abnormalities, and blood was collected via cardiac puncture for clinical chemistry.

Results: No dosage-dependent adverse effects on behavior, body mass, or blood chemistry were observed, except that the highest doses of CBNight™ were associated with significantly lower eosinophil counts.

Conclusions: The commercially available, water-soluble CBN compound employed in this study does not appear to cause adverse effects in mice; rather, it appears to be well tolerated at pharmacological levels. The findings of eosinopenia at higher doses of CBN and lack of hepatotoxicity at any dosage employed in this study have not been reported to date.

背景:大麻酚(CBN)是大麻中存在的许多大麻素之一,已被探索作为治疗失眠的潜在方法。本研究的目的是确定亚急性暴露于治疗性和低药理学水平的机械形成的,稳定的水溶性大麻酚纳米乳液(CBNight™)的生理和行为影响。方法:将62只雄性小鼠随机分为6个治疗组,给予CBNight™,剂量设计为每天口服CBN 0mg(对照)至4 mg/kg,持续14天。在每次给药后30分钟、2、4、8和16小时观察笼内行为。14天后,处死小鼠并进行尸检。对器官进行称重和检查是否有明显异常,并通过心脏穿刺采血进行临床化学检查。结果:除了最高剂量CBNight™与显著降低嗜酸性粒细胞计数相关外,未观察到对行为、体重或血液化学的剂量依赖性不良反应。结论:本研究中使用的市售水溶性CBN化合物似乎不会对小鼠产生不良影响;相反,它似乎在药理学水平上具有良好的耐受性。在本研究中,高剂量CBN引起的嗜酸性粒细胞减少以及在任何剂量下均无肝毒性的研究结果迄今尚未报道。
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引用次数: 1
Survey of local cannabidiol use in parents of children with epilepsy in Thailand: the prevalence, perceptions, and knowledge. 泰国癫痫患儿父母当地大麻二酚使用情况调查:患病率、认知和知识。
Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00155-8
Monsicha Ngampoopun, Charcrin Nabangchang, Piradee Suwanpakdee

Background: In 2019, Thailand legalized cannabidiol (CBD) for intractable epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to collect information regarding the experience and knowledge of CBD use in pediatric epilepsy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first CBD survey in pediatric epilepsy in Southeast Asia.

Method: We performed a cross-sectional survey among all parents of pediatric epilepsy patients seen in the Pediatric Neurology Clinic at Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand between November 2018 and July 2020. The survey comprised 34 questions that assessed the demographics, knowledge, experiences, and opinions of parents/guardians regarding CBD use. The results were summarized using descriptive statistics. In addition, logistic regression was used to predict the factors for CBD use.

Results: Overall, 166 respondents (100%) participated in the study. Among the respondents, 9% have experienced using CBD; 56.25% of these reported reduced seizure frequency. CBD products were mostly obtained from folk healers (31.25%) and foreign products (25%). Common adverse effects included headache and nausea (31.5%). The number of anti-seizure medications (OR: 12.28, 95% CI: 1.27-118.8), knowledge of CBD as treatment for epilepsy (OR: 14.7, 95% CI: 1.43-150.87), and knowledge of CBD side effects (OR: 12.73, 95% CI: 2.77-58.43) were factors significantly associated with CBD use. Regarding CBD knowledge, our survey showed 80.72% of the respondents did not know the CBD compound for treating epilepsy, and 89.16% were not aware of CBD side effects. Interestingly, despite a lack of knowledge, 77.11% of the respondents expressed willingness to participate in future CBD trials.

Conclusion: Our survey highlights that half of the parents of patients who previously used CBD reported reduced seizure frequency; however, none became seizure-free. Additionally, there were gaps in knowledge regarding the use of CBD. These findings suggest that the implementation of cannabidiol knowledge is crucial for both public and healthcare professionals. Survey limitations due to the retrospective nature of the self-report could have resulted in recall bias.

