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Anticancer properties of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and synergistic effects with gemcitabine and cisplatin in bladder cancer cell lines. 大麻二酚和Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol的抗癌特性及其与吉西他滨和顺铂在膀胱癌细胞系中的协同作用。
Pub Date : 2023-03-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00174-z
Erin G Whynot, Andrea M Tomko, Denis J Dupré

Introduction: With the legalization of cannabis in multiple jurisdictions throughout the world, a larger proportion of the population consumes cannabis. Several studies have demonstrated anti-tumor effects of components present in cannabis in different models. Unfortunately, little is known about the potential anti-tumoral effects of cannabinoids in bladder cancer and how cannabinoids could potentially synergize with chemotherapeutic agents. Our study aims to identify whether a combination of cannabinoids, like cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, with agents commonly used to treat bladder cancer, such as gemcitabine and cisplatin, can produce desirable synergistic effects. We also evaluated if co-treatment with different cannabinoids resulted in synergistic effects.

Methods: We generated concentration curves with several drugs, including several cannabinoids, to identify the range at which they could exert anti-tumor effects in bladder cancer cell lines. We tested the cytotoxic effects of gemcitabine (up to 100 nM), cisplatin (up to 100 μM), and cannabinoids (up to 10 μM) in T24 and TCCSUP cells. We also evaluated the activation of the apoptotic cascade and whether cannabinoids have the ability to reduce invasion in T24 cells.

Results: Cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabichromene, and cannabivarin reduce cell viability of bladder cancer cell lines, and their combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin may induce differential responses, from antagonistic to additive and synergistic effects, depending on the concentrations used. Cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol were also shown to induce apoptosis via caspase-3 cleavage and reduce invasion in a Matrigel assay. Cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol also display synergistic properties with other cannabinoids like cannabichromene or cannabivarin, although individual cannabinoids may be sufficient to reduce cell viability of bladder cancer cell lines.

Discussion: Our results indicate that cannabinoids can reduce human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell viability, and that they can potentially exert synergistic effects when combined with other agents. Our in vitro results will form the basis for future studies in vivo and in clinical trials for the development of new therapies that could be beneficial for the treatment of bladder cancer in the future.

导言:随着世界上多个司法管辖区的大麻合法化,越来越多的人口消费大麻。几项研究表明,在不同的模型中,大麻中存在的成分具有抗肿瘤作用。不幸的是,人们对大麻素在膀胱癌中的潜在抗肿瘤作用以及大麻素如何与化疗药物协同作用知之甚少。我们的研究旨在确定大麻素(如大麻二酚和Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol)与常用治疗膀胱癌的药物(如吉西他滨和顺铂)联合使用是否能产生理想的协同效应。我们还评估了不同大麻素的联合治疗是否会产生协同效应。方法:用几种药物,包括几种大麻素,制作浓度曲线,确定其对膀胱癌细胞株的抗肿瘤作用范围。我们测试了吉西他滨(≤100 nM)、顺铂(≤100 μM)和大麻素(≤10 μM)对T24和TCCSUP细胞的细胞毒性作用。我们还评估了凋亡级联的激活以及大麻素是否具有减少T24细胞侵袭的能力。结果:大麻二酚、Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol、大麻色胺和大麻素降低膀胱癌细胞系的细胞活力,它们与吉西他滨或顺铂联合使用可能会引起不同的反应,从拮抗到添加和协同作用,这取决于所使用的浓度。在Matrigel实验中,大麻二酚和Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol也显示通过caspase-3切割诱导细胞凋亡并减少侵袭。虽然单个大麻素可能足以降低膀胱癌细胞系的细胞活力,但大麻二酚和Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol也显示出与其他大麻素(如大麻色胺或大麻素)的协同特性。讨论:我们的研究结果表明大麻素可以降低人膀胱移行细胞癌细胞的活力,并且当与其他药物联合使用时,它们可能会发挥协同作用。我们的体外研究结果将为未来的体内研究和临床试验奠定基础,以开发新的治疗方法,这可能对未来的膀胱癌治疗有益。
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引用次数: 4
Cannabidiol improves haloperidol-induced motor dysfunction in zebrafish: a comparative study with a dopamine activating drug. 大麻二酚改善斑马鱼氟哌啶醇诱导的运动功能障碍:与多巴胺激活药物的比较研究。
Pub Date : 2023-03-04 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00177-w
Akihiro Hasumi, Hideyuki Maeda

Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from the cannabis plant is believed to have a medicinal value due to its neuroprotective effect via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. Recent behavioral studies in rats have reported that CBD mediates serotonin (5-HT1A) receptor action to improve motor dysfunction induced by dopamine (D2) receptor blockade. In particular, its effect on D2 receptor blockade in the striatum is an important function associated with neurological disorders resulting from various extrapyramidal motor dysfunctions. Dopaminergic neurodegeneration associated with this site is known for inducing Parkinson's disease (PD), which often affects the elderly. It is also known to cause drug-induced Parkinsonism. This study examines the ameliorating effect of CBD, which does not act directly on D2 receptors, against drug-induced motor dysfunction induced by the antipsychotic drug (haloperidol).

Methods: We created a drug-induced Parkinsonism model in zebrafish larvae using an antipsychotic drug (haloperidol). We evaluated the distance traveled and repetitive light-stimulation response. Furthermore, we examined whether administration of several concentrations of CBD ameliorates symptoms of the Parkinsonism model and compared its effects with those of antiparkinsonian drug ropinirole.

Results: CBD concentrations equal to half of haloperidol's resulted in an almost complete reversal of haloperidol-induced motor dysfunction, as measured by the distance traveled by the zebrafish and their response to light-stimulus. While ropinirole also significantly reversed haloperidol's effects at the same concentration as CBD, CBD was more effective than ropinirole.

Conclusions: CBD-induced motor dysfunction improvement via D2 receptor blockade is a potential novel mechanism for the treatment of haloperidol-induced motor dysfunction.

背景:从大麻植物中提取的大麻二酚(CBD)被认为具有药用价值,因为它具有抗炎和抗氧化的神经保护作用。最近的大鼠行为研究报道了CBD介导5-羟色胺(5-HT1A)受体的作用,以改善多巴胺(D2)受体阻断引起的运动功能障碍。特别是,它对纹状体D2受体阻断的影响是与各种锥体外运动功能障碍引起的神经系统疾病相关的重要功能。与该部位相关的多巴胺能神经退行性变可诱发帕金森病(PD),这种病通常影响老年人。它还会引起药物性帕金森病。本研究探讨了CBD(不直接作用于D2受体)对抗精神病药物(氟哌啶醇)诱导的药物性运动功能障碍的改善作用。方法:使用抗精神病药物氟哌啶醇建立斑马鱼幼虫药物性帕金森病模型。我们评估了行走距离和重复光刺激反应。此外,我们研究了几种浓度的CBD是否能改善帕金森模型的症状,并将其与抗帕金森药物罗匹尼罗的效果进行了比较。结果:通过测量斑马鱼行走的距离和它们对光刺激的反应,相当于氟哌啶醇浓度一半的CBD几乎完全逆转了氟哌啶醇引起的运动功能障碍。虽然在与CBD相同的浓度下,罗匹尼罗也能显著逆转氟哌啶醇的作用,但CBD比罗匹尼罗更有效。结论:通过D2受体阻断改善cbd诱导的运动功能障碍是治疗氟哌啶醇诱导的运动功能障碍的潜在新机制。
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引用次数: 0
Combined ambient ionization mass spectrometric and chemometric approach for the differentiation of hemp and marijuana varieties of Cannabis sativa. 环境电离质谱和化学计量相结合的方法在大麻和大麻品种鉴别中的应用。
Pub Date : 2023-02-18 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00173-0
Megan I Chambers, Samira Beyramysoltan, Benedetta Garosi, Rabi A Musah

Background: Hemp and marijuana are the two major varieties of Cannabis sativa. While both contain Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of C. sativa, they differ in the amount of THC that they contain. Presently, U.S. federal laws stipulate that C. sativa containing greater than 0.3% THC is classified as marijuana, while plant material that contains less than or equal to 0.3% THC is hemp. Current methods to determine THC content are chromatography-based, which requires extensive sample preparation to render the materials into extracts suitable for sample injection, for complete separation and differentiation of THC from all other analytes present. This can create problems for forensic laboratories due to the increased workload associated with the need to analyze and quantify THC in all C. sativa materials.

