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Characteristics of the Washington cannabis market from 2014 to 2016. 2014 年至 2016 年华盛顿州大麻市场的特点。
Pub Date : 2022-07-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00147-8
William C Kerr, Yu Ye

Background: The state of Washington legalized cannabis for adult use in 2012 and retail stores began to open in 2014. While details of the legal market have been tracked by the state, the total market for cannabis and characteristics of purchasers can only be identified through surveys.

Methods: Six cross-sectional samples of the Privatization of Spirits in Washington (PSW) surveys were collected between January 2014 and October 2016 with two in each year. Random digit dial procedures were used to recruit a sample aged 18 and older, with 40% of cases from mobile phones. A total of 5492 respondents participated. Analyses of the population-weighted sample utilized purchasing amounts and frequencies, use frequency and related measures to estimate total and mean amounts and expenditures. Sensitivity analyses were conducted for key assumptions.

Results: The market for cannabis flower is estimated to have increased from 158 metric tons and $1.23 billion in 2014 to 222 metric tons and $1.7 billion in 2016, with little change from 2014 to 2015. Purchases from legal sources, retail and dispensaries, were estimated at 69% of the total market. Daily or near daily (DND) users accounted for about 83% of sales in 2014, rising to 91% in 2016. The prevalence of past year use rose substantially from 25% in 2014 to 32% in 2016, with DND use rising from 10.2 to 11.3%. Average purchase amounts for DND users rose from 291 g in 2014 to 374 g in 2016, while mean amounts among non-DND users declined from 78 to 28.6 g.

Conclusions: The expansion of retail cannabis stores in Washington appears to have led to increased market size in 2016 with all of the increase attributed to DND users. Frequent users may be important to consider in legalization evaluations.

背景:华盛顿州于 2012 年将成人使用大麻合法化,零售店于 2014 年开始营业。虽然该州一直在跟踪合法市场的详细情况,但大麻的总体市场和购买者的特征只能通过调查来确定:在 2014 年 1 月至 2016 年 10 月期间收集了六份华盛顿州烈酒私有化(PSW)调查的横截面样本,每年两份。采用随机数字拨号程序招募 18 岁及以上的样本,其中 40% 的案例来自手机。共有 5492 名受访者参与了调查。对人口加权样本的分析利用购买金额和频率、使用频率和相关措施来估算总金额和平均金额以及支出。对主要假设进行了敏感性分析:据估计,大麻花市场从 2014 年的 158 公吨和 12.3 亿美元增至 2016 年的 222 公吨和 17 亿美元,2014 年至 2015 年变化不大。据估计,合法来源、零售和药房的购买量占市场总量的 69%。2014 年,每日或接近每日(DND)使用者约占销售量的 83%,2016 年上升至 91%。过去一年的使用率从 2014 年的 25% 大幅上升至 2016 年的 32%,其中 DND 使用率从 10.2% 上升至 11.3%。DND 使用者的平均购买量从 2014 年的 291 克上升到 2016 年的 374 克,而非 DND 使用者的平均购买量则从 78 克下降到 28.6 克:华盛顿州大麻零售店的扩张似乎导致了 2016 年市场规模的扩大,所有的增长都归功于 DND 用户。经常使用大麻的人可能是合法化评估中需要考虑的重要因素。
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引用次数: 0
Development of scales to measure Lebanese university students' perceived knowledge about and attitudes about cannabis use: initial psychometric properties. 量表的发展,以衡量黎巴嫩大学生对大麻使用的认知知识和态度:初步的心理测量属性。
Pub Date : 2022-07-02 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00144-x
Anthony Mina, Clara Rahme, Souheil Hallit, Michel Soufia

Background: For a long period, cannabis in Lebanon was categorized as an illegal psychoactive substance criminalized by law, despite being the 3rd largest producer of cannabis resin after Morocco and Afghanistan. The current available literature on the topic in Lebanon is scarce, as perceived knowledge towards cannabis use in the general population is not well established, and public health policies are absent. In the context of future legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes, what is the public's perception of cannabis perceived knowledge about and attitude against cannabis use? The objectives of this study were to create two scales to assess perceived knowledge towards cannabis use and attitude against cannabis use and check their psychometric properties in a sample of Lebanese university students.

Methods: The study was designed as a cross-sectional study involving 415 Lebanese university students aged between 18 and 30 years. Students were only recruited from one university and were sent an email with a brief description of the study and a link to the questionnaire. The questionnaire items covered perceived knowledge and attitude about cannabis use, recovered and adapted from available literature.