背景:2019年,泰国将大麻二酚(CBD)用于治疗顽固性癫痫合法化。本研究的目的是收集有关儿童癫痫中使用CBD的经验和知识的信息。据我们所知,这是东南亚儿童癫痫的首个CBD调查。方法:我们对2018年11月至2020年7月期间在泰国曼谷Phramongkutklao医院儿科神经病学诊所就诊的所有儿童癫痫患者的家长进行了横断面调查。该调查包括34个问题,评估了人口统计学、知识、经验以及父母/监护人对CBD使用的意见。结果用描述性统计进行汇总。此外,采用logistic回归预测CBD使用的影响因素。结果:总共有166名受访者(100%)参与了研究。在受访者中,9%的人使用过CBD;56.25%的患者癫痫发作频率降低。CBD产品主要来自民间治疗师(31.25%)和国外产品(25%)。常见的不良反应包括头痛和恶心(31.5%)。抗癫痫药物的数量(OR: 12.28, 95% CI: 1.27-118.8)、对CBD作为癫痫治疗的认识(OR: 14.7, 95% CI: 1.43-150.87)和对CBD副作用的认识(OR: 12.73, 95% CI: 2.77-58.43)是与CBD使用显著相关的因素。在CBD知识方面,我们的调查显示,80.72%的受访者不知道治疗癫痫的CBD化合物,89.16%的受访者不知道CBD的副作用。有趣的是,尽管缺乏相关知识,77.11%的受访者表示愿意参加未来的CBD试验。结论:我们的调查强调,以前使用过CBD的患者的父母中有一半报告癫痫发作频率降低;然而,没有一个人不再癫痫发作。此外,关于CBD使用的知识也存在空白。这些发现表明,大麻二酚知识的实施对公众和医疗保健专业人员都至关重要。由于自我报告的回顾性性质,调查的局限性可能导致回忆偏倚。
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引用次数: 0
Watching the grass grow: does recreational cannabis legalization affect retail and agricultural wages? 看着大麻生长:娱乐性大麻合法化会影响零售业和农业工资吗?
Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00149-6
Sichao Jiang, Keaton Miller

Background: Over the past several years, cannabis has become legal for recreational use in many US states and jurisdictions around the world. The opening of these markets has led to the establishment of hundreds of cannabis production and retail firms with accompanying demand for labor, leading to concerns about spillover effects on wages from incumbents.

Methods: We study the markets for agricultural and retail labor in Washington and Colorado from 2000 to 2019 using differences-in-differences with synthetic controls. We employ employment data from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, state-level demographic data from the US Census Bureau, and agricultural data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service. We use the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for variable selection and classification and regression trees (CART) for chained imputation of missing values.

Results: We find little-to-no evidence of a significant difference in weekly wages per worker generated by cannabis legalization: the log of the weekly wage per worker decreases by 0.013 in Washington's agricultural sector (p value 0.091) and increases by 0.059 in Washington's retail sector (p value 0.606). Results in Colorado are qualitatively similar. These results are limited in part by the short post-legalization period of the data.

Conclusions: Cannabis legalization is unlikely to negatively impact incumbent agriculture or retail firms through the labor market channel.

背景:在过去的几年里,大麻在美国许多州和世界各地的司法管辖区已经成为娱乐用途的合法产品。这些市场的开放导致了数百家大麻生产和零售公司的建立,随之而来的是对劳动力的需求,导致人们担心现有企业的工资会受到溢出效应。方法:采用差异中差异法和综合对照法对2000年至2019年华盛顿州和科罗拉多州的农业和零售业劳动力市场进行了研究。我们使用的就业数据来自就业和工资季度普查,美国人口普查局的州级人口数据,以及国家农业统计局的农业数据。我们使用最小的绝对收缩和选择算子(LASSO)进行变量选择,分类和回归树(CART)用于缺失值的链式imputation。结果:我们发现几乎没有证据表明大麻合法化对每个工人的周薪产生了显著差异:华盛顿州农业部门的每个工人周薪的对数减少了0.013 (p值0.091),华盛顿州零售业的对数增加了0.059 (p值0.606)。科罗拉多州的结果在质量上是相似的。这些结果在一定程度上受到数据合法化后短暂时期的限制。结论:大麻合法化不太可能通过劳动力市场渠道对现有农业或零售公司产生负面影响。
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引用次数: 1
Anti-cancer properties of cannflavin A and potential synergistic effects with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and cannabinoids in bladder cancer. 香豆素A的抗癌特性及其与吉西他滨、顺铂和大麻素在膀胱癌中的潜在协同作用。
Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00151-y
Andrea M Tomko, Erin G Whynot, Denis J Dupré

Introduction: Several studies have shown anti-tumor effects of components present in cannabis in different models. Unfortunately, little is known about the potential anti-tumoral effects of most compounds present in cannabis in bladder cancer and how these compounds could potentially positively or negatively impact the actions of chemotherapeutic agents. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of a compound found in Cannabis sativa that has not been extensively studied to date, cannflavin A, in bladder cancer cell lines. We aimed to identify whether cannflavin A co-treatment with agents commonly used to treat bladder cancer, such as gemcitabine and cisplatin, is able to produce synergistic effects. We also evaluated whether co-treatment of cannflavin A with various cannabinoids could produce synergistic effects.