Method: The work presented herein combines direct analysis in real time-high-resolution mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS) and advanced chemometrics to differentiate hemp and marijuana plant materials. Samples were obtained from several sources (e.g., commercial vendors, DEA-registered suppliers, and the recreational Cannabis market). DART-HRMS enabled the interrogation of plant materials with no sample pretreatment. Advanced multivariate data analysis approaches, including random forest and principal component analysis (PCA), were used to optimally differentiate these two varieties with a high level of accuracy.

Results: When PCA was applied to the hemp and marijuana data, distinct clustering that enabled their differentiation was observed. Furthermore, within the marijuana class, subclusters between recreational and DEA-supplied marijuana samples were observed. A separate investigation using the silhouette width index to determine the optimal number of clusters for the marijuana and hemp data revealed this number to be two. Internal validation of the model using random forest demonstrated an accuracy of 98%, while external validation samples were classified with 100% accuracy.

Discussion: The results show that the developed approach would significantly aid in the analysis and differentiation of C. sativa plant materials prior to launching painstaking confirmatory testing using chromatography. However, to maintain and/or enhance the accuracy of the prediction model and keep it from becoming outdated, it will be necessary to continue to expand it to include mass spectral data representative of emerging hemp and marijuana strains/cultivars.

背景:大麻和大麻是大麻的两个主要品种。虽然两者都含有Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),这是大麻的主要精神活性成分,但它们所含的THC含量不同。目前,美国联邦法律规定,THC含量大于0.3%的大麻为大麻,THC含量小于或等于0.3%的植物材料为大麻。目前确定四氢大麻酚含量的方法是以色谱为基础的,这需要大量的样品制备,使材料成为适合样品进样的提取物,以便从所有其他分析物中完全分离和区分四氢大麻酚。这可能会给法医实验室带来问题,因为需要分析和量化所有大麻材料中的四氢大麻酚,从而增加了工作量。方法:采用实时高分辨率质谱(DART-HRMS)直接分析和先进的化学计量学相结合的方法对大麻和大麻植物材料进行鉴别。样本来自几个来源(例如,商业供应商、dea注册供应商和娱乐性大麻市场)。DART-HRMS可以在没有样品预处理的情况下对植物材料进行问询。采用随机森林和主成分分析(PCA)等先进的多变量数据分析方法对两个品种进行了最优区分,准确率较高。结果:当PCA应用于大麻和大麻数据时,可以观察到不同的聚类,使它们能够区分。此外,在大麻类中,在娱乐和dea提供的大麻样本之间观察到亚簇。另一项单独的调查使用轮廓宽度指数来确定大麻和大麻数据的最佳簇数,结果显示这个数字是2。使用随机森林的模型内部验证的准确率为98%,而外部验证样本的分类准确率为100%。讨论:结果表明,所开发的方法将显著有助于在使用色谱法进行艰苦的验证性测试之前对sativa植物材料进行分析和区分。然而,为了保持和/或提高预测模型的准确性并防止其过时,有必要继续扩展它,以包括具有代表性的新兴大麻和大麻菌株/栽培品种的质谱数据。
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引用次数: 0
Systematic combinations of major cannabinoid and terpene contents in Cannabis flower and patient outcomes: a proof-of-concept assessment of the Vigil Index of Cannabis Chemovars. 大麻花中主要大麻素和萜烯含量的系统组合和患者结果:大麻化学药物的警戒指数的概念验证评估。
Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00170-9
Jacob Miguel Vigil, Sarah See Stith, Franco Brockelman, Keenan Keeling, Branden Hall

Background: Little is known about the frequency with which different combinations of phytochemicals (chemovars) arise in Cannabis flower or whether common chemovars are associated with distinct pharmacodynamics and patient health outcomes. This study created a clinically relevant, user-friendly, scalable chemovar indexing system summarizing primary cannabinoid and terpene contents and tested whether the most frequently consumed chemovars differ in their treatment effectiveness and experienced side effects.