Results: Perceived knowledge items converged over a solution of four factors that had an Eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 64% of the variance (factor 1 = perceived knowledge about cannabis quality of life improvement; factor 2 = perceived knowledge about cannabis psychiatric use; factor 3 = perceived knowledge about cannabis risks; factor 4 = perceived knowledge about cannabis neurological use). Attitude items converged over a solution of two factors that had an Eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 58.2% of the variance (factor 1 = negative attitude about cannabis use; factor 2 = positive attitude about cannabis use). Good Cronbach's alpha values were found for the perceived knowledge and attitude scales (α = 0.78 and α = 0.73 respectively). Greater perceived knowledge was found in male participants and in those who have tried cannabis for recreational purposes. Greater perceived knowledge was also associated with stronger attitude about cannabis use and older age. Furthermore, greater mean attitude about cannabis use scores were significantly found in male participants and in those who have tried cannabis for recreational or medicinal purposes.

Conclusion: Primary results showed acceptable psychometric properties for the perceived knowledge towards and attitudes about cannabis use scale. Further studies are needed in order to validate them among the general population and assess more psychometric properties of these scales.

背景:黎巴嫩虽然是仅次于摩洛哥和阿富汗的第三大大麻树脂生产国,但在很长一段时间内,大麻在黎巴嫩被归类为一种被法律定为犯罪的非法精神活性物质。目前关于黎巴嫩这一专题的现有文献很少,因为人们对一般人群使用大麻的认识还没有很好地确立,而且缺乏公共卫生政策。在未来医疗和娱乐用途大麻合法化的背景下,公众对大麻的认知是什么,对大麻使用的认知知识和态度是什么?本研究的目的是创建两个量表来评估对大麻使用的认知知识和对大麻使用的态度,并检查他们在黎巴嫩大学生样本中的心理测量特性。方法:本研究设计为横断面研究,涉及415名年龄在18至30岁之间的黎巴嫩大学生。研究人员只从一所大学招募了学生,并向他们发送了一封电子邮件,其中包含了研究的简要描述和问卷的链接。问卷项目包括对大麻使用的认知知识和态度,从现有文献中恢复和改编。结果:感知到的知识项目收敛于特征值大于1的四个因素的解上,解释了总共64%的方差(因素1 =感知到的关于大麻生活质量改善的知识;因素2 =对精神科大麻使用的认知;因子3 =对大麻风险的认知;因素4 =对大麻神经用途的认知)。态度项目收敛于特征值大于1的两个因素的解,解释了总共58.2%的方差(因素1 =对大麻使用的负面态度;因素2 =对大麻使用持积极态度)。认知知识量表和态度量表的α值较好,分别为α = 0.78和α = 0.73。男性参与者和那些以娱乐为目的尝试过大麻的人对大麻的认知程度更高。更多的认知知识也与对大麻使用和年龄较大的态度更强有关。此外,男性参与者和曾为娱乐或医疗目的尝试过大麻的参与者对大麻使用得分的平均态度明显较高。结论:初步结果显示大麻使用认知和态度量表具有良好的心理测量特性。为了在普通人群中验证它们并评估这些量表的更多心理测量特性,需要进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 1
Medical cannabis regulation: an overview of models around the world with emphasis on the Brazilian scenario 医用大麻管制:概述世界各地的模式,重点是巴西的情况
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00142-z
M. R. de Souza, A. Henriques, R. Limberger
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引用次数: 5
Healthcare provider and medical cannabis patient communication regarding referral and medication substitution: the Canadian context 医疗保健提供者和医用大麻患者关于转诊和药物替代的沟通:加拿大的情况
Pub Date : 2022-06-13 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00141-0
Alexis Holman, D. Kruger, P. Lucas, Kaye Ong, Rachel S. Bergmans, K. Boehnke
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引用次数: 5
Cannabis use as a factor of lower corpulence in hepatitis C-infected patients: results from the ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort 大麻使用是丙型肝炎感染患者较低体重的一个因素:来自ANRS CO22肝炎队列的结果
Pub Date : 2022-06-11 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00138-9
T. Barré, F. Carrat, C. Ramier, H. Fontaine, V. Di Beo, M. Bureau, C. Dorival, D. Larrey, E. Delarocque-Astagneau, P. Mathurin, F. Marcellin, V. Petrov-sanchez, C. Cagnot, P. Carrieri, S. Pol, C. Protopopescu, Laurent Chloe Fabien Marianne Roxane Lucie François Franço Alric Pomes Zoulim Maynard Bai Hucault Bailly Raff, L. Alric, C. Pomes, F. Zoulim, M. Maynard, R. Bai, Lucie Hucault, F. Bailly, F. Raffi, E. Billaud, D. Boutoille, M. Lefebvre, E. Andre-Garnier, P. Calès, I. Hubert, A. Lannes, F. Lunel, J. Boursier, T. Asselah, N. Boyer, N. Giuily, C. Castelnau, G. Scoazec, S. Pol, H. Fontaine, Emilie Rousseaud, A. Vallet-Pichard, P. Sogni, V. de Lédinghen, J. Foucher, J. Hiriart, Jancell M’Bouyou, Marie Irles-Depe, M. Bourliere, Si Nafa Si Ahmed, V. Oulès, A. Tran, R. Anty, E. Gelsi, R. Truchi, D. Thabut, Saloua Hammeche, J. Moussali, X. Causse, Barbara De Dieuleveult, Brahim Ouarani, D. Labarrière, N. Ganne, V. Grando-Lemaire, P. Nahon, Séverine Brulé, B. Ulker, D. Guyader, C. Jézéquel, A. Brener, A. Lal
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引用次数: 1
A nutraceutical product, extracted from Cannabis sativa, modulates voltage-gated sodium channel function 从大麻中提取的一种营养保健品,可调节电压门控钠通道功能
Pub Date : 2022-06-10 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00136-x
C. Milligan, L. Anderson, M. Bowen, S. Banister, I. McGregor, J. Arnold, S. Petrou
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引用次数: 6
Validity between self-report and biochemical testing of cannabis and drugs among patients with traumatic injury: brief report 创伤性损伤患者大麻和药物自述与生化检测的效度:简要报告
Pub Date : 2022-06-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00139-8
Kristin M. Salottolo, Emmett L. Mcguire, R. Madayag, A. Tanner, M. Carrick, D. Bar-Or
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引用次数: 1
Label accuracy of unregulated cannabidiol (CBD) products: measured concentration vs. label claim. 未管制大麻二酚(CBD)产品的标签准确性:测量浓度与标签声明。
Pub Date : 2022-06-06 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00140-1
Erin Johnson, Michael Kilgore, Shanna Babalonis