Methods: Two transitional cell carcinoma cell lines were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of the flavonoid cannflavin A up to 100 μM. We tested the potential synergistic cytotoxic effects of cannflavin A with gemcitabine (up to 100 nM), cisplatin (up to 100 μM), and cannabinoids (up to 10 μM). We also evaluated the activation of the apoptotic cascade using annexin V and whether cannflavin A has the ability to reduce invasion using a Matrigel assay.

Results: Cell viability of bladder cancer cell lines was affected in a concentration-dependent fashion in response to cannflavin A, and its combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin induced differential responses-from antagonistic to additive-and synergism was also observed in some instances, depending on the concentrations and drugs used. Cannflavin A also activated apoptosis via caspase 3 cleavage and was able to reduce invasion by 50%. Interestingly, cannflavin A displayed synergistic properties with other cannabinoids like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin in the bladder cancer cell lines.

Discussion: Our results indicate that compounds from Cannabis sativa other than cannabinoids, like the flavonoid cannflavin A, can be cytotoxic to human bladder transitional carcinoma cells and that this compound can exert synergistic effects when combined with other agents. In vivo studies will be needed to confirm the activity of cannflavin A as a potential agent for bladder cancer treatment.

几项研究表明,大麻中存在的成分在不同的模型中具有抗肿瘤作用。不幸的是,人们对大麻中存在的大多数化合物在膀胱癌中的潜在抗肿瘤作用以及这些化合物如何潜在地积极或消极地影响化疗药物的作用知之甚少。我们的研究旨在评估大麻中发现的一种化合物的作用,这种化合物至今尚未得到广泛的研究,即香豆素a,在膀胱癌细胞系中的作用。我们的目的是确定canflavin A与常用治疗膀胱癌的药物(如吉西他滨和顺铂)联合治疗是否能够产生协同效应。我们还评估了大麻素A与各种大麻素的共同治疗是否能产生协同效应。方法:采用两种移行细胞癌细胞系,观察100 μM的黄酮类cannflavin A的细胞毒作用。我们测试了cannflavin A与吉西他滨(达100 nM)、顺铂(达100 μM)和大麻素(达10 μM)的潜在协同细胞毒作用。我们还使用膜联蛋白V评估了凋亡级联的激活,并使用Matrigel试验评估了cannflavin A是否具有减少侵袭的能力。结果:在对cannflavin a的反应中,膀胱癌细胞系的细胞活力以浓度依赖性的方式受到影响,并且其与吉西他滨或顺铂的联合诱导了从拮抗到辅助的不同反应,在某些情况下也观察到协同作用,这取决于所使用的浓度和药物。Cannflavin A还通过caspase 3裂解激活细胞凋亡,并能减少50%的侵袭。有趣的是,在膀胱癌细胞系中,大麻素A与其他大麻素如Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol、大麻二酚、大麻色胺和大麻素表现出协同作用。讨论:我们的研究结果表明,大麻中除大麻素外的化合物,如类黄酮cannflavin A,对人类膀胱移行癌细胞具有细胞毒性,并且该化合物与其他药物联合使用时可以发挥协同作用。在体内的研究将需要确认鱼头黄素A作为一种潜在的药物膀胱癌治疗的活性。
{"title":"Anti-cancer properties of cannflavin A and potential synergistic effects with gemcitabine, cisplatin, and cannabinoids in bladder cancer.","authors":"Andrea M Tomko,&nbsp;Erin G Whynot,&nbsp;Denis J Dupré","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00151-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00151-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Several studies have shown anti-tumor effects of components present in cannabis in different models. Unfortunately, little is known about the potential anti-tumoral effects of most compounds present in cannabis in bladder cancer and how these compounds could potentially positively or negatively impact the actions of chemotherapeutic agents. Our study aims to evaluate the effects of a compound found in Cannabis sativa that has not been extensively studied to date, cannflavin A, in bladder cancer cell lines. We aimed to identify whether cannflavin A co-treatment with agents commonly used to treat bladder cancer, such as gemcitabine and cisplatin, is able to produce synergistic effects. We also evaluated whether co-treatment of cannflavin A with various cannabinoids could produce synergistic effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two transitional cell carcinoma cell lines were used to assess the cytotoxic effects of the flavonoid cannflavin A up to 100 μM. We tested the potential synergistic cytotoxic effects of cannflavin A with gemcitabine (up to 100 nM), cisplatin (up to 100 μM), and cannabinoids (up to 10 μM). We also evaluated the activation of the apoptotic cascade using annexin V and whether cannflavin A has the ability to reduce invasion using a Matrigel assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cell viability of bladder cancer cell lines was affected in a concentration-dependent fashion in response to cannflavin A, and its combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin induced differential responses-from antagonistic to additive-and synergism was also observed in some instances, depending on the concentrations and drugs used. Cannflavin A also activated apoptosis via caspase 3 cleavage and was able to reduce invasion by 50%. Interestingly, cannflavin A displayed synergistic properties with other cannabinoids like Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin in the bladder cancer cell lines.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our results indicate that compounds from Cannabis sativa other than cannabinoids, like the flavonoid cannflavin A, can be cytotoxic to human bladder transitional carcinoma cells and that this compound can exert synergistic effects when combined with other agents. In vivo studies will be needed to confirm the activity of cannflavin A as a potential agent for bladder cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40532033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Cannabis-only use in the USA: prevalence, demographics, use patterns, and health indicators. 大麻在美国的使用:流行,人口统计,使用模式和健康指标。
Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00143-y
Beatriz H Carlini, Gillian L Schauer