Methods: Between 09/10/2016 and 03/11/2021, 204 people used the freely available, educational mobile software application, Releaf App, to record 6309 real-time consumption sessions using 633 distinct Cannabis flower products, unique at the user level, with terpene and cannabinoid potency information. The indexing system is based on retrospective data analysis of the products' primary and secondary terpene contents and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) potencies and yielded a total of 478 distinct chemovars. Analyses of covariances (ANCOVAs) were used to compare symptom levels and side effects experienced across the five most common chemovars before and after cannabis consumption for app users overall and for those treating chronic pain and depression or anxiety.

Results: Examination of the five most frequently consumed chemovars showed significant differences in symptom treatment effectiveness for chronic pain and for depression and anxiety (ps < .001). While the effects varied in magnitude, the five chemovars were effective across conditions except for MC61 (mercene .01-0.49%/beta-caryophyllene .01 to 0.49%/THC 20-25%/CBD 0.01-1.0%), which exacerbated feelings of anxiety or depression. The chemovars also differed in their association with experiencing positive, negative, and context-specific side effects, with two chemovars, MC61 and MC62 (mercene .01-0.49%/beta-caryophyllene .01-0.49%/THC 20-25%/CBD 1-5%), generating two to three fewer positive side effects and as much as one more negative and two more context-specific side effects than the other three chemovars.

Conclusions: The findings provide "proof-of-concept" that a simple, yet comprehensive chemovar indexing system can be used to identify systematic differences in clinically relevant patient health outcomes and other common experiences across Cannabis flower products, irrespective of the product's commercial or strain name. This study was limited by self-selection into cannabis and app use and a lack of user-specific information. Further research using this chemovar indexing system should assess how distinct combinations of phytochemicals interact with user-level characteristics to produce general and individualized Cannabis consumption experiences and health outcomes, ideally using randomized methods to assess differences in effects across chemovars.