Background: The legalization of hemp in the USA has led to tremendous growth in the availability of hemp-derived products, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) products. The lack of regulatory oversight in this industry has resulted in the marketing and sale of CBD products with questionable ingredients and quality. The aim of the current study was to examine the CBD content in 80 commercially available hemp-derived CBD products purchased from online and local retailers. Epidiolex® was also included in the study as a positive control.

Methods: Hemp-derived CBD products were selected to represent products readily available to residents of Central Kentucky. The samples were comprised of local and national brands produced in a variety of locations inside and outside of Kentucky. The products were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the analytical findings were compared to the label claims for CBD content. Descriptive statistics and normal-based confidence intervals were calculated using Microsoft Excel.

Results: The label claims for CBD content ranged from 7.5 to 60 mg/mL, while LC-MS/MS analysis detected a range of 2.9 to 61.3 mg/mL. Of the 80 products evaluated, 37 contained CBD concentrations that were at least ± 10% different than the concentration listed on the label (range of 0.9 to 30.6 mg/mL from label claim) - 12 products contained < 90%, while 25 products contained > 110%. The degree of concordance for the samples tested using ± 10% tolerance from label claim was 54%.

Conclusions: These data suggest that additional regulation is required to ensure label accuracy as nearly half of the products in this study were not properly labelled (i.e., not within a ± 10% margin of error). Consumers and practitioners should remain cautious of unregulated and often-mislabeled CBD products due to the risks of taking too much CBD (e.g., drug-drug interactions, liver enzyme elevations, increased side effects) and the consequences of taking too little (e.g., no clinical benefits due to underdosing). The results of this study support the continued need for good manufacturing practices and testing standards for CBD products.