Background: The prevalence of adults who consume cannabis while abstaining from other substances is not known in the USA. This study used nationally representative data to estimate the prevalence and explore the demographic characteristics, cannabis use behaviors, and self-reported health of US adults with past 30-day cannabis-only use, as compared with adults who used cannabis as well as other substances.

Methods: Data came from adults 18 years and older who responded to the 2017 or 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and reported past 30-day cannabis use (n = 12,143). Cannabis-only use was defined as past 30-day cannabis use with no past 30-day use of other substances (alcohol, tobacco, other illicit substances, non-prescribed controlled medications). Weighted frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed for all sociodemographic and cannabis-related variables, overall, and across the two categories of cannabis consumers, stratified by age.

Results: The prevalence of past 30-day cannabis-only use among US adults was 0.9% (95% CI: 0.8, 1.0) and varied by age (2.0% of 18-25 years old; 0.7% of 26-49 year olds, and 0.6% of those ≥ 50 years). Among adults with any past 30-day cannabis use, 8.4% (95% CI: 7.6, 9.2; n = 980) reported cannabis-only use. Age was significantly associated with past 30-day cannabis-only use, with adults 18-25 years and 26-49 years having higher odds of cannabis-only use compared with older adults. Past year cannabis dependence was lowest among cannabis-only consumers aged ≥ 50 years (0.2%; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.5) and highest among young adult cannabis and other substance consumers (16.7%; 95% CI: 15.3, 18.2). Past year prevalence of any mental illness was generally similar across cannabis use groups and by age.

Conclusions: The prevalence of adult cannabis-only use in the US is low - most cannabis consumers report using other substances in the past 30 days as well. While cannabis-only use among older adults is rare, it does not appear to be accompanied by a high prevalence of dependence. These findings should guide future research and policymaking.

背景:在美国,吸食大麻同时戒除其他物质的成年人的患病率尚不清楚。本研究使用具有全国代表性的数据来估计流行程度,并探索过去30天仅使用大麻的美国成年人的人口统计学特征、大麻使用行为和自我报告的健康状况,与使用大麻和其他物质的成年人进行比较。方法:数据来自18岁及以上的成年人,他们对2017年或2018年全国药物使用和健康调查做出了回应,并报告了过去30天的大麻使用情况(n = 12,143)。仅使用大麻被定义为在过去30天内使用大麻,没有使用其他物质(酒精、烟草、其他非法物质、非处方管制药物)。计算了所有社会人口学和大麻相关变量的加权频率和95%置信区间(CI),总体上,跨两类大麻消费者,按年龄分层。结果:在美国成年人中,过去30天只使用大麻的患病率为0.9% (95% CI: 0.8, 1.0),并因年龄而异(18-25岁为2.0%;26-49岁为0.7%,≥50岁为0.6%)。在过去30天使用过大麻的成年人中,8.4% (95% CI: 7.6, 9.2;N = 980)报告仅使用大麻。年龄与过去30天的大麻使用显著相关,18-25岁和26-49岁的成年人与老年人相比,大麻使用的几率更高。过去一年,大麻依赖在年龄≥50岁的纯大麻消费者中最低(0.2%;95%置信区间:0.1,0.5),在年轻成人大麻和其他物质消费者中最高(16.7%;95% ci: 15.3, 18.2)。过去一年,任何精神疾病的患病率在大麻使用群体和年龄方面大致相似。结论:美国成年人仅使用大麻的患病率很低-大多数大麻消费者报告在过去30天内也使用过其他物质。虽然老年人中只使用大麻的情况很少见,但似乎并没有伴随着高度的依赖。这些发现应该指导未来的研究和政策制定。
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引用次数: 6
The supply-side effects of cannabis legalization. 大麻合法化对供应方的影响。
Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00148-7
Joohun Han, John N Ng'ombe