背景:人们对大麻花中不同植物化学物质(化学药物)组合的频率知之甚少,也不清楚常见化学药物是否与不同的药效学和患者健康结果相关。本研究创建了一个临床相关的、用户友好的、可扩展的化疗药物索引系统,总结了主要大麻素和萜烯的含量,并测试了最常用的化疗药物在治疗效果和副作用方面是否存在差异。方法:在2016年10月9日至2021年11月3日期间,204人使用免费的教育类移动软件Releaf App,记录6309次实时消费,使用633种不同的大麻花产品,在用户层面上是独一无二的,并提供萜烯和大麻素效价信息。该索引系统基于产品的一级和二级萜烯含量以及四氢大麻酚(THC)和大麻二酚(CBD)效力的回顾性数据分析,共产生478种不同的化学药物。协方差分析(ANCOVAs)用于比较总体应用程序用户以及治疗慢性疼痛、抑郁或焦虑的用户在大麻消费前后五种最常见化疗药物的症状水平和副作用。结果:对5种最常使用的化疗药物的检查显示,对慢性疼痛和抑郁、焦虑的症状治疗效果有显著差异(ps)。研究结果提供了“概念证明”,即一个简单而全面的化疗药物索引系统可用于识别临床相关患者健康结果的系统差异和大麻花产品的其他共同经历,而不管产品的商业名称或品名如何。这项研究受到大麻和应用程序使用的自我选择以及缺乏用户特定信息的限制。使用该化学药物索引系统的进一步研究应评估植物化学物质的不同组合如何与用户水平特征相互作用,以产生一般和个性化的大麻消费体验和健康结果,理想情况下使用随机方法来评估不同化学药物的效果差异。
{"title":"Systematic combinations of major cannabinoid and terpene contents in Cannabis flower and patient outcomes: a proof-of-concept assessment of the Vigil Index of Cannabis Chemovars.","authors":"Jacob Miguel Vigil,&nbsp;Sarah See Stith,&nbsp;Franco Brockelman,&nbsp;Keenan Keeling,&nbsp;Branden Hall","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00170-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00170-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Little is known about the frequency with which different combinations of phytochemicals (chemovars) arise in Cannabis flower or whether common chemovars are associated with distinct pharmacodynamics and patient health outcomes. This study created a clinically relevant, user-friendly, scalable chemovar indexing system summarizing primary cannabinoid and terpene contents and tested whether the most frequently consumed chemovars differ in their treatment effectiveness and experienced side effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between 09/10/2016 and 03/11/2021, 204 people used the freely available, educational mobile software application, Releaf App, to record 6309 real-time consumption sessions using 633 distinct Cannabis flower products, unique at the user level, with terpene and cannabinoid potency information. The indexing system is based on retrospective data analysis of the products' primary and secondary terpene contents and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) potencies and yielded a total of 478 distinct chemovars. Analyses of covariances (ANCOVAs) were used to compare symptom levels and side effects experienced across the five most common chemovars before and after cannabis consumption for app users overall and for those treating chronic pain and depression or anxiety.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Examination of the five most frequently consumed chemovars showed significant differences in symptom treatment effectiveness for chronic pain and for depression and anxiety (ps < .001). While the effects varied in magnitude, the five chemovars were effective across conditions except for MC61 (mercene .01-0.49%/beta-caryophyllene .01 to 0.49%/THC 20-25%/CBD 0.01-1.0%), which exacerbated feelings of anxiety or depression. The chemovars also differed in their association with experiencing positive, negative, and context-specific side effects, with two chemovars, MC61 and MC62 (mercene .01-0.49%/beta-caryophyllene .01-0.49%/THC 20-25%/CBD 1-5%), generating two to three fewer positive side effects and as much as one more negative and two more context-specific side effects than the other three chemovars.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings provide \"proof-of-concept\" that a simple, yet comprehensive chemovar indexing system can be used to identify systematic differences in clinically relevant patient health outcomes and other common experiences across Cannabis flower products, irrespective of the product's commercial or strain name. This study was limited by self-selection into cannabis and app use and a lack of user-specific information. Further research using this chemovar indexing system should assess how distinct combinations of phytochemicals interact with user-level characteristics to produce general and individualized Cannabis consumption experiences and health outcomes, ideally using randomized methods to assess differences in effects across chemovars.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9906924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9252319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Measurement of Δ9THC and metabolites in the brain and peripheral tissues after intranasal instillation of a nanoformulation. 鼻内注射纳米制剂后脑和外周组织中Δ9THC和代谢物的测量。
Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00171-8
Gunjan Upadhyay, Oksana Fihurka, Connor Habecker, Pranav Patel, Juan Sanchez-Ramos

Background: Comparative bioavailability of cannabinoids following their administration by dosing routes has been studied previously, but there are no quantitative reports of distribution of Δ9THC, nor its metabolites, across various brain regions following intranasal (i.n.) administration. The aim of the present study was to determine the time course of Δ9THC transport from nose to brain and to quantify the distribution of Δ9THC and its metabolites in four brain regions.

Methods: Δ9THC was formulated as a lipophilic nano-emulsion and instilled i.n. to three groups of adult mice and euthanized after 2, 4, and 8 h. Brains were dissected into 4 regions. Sensitive analytical methods (HPLC-MS) were utilized to quantify levels of Δ9THC and metabolites in brain regions and peripheral tissues. Data was expressed as mean concentrations (± SEM) of Δ9THC and metabolites in brain regions, blood, plasma, urine, and liver. Two-way analysis of variance was performed followed by post hoc multiple comparisons.

Results: Peak concentrations of Δ9THC were reached at 2 h in the brain (15.9 ng/mg), blood (4.54 μg/mL), and plasma (4.56 μg /mL). The percentage of administered dose of Δ9THC transported to the brain (5.9%) was greater than in blood (1.7%), plasma (1.6%), urine (0.4%), and liver (0.1%). Concentrations of Δ9THC and its THC-COOH metabolite in the liver reached their highest levels at 8 h.

Discussion: The present study is the first to report the uptake and distribution across brain regions of Δ9THC and its principal metabolites following i.n. administration. The systemic bioavailability (absorption into the blood) of intranasal Δ9THC was 1.7% of the administered dose, much lower than that reported by others after oral ingestion (7-10%) and inhalation (20-35%), but those prior studies did not measure the transport of Δ9THC into brain regions. Others have reported Δ9THC in the whole brain following i.n. instillation in a different species (rats) to be twice (5.9%) that following i.p. injections, while metabolites of Δ9THC in rat brain were lower after i.n. administration.