背景:大麻在美国的合法化导致了大麻衍生产品,特别是大麻二酚(CBD)产品的可用性的巨大增长。该行业缺乏监管,导致CBD产品的成分和质量存在问题。当前研究的目的是检查从网上和当地零售商购买的80种市售大麻衍生CBD产品中的CBD含量。Epidiolex®也作为阳性对照纳入研究。方法:选择大麻衍生的CBD产品代表肯塔基州中部居民容易获得的产品。这些样品包括在肯塔基州内外不同地点生产的本地和国家品牌。采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)对产品进行分析,并将分析结果与CBD含量的标签声明进行比较。描述性统计和基于正态的置信区间使用Microsoft Excel计算。结果:标签声称的CBD含量范围为7.5至60 mg/mL,而LC-MS/MS分析检测到的范围为2.9至61.3 mg/mL。在评估的80种产品中,37种产品的CBD浓度与标签上列出的浓度相差至少±10%(范围为0.9至30.6 mg/mL) - 12种产品的CBD浓度相差110%。使用标签声明±10%公差测试的样品的一致性度为54%。结论:这些数据表明,需要额外的监管来确保标签准确性,因为本研究中近一半的产品没有正确标记(即,不在±10%的误差范围内)。消费者和从业者应该对不受监管和经常贴错标签的CBD产品保持谨慎,因为服用过多CBD的风险(例如,药物-药物相互作用,肝酶升高,副作用增加)和服用太少的后果(例如,由于剂量不足而没有临床益处)。这项研究的结果支持了对CBD产品的良好生产规范和测试标准的持续需求。
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引用次数: 13
THC and CBD affect metabolic syndrome parameters including microbiome in mice fed high fat-cholesterol diet 四氢大麻酚和CBD对高脂高胆固醇饮食小鼠代谢综合征参数包括微生物组的影响
Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00137-w
Jonathan Gorelick, Tal Assa-Glazer, Gil Zandani, Anna Altberg, N. Sela, A. Nyska, Z. Madar
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引用次数: 3
How and why adults use cannabis during physical activity. 成年人在体育活动中如何以及为何使用大麻。
Pub Date : 2022-05-18 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00134-z
Whitney L Ogle, Gregg J Gold, Lukas E Coppen, Claire Copriviza

Background: With increased legalization of cannabis, users are combining cannabis with exercise. The purpose of this study is to understand how and why people use cannabis when participating in physical activity.

Methods: A convenience sample of cannabis users participated in an anonymous online survey created by the authors regarding exercise habits while under the influence of cannabis, perceived benefits, unanticipated experiences related to cannabis and exercise, and demographics.

Results: One hundred thirty-one respondents (18-55 years) were eligible and began the survey. Nearly 60 physical activities under the influence of cannabis were reported. The most frequently reported modes of exercise included hiking (60%), yoga (58%), and aerobic machines (50%). The primary reasons for using cannabis before exercise were "helping to focus/concentrate" (66%), "helping enjoy the exercise experience" (65%), and "enhancing mind-body-spirit connection" (65%). Thirty-three participants reported "yes" or "maybe" regarding having an experience they "didn't anticipate or desire while exercising under the influence of cannabis."

Discussion: Participants' reasons for exercising with cannabis span the physiological, psychological, neuromotor, and even spiritual domains. However, some reported an undesired experience when pairing cannabis with exercise. While this was an online survey with a small sample size, our results agree with and contribute to the growing research investigating cannabis use and physical activity participation.

Conclusion: We found considerable heterogeneity in types of physical activity participation under the influence of cannabis, as well as perceived benefits of use. This study provides directions to further explore the risks and benefits of combining cannabis with physical activity.

背景:随着大麻合法化的增加,使用者将大麻与运动结合起来。这项研究的目的是了解人们在参加体育活动时如何以及为什么使用大麻。方法:大麻使用者的方便样本参加了作者创建的一项匿名在线调查,内容涉及大麻影响下的运动习惯、感知益处、与大麻和运动相关的意外体验以及人口统计学。结果:符合条件的调查对象131人(18-55岁)开始调查。据报告,在大麻影响下进行了近60项体育活动。最常见的运动方式包括徒步旅行(60%)、瑜伽(58%)和有氧健身器(50%)。运动前使用大麻的主要原因是“有助于集中注意力”(66%)、“有助于享受运动体验”(65%)和“增强身心联系”(65%)。33名参与者回答说“是”或“可能”,他们“在大麻的影响下锻炼时没有预料到或想要”的经历。讨论:参与者使用大麻进行锻炼的原因涵盖了生理、心理、神经运动甚至精神领域。然而,一些人报告说,将大麻与运动结合起来会有不愉快的经历。虽然这是一个小样本的在线调查,但我们的结果与越来越多的关于大麻使用和体育活动参与的研究一致,并为其做出了贡献。结论:我们发现在大麻影响下参与体育活动的类型以及使用大麻的感知益处存在相当大的异质性。这项研究为进一步探索大麻与体育活动结合的风险和益处提供了方向。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Cannabis Research
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