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine how cannabis legalization and corresponding taxation would affect the supply-side of the cannabis market. Specifically, the study considers various scenarios in which Oklahoma legalizes recreational cannabis for adult use and simulates changes in state-level market sales for other legal states and the average grower profits in Oklahoma. We assume that legalizing recreational cannabis in medical-only states would significantly increase the demand quantity in the legalized states and the local government would levy a significant level of tax on recreational cannabis. These assumptions are based on the post-legalization phenomena in other legalized US states.

Method: We simulate outcomes in the cannabis industry under the assumption of representative consumers with constant elasticity of substitution demand behavior and profit-maximizing firms with a Cobb-Douglas profit function. All agents are assumed to take exogenous prices as given. We calibrate the model using state-level sales data from 2020 and explore potential policies in Oklahoma and at the federal level.

Results: We find that, under the scenarios we consider, legalization of recreational cannabis in Oklahoma would lead to a decrease in the quantity of cannabis sold in Oklahoma's medical cannabis market as well as decreases in the quantity of cannabis sold in other states on average. Furthermore, we find that as the excise tax rate on recreational cannabis in Oklahoma is increased, the demand quantity in recreational cannabis market would decrease while the other markets' demand quantity would increase on average. As the elasticity of substitution between state-level products increases, the overall demand quantity would increase and the market quantity across states become more sensitive to Oklahoma's tax policies. This pattern could become starker as the elasticity of substitution between recreational and medical cannabis increases. In terms of profit, heavy taxation and price decrease due to legalization would significantly decrease cannabis producers' production and profit levels unless the cost reduction strategies complement legalization.

Conclusion: Based on our results, the legalization of recreational cannabis has the potential to generate tax revenue to fund critical government projects and services. However, such legalization would have to be done carefully because heavy excise taxes would decrease the legal cannabis market demand and growers' profit, which would incentivize producers and consumers to move to the illicit cannabis market. Policymakers would have to compromise between the levels of interstate transportation and taxation to ensure that cannabis suppliers also realize some profit within the cannabis supply chain.

目的:本研究旨在探讨大麻合法化和相应税收将如何影响大麻市场的供应方。具体来说,本研究考虑了俄克拉荷马州将成人使用的娱乐用大麻合法化的各种情况,并模拟了其他合法州的州一级市场销售额和俄克拉荷马州种植者平均利润的变化。我们假设纯医疗州的娱乐用大麻合法化将大幅增加合法化州的需求量,地方政府将对娱乐用大麻征收相当高的税。这些假设基于美国其他合法化州的合法化后现象:我们模拟了大麻产业的结果,假设具有代表性的消费者的需求行为具有恒定的替代弹性,利润最大化的公司具有柯布-道格拉斯利润函数。假设所有代理人都将外生价格视为给定价格。我们利用 2020 年的州级销售数据对模型进行了校准,并探讨了俄克拉荷马州和联邦层面的潜在政策:我们发现,在我们考虑的方案中,俄克拉荷马州娱乐用大麻合法化将导致俄克拉荷马州医用大麻市场的大麻销售量下降,以及其他州大麻销售量的平均下降。此外,我们发现随着俄克拉荷马州娱乐用大麻消费税率的提高,娱乐用大麻市场的需求量会减少,而其他市场的需求量平均会增加。随着各州产品之间的替代弹性增加,总体需求量也会增加,各州的市场数量对俄克拉荷马州的税收政策也会变得更加敏感。随着娱乐大麻和医用大麻之间替代弹性的增加,这种模式可能会变得更加明显。在利润方面,除非降低成本的策略与合法化相辅相成,否则合法化带来的重税和价格下降将大大降低大麻生产商的产量和利润水平:根据我们的研究结果,娱乐用大麻合法化有可能产生税收,为关键的政府项目和服务提供资金。然而,这种合法化必须谨慎进行,因为沉重的消费税会降低合法大麻市场的需求和种植者的利润,从而刺激生产者和消费者转向非法大麻市场。政策制定者必须在州际运输和税收水平之间做出妥协,以确保大麻供应商也能在大麻供应链中实现一定的利润。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Recent advances in electrochemical sensor technologies for THC detection-a narrative review. 更正:四氢大麻酚检测电化学传感器技术的最新进展-叙述性回顾。
Pub Date : 2022-07-14 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00150-z
Kaveh Amini, Ali Sepehrifard, Ali Valinasabpouri, Jennifer Safruk, Davide Angelone, Tiago de Campos Lourenco
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引用次数: 0
Online information on medical cannabis is not always aligned with scientific evidence and may raise unrealistic expectations. 关于医用大麻的在线信息并不总是与科学证据一致,并可能引起不切实际的期望。
Pub Date : 2022-07-11 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00145-w
Arthur Cassa Macedo, André Oliveira Vilela de Faria, Isabella Bizzi, Fabrício A Moreira, Alessandro Colasanti, Pietro Ghezzi