Conclusions: The intranasal route of a Δ9THC nanoformulation is an effective way to deliver cannabinoids to the brain, especially in those who cannot take the medication orally. Going forward, a metered dosing nasal spray will provide accurate and consistent doses.

背景:大麻素通过给药途径给药后的比较生物利用度以前已经研究过,但是没有关于Δ9THC及其代谢物在鼻内给药后在不同脑区分布的定量报告。本研究的目的是确定Δ9THC从鼻子转运到大脑的时间过程,并量化Δ9THC及其代谢物在四个大脑区域的分布。方法:将Δ9THC配制成亲脂纳米乳剂,分别灌胃3组成年小鼠,分别于2、4、8 h后安乐死。采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(HPLC-MS)定量脑区和外周组织中Δ9THC和代谢物的水平。数据以Δ9THC及其代谢物在脑区、血液、血浆、尿液和肝脏中的平均浓度(±SEM)表示。进行双向方差分析,然后进行事后多重比较。结果:Δ9THC在脑(15.9 ng/mg)、血(4.54 μg/mL)、血浆(4.56 μg/mL)中浓度均在2 h达到峰值。给药剂量Δ9THC转运到脑的百分比(5.9%)大于血液(1.7%)、血浆(1.6%)、尿液(0.4%)和肝脏(0.1%)。肝脏中Δ9THC及其THC-COOH代谢物的浓度在8 h时达到最高水平。讨论:本研究首次报道了Δ9THC及其主要代谢物在给药后在大脑区域的吸收和分布。鼻内Δ9THC的全身生物利用度(血液吸收)为给药剂量的1.7%,远低于口服(7-10%)和吸入(20-35%)后的其他研究报告,但先前的研究没有测量Δ9THC进入大脑区域的运输。另一些研究报告称,在不同物种(大鼠)中,灌胃后全脑内Δ9THC的含量是灌胃后的两倍(5.9%),而灌胃后大鼠脑内Δ9THC的代谢物含量较低。结论:Δ9THC纳米制剂的鼻内途径是将大麻素输送到大脑的有效途径,特别是对于那些不能口服药物的人。今后,计量剂量的鼻喷雾剂将提供准确和一致的剂量。
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引用次数: 1
The influence of cannabis on sexual functioning and satisfaction. 大麻对性功能和性满足的影响。
Pub Date : 2023-01-20 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00169-2
Amanda Moser, Sharon M Ballard, Jake Jensen, Paige Averett

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived influence of cannabis on sexual functioning and satisfaction. This study used Kaplan's and Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle (desire, excitement, orgasm, plateau, resolution) and included satisfaction to complete the sexual response cycle. Given increased attention in the research literature to the potential benefits of cannabis and the lack of research on the sexual benefits of cannabis use, the current study was completed.

Methods: Data were collected using the online survey tool "Qualtrics" from a self-selected, convenience sample of adults over the age of 18 who reported previous cannabis use. The survey, developed by the researchers based on previous literature, included demographic questions followed by a scale to measure sexual functioning and satisfaction in relation to cannabis use (α = 0.897).

Results: The final sample was 811 participants ranging in age from 18 to 85 years old (M = 32.11). The majority of participants were identified as female (n = 536, 64.9%), White/Caucasian (n = 640, 78.9%), and college educated (n = 650, 80.1%). Almost 25% of the participants were identified as LGBTQIA+ (n = 187, 23.1%). Most of the participants reported being in a monogamous sexual relationship (n = 598, 73.7%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression. Age and gender were not found to have significant effects on cannabis use and sexual functioning and satisfaction. Over 70% of participants reported increased desire (M = 4.05, SD = 0.962) and orgasm intensity (M = 4.05, SD = 0.884). Participants who reported masturbating indicated that cannabis enhanced their pleasure while masturbating (n = 620, 62.5%). Participants also stated that cannabis enhanced their sense of taste (n = 583, 71.9%) and touch (n = 576, 71.0%).