Background: There is a growing literature on the potential medical uses of Cannabis sativa and cannabinoid compounds. Although these have only been approved by regulatory agencies for a few indications, there is a hype about their possible benefits in a variety of conditions and a large market in the wellness industry. As in many cases patients search for information on cannabis products online, we have analyzed the information on medical cannabis available on the Internet. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the quality of the information available online on medical cannabis.

Methods: We searched "medical cannabis" on June 2019 using google.com and downloaded the first 243 websites. After excluding dead links or websites with no information about cannabis, 176 websites were included. They were then classified for their typology (e.g., commercial, government, news outlets). As an indicator of trustworthiness, we used the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) score, which assesses the indication of date, author, ownership of the website, and the presence of references. We also considered if a website is certified by Health-On-the-Net (HON), an independent organization, by displaying a HONCode symbol. Subsequently, we performed a content analysis to assess both the medical cannabis indications mentioned by webpages and the completeness of the information provided (whether they mentioned potential side effects and legal/regulatory issues or not).

Results: Analyzing 176 webpages returned by a search engine, we found that 52% of them were news websites. Pain, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis were the most frequently mentioned therapeutic areas (cited in 92, 84 and 80 webpages, respectively), which did not always match those for which there is regulatory approval. Information was also incomplete, with only 22% of the webpages mentioning potential side effects. Health portal websites provided the most complete information, with all of them (n = 7) reporting side effects. On average, 80% of webpages had a neutral stance on the potential benefits of medical cannabis, with commercial websites having more frequently a positive stance (67%).

Conclusions: We conclude that the information that can be found online is not always aligned in terms of the therapeutic areas for which science-based evidence is often still weak.

背景:关于大麻和大麻素化合物的潜在医学用途的文献越来越多。尽管这些药物仅被监管机构批准用于少数适应症,但它们在各种情况下可能带来的好处以及健康行业的巨大市场都被大肆宣传。由于在许多情况下,患者在网上搜索有关大麻产品的信息,我们分析了互联网上可获得的关于医用大麻的信息。因此,本研究旨在评估网上关于医用大麻信息的质量。方法:于2019年6月在谷歌网站上搜索“医用大麻”,下载前243个网站。在排除了死链接或没有大麻信息的网站后,共有176个网站被纳入其中。然后根据它们的类型(例如,商业、政府、新闻媒体)对它们进行分类。作为可信度的指标,我们使用了美国医学协会杂志(JAMA)评分,该评分评估了日期、作者、网站所有权和参考文献的存在。我们还考虑了网站是否通过显示HONCode符号获得了独立组织health - on - on - net (HON)的认证。随后,我们进行了内容分析,以评估网页提到的医用大麻适应症和所提供信息的完整性(是否提到潜在的副作用和法律/监管问题)。结果:通过分析某搜索引擎返回的176个网页,我们发现其中52%是新闻网站。疼痛、癫痫和多发性硬化症是最常被提及的治疗领域(分别在92、84和80个网页中被引用),这些领域并不总是与监管部门批准的领域相匹配。信息也不完整,只有22%的网页提到了潜在的副作用。健康门户网站提供的信息最完整,所有网站(n = 7)都报告了副作用。平均而言,80%的网页对医用大麻的潜在好处持中立态度,商业网站的积极态度更为频繁(67%)。结论:我们得出的结论是,在基于科学证据的治疗领域,可以在网上找到的信息并不总是一致的。
{"title":"Online information on medical cannabis is not always aligned with scientific evidence and may raise unrealistic expectations.","authors":"Arthur Cassa Macedo,&nbsp;André Oliveira Vilela de Faria,&nbsp;Isabella Bizzi,&nbsp;Fabrício A Moreira,&nbsp;Alessandro Colasanti,&nbsp;Pietro Ghezzi","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00145-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00145-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a growing literature on the potential medical uses of Cannabis sativa and cannabinoid compounds. Although these have only been approved by regulatory agencies for a few indications, there is a hype about their possible benefits in a variety of conditions and a large market in the wellness industry. As in many cases patients search for information on cannabis products online, we have analyzed the information on medical cannabis available on the Internet. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the quality of the information available online on medical cannabis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched \"medical cannabis\" on June 2019 using google.com and downloaded the first 243 websites. After excluding dead links or websites with no information about cannabis, 176 websites were included. They were then classified for their typology (e.g., commercial, government, news outlets). As an indicator of trustworthiness, we used the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) score, which assesses the indication of date, author, ownership of the website, and the presence of references. We also considered if a website is certified by Health-On-the-Net (HON), an independent organization, by displaying a HONCode symbol. Subsequently, we performed a content analysis to assess both the medical cannabis indications mentioned by webpages and the completeness of the information provided (whether they mentioned potential side effects and legal/regulatory issues or not).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analyzing 176 webpages returned by a search engine, we found that 52% of them were news websites. Pain, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis were the most frequently mentioned therapeutic areas (cited in 92, 84 and 80 webpages, respectively), which did not always match those for which there is regulatory approval. Information was also incomplete, with only 22% of the webpages mentioning potential side effects. Health portal websites provided the most complete information, with all of them (n = 7) reporting side effects. On average, 80% of webpages had a neutral stance on the potential benefits of medical cannabis, with commercial websites having more frequently a positive stance (67%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We conclude that the information that can be found online is not always aligned in terms of the therapeutic areas for which science-based evidence is often still weak.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9277882/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40497146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Examining impairment and kinetic patterns associated with recent use of hemp-derived Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol: case studies. 检查与最近使用大麻衍生Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol相关的损伤和动力学模式:案例研究。
Pub Date : 2022-07-07 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00146-9
Gregory T Wurz, Edward Montoya, Michael W DeGregorio

Background: As a result of the legalization of U.S. industrial hemp production in late 2018, products containing hemp-derived Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) are increasing in popularity. Little, however, is known regarding Δ8-THC's impairment potential and the associated impacts on roadway and workplace safety, and testing for Δ8-THC is not yet common. The present study explored impairment patterns and cannabinoid kinetics associated with recent use of Δ8-THC.

Methods: Hemp-derived Δ8-THC concentrate was administered by vaporization ad libitum to three male frequent cannabis users aged 23-25 years. In addition to self-assessments of impairment using a 10-point scale, horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) was evaluated in each subject as a physical means of assessing impairment before and after vaporization. To examine cannabinoid kinetic patterns, exhaled breath and capillary blood samples were collected prior to vaporization up to 180 min post-vaporization and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for cannabinoid content using validated methods. The impairment and cannabinoid kinetic results were then compared to analogous results obtained from the same three subjects after they had smoked a ∆9-THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum in a previous study to determine whether any similarities existed.

Results: Patterns of impairment after vaporizing Δ8-THC were similar to those observed after smoking cannabis, with self-assessed impairment peaking within the first hour after use, and then declining to zero by 3 h post-use. Likewise, HGN was observed only after vaporizing, and by 3 h post-vaporization, evidence of HGN had dissipated. Cannabinoid kinetic patterns observed after vaporizing Δ8-THC (short ∆8-THC half-lives of 5.2 to 11.2 min at 20 min post-vaporization, presence of key cannabinoids cannabichromene, cannabigerol, and tetrahydrocannabivarin, and breath/blood Δ8-THC ratios > 2 within the first hour post-vaporization) were also analogous to those observed for ∆9-THC and the same key cannabinoids within the first hour after the same subjects had smoked cannabis in the previous study.

Conclusions: Hemp-derived Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC from cannabis display similar impairment profiles, suggesting that recent use of Δ8-THC products may carry the same risks as cannabis products. Standard testing methods need to incorporate this emerging, hemp-derived cannabinoid.

背景:由于2018年底美国工业大麻生产合法化,含有大麻衍生产品Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC)的产品越来越受欢迎。然而,对于Δ8-THC的潜在损伤及其对道路和工作场所安全的相关影响知之甚少,对Δ8-THC的测试尚不普遍。目前的研究探索损伤模式和大麻素动力学与最近使用Δ8-THC。方法:对三名23-25岁的男性频繁吸食大麻者进行大麻衍生Δ8-THC浓缩物的随意蒸发。除了使用10分制对损伤进行自我评估外,还对每个受试者的水平凝视眼球震颤(HGN)进行评估,作为评估蒸发前后损伤的物理手段。为了检查大麻素的动力学模式,在汽化前至汽化后180分钟内收集呼气和毛细血管血液样本,并使用经过验证的方法通过液相色谱-高分辨率质谱法分析大麻素含量。然后将损伤和大麻素动力学结果与之前研究中随意吸食∆9-THC大麻烟后获得的类似结果进行比较,以确定是否存在任何相似之处。结果:Δ8-THC汽化后的损伤模式与吸食大麻后观察到的相似,自评损伤在使用后1小时内达到峰值,然后在使用后3小时降至零。同样,只有在汽化后才观察到HGN,汽化后3小时,HGN的证据已经消散。蒸发Δ8-THC后观察到的大麻素动力学模式(蒸发20分钟后,∆8-THC的短半衰期为5.2至11.2分钟,在蒸发后的第一个小时内,主要大麻素大麻色胺、大麻酚和四氢大麻素的存在,呼吸/血液Δ8-THC比值> 2)也类似于在先前的研究中,同一受试者吸过大麻后的第一个小时内,∆9-THC和相同的主要大麻素的观察结果。结论:从大麻中提取的大麻衍生Δ8-THC和Δ9-THC显示出类似的损伤概况,这表明近期使用Δ8-THC产品可能与大麻产品具有相同的风险。标准的测试方法需要纳入这种新兴的,大麻衍生的大麻素。
{"title":"Examining impairment and kinetic patterns associated with recent use of hemp-derived Δ<sup>8</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol: case studies.","authors":"Gregory T Wurz,&nbsp;Edward Montoya,&nbsp;Michael W DeGregorio","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00146-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00146-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As a result of the legalization of U.S. industrial hemp production in late 2018, products containing hemp-derived Δ<sup>8</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC) are increasing in popularity. Little, however, is known regarding Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC's impairment potential and the associated impacts on roadway and workplace safety, and testing for Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC is not yet common. The present study explored impairment patterns and cannabinoid kinetics associated with recent use of Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Hemp-derived Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC concentrate was administered by vaporization ad libitum to three male frequent cannabis users aged 23-25 years. In addition to self-assessments of impairment using a 10-point scale, horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) was evaluated in each subject as a physical means of assessing impairment before and after vaporization. To examine cannabinoid kinetic patterns, exhaled breath and capillary blood samples were collected prior to vaporization up to 180 min post-vaporization and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry for cannabinoid content using validated methods. The impairment and cannabinoid kinetic results were then compared to analogous results obtained from the same three subjects after they had smoked a ∆<sup>9</sup>-THC cannabis cigarette ad libitum in a previous study to determine whether any similarities existed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patterns of impairment after vaporizing Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC were similar to those observed after smoking cannabis, with self-assessed impairment peaking within the first hour after use, and then declining to zero by 3 h post-use. Likewise, HGN was observed only after vaporizing, and by 3 h post-vaporization, evidence of HGN had dissipated. Cannabinoid kinetic patterns observed after vaporizing Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC (short ∆<sup>8</sup>-THC half-lives of 5.2 to 11.2 min at 20 min post-vaporization, presence of key cannabinoids cannabichromene, cannabigerol, and tetrahydrocannabivarin, and breath/blood Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC ratios > 2 within the first hour post-vaporization) were also analogous to those observed for ∆<sup>9</sup>-THC and the same key cannabinoids within the first hour after the same subjects had smoked cannabis in the previous study.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hemp-derived Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC and Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC from cannabis display similar impairment profiles, suggesting that recent use of Δ<sup>8</sup>-THC products may carry the same risks as cannabis products. Standard testing methods need to incorporate this emerging, hemp-derived cannabinoid.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9261056/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40479169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
期刊
Journal of Cannabis Research
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