Discussion: The results of this study contrast and establish new evidence within the literature. Demographic results indicate that the people who use cannabis are of a wide range of ages, from a variety of occupations, and have differing cannabis use preferences. The inclusion of LGBTQIA + respondents is a strength of this study. Overall, results indicated that both men and women perceived that cannabis use increased their sexual functioning and satisfaction, particularly increased desire and orgasm intensity.

Conclusion: This study updates the current literature on cannabis and sexuality and provides implications for improving sexual quality. Medical implications of this study include the possible use of cannabis for treating sexual dysfunctions, especially within women.

背景:本研究的目的是研究大麻对性功能和性满足的影响。本研究采用卡普兰、马斯特斯和约翰逊的性反应周期(欲望、兴奋、高潮、稳定期、解决),并包括满意来完成性反应周期。鉴于研究文献越来越关注大麻的潜在益处,以及缺乏关于使用大麻的性益处的研究,目前的研究已经完成。方法:使用在线调查工具“Qualtrics”从自我选择的方便样本中收集数据,这些样本来自18岁以上的成年人,他们报告了以前使用过大麻。这项调查是由研究人员在先前文献的基础上进行的,包括人口统计学问题,然后是测量大麻使用的性功能和满意度的量表(α = 0.897)。结果:最终样本811人,年龄在18 ~ 85岁之间(M = 32.11)。大多数参与者被确定为女性(n = 536, 64.9%),白人/高加索人(n = 640, 78.9%)和受过大学教育(n = 650, 80.1%)。近25%的参与者被确定为LGBTQIA+ (n = 187, 23.1%)。大多数参与者报告处于一夫一妻制的性关系中(n = 598, 73.7%)。数据分析采用描述性统计、t检验、单因素方差分析和多元回归。年龄和性别对大麻使用、性功能和满意度没有显著影响。超过70%的参与者报告欲望(M = 4.05, SD = 0.962)和高潮强度(M = 4.05, SD = 0.884)增加。报告自慰的参与者表示,大麻增强了他们自慰时的快感(n = 620, 62.5%)。参与者还表示,大麻增强了他们的味觉(n = 583,71.9%)和触觉(n = 576,71.0%)。讨论:本研究的结果对比并在文献中建立了新的证据。人口统计结果表明,使用大麻的人年龄范围很广,来自各种职业,并且对大麻的使用偏好不同。纳入LGBTQIA +受访者是本研究的一个优势。总体而言,结果表明,男性和女性都认为大麻的使用增加了他们的性功能和满意度,特别是增加了欲望和性高潮强度。结论:本研究更新了目前关于大麻和性的文献,并为提高性质量提供了启示。这项研究的医学意义包括可能使用大麻治疗性功能障碍,特别是妇女性功能障碍。
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引用次数: 1
Chemical constituents of industrial hemp roots and their anti-inflammatory activities. 工业大麻根的化学成分及其抗炎活性。
Pub Date : 2023-01-16 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00168-3
Shijie Huang, Huifang Li, Jun Xu, Huihao Zhou, Navindra P Seeram, Hang Ma, Qiong Gu

Objective: Although the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Cannabis have been extensively studied, phytochemicals of Cannabis roots are not well characterized. Herein, we investigated the chemical constituents of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) roots and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of phytochemicals isolated from the hemp roots extract.

Methods: An ethyl acetate extract of hemp roots was subjected to a combination of chromatographic columns to isolate phytochemicals. The chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses (by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry). The anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from hemp roots were evaluated in an anti-inflammasome assay using human monocyte THP-1 cells.

Results: Phytochemical investigation of hemp roots extract led to the identification of 32 structurally diverse compounds including six cannabinoids (1-6), three phytosterols (26-28), four triterpenoids (22-25), five lignans (17-21), and 10 hydroxyl contained compounds (7-16), three fatty acids (29-31), and an unsaturated chain hydrocarbon (32). Compounds 14-21, 23, 27, and 32 were identified from the Cannabis species for the first time. Cannabinoids (1-5) reduced the level of cytokine tumor necrosis-alpha (by 38.2, 58.4, 47.7, 52.2, and 56.1%, respectively) and 2 and 5 also decreased the interleukin-1β production (by 42.2 and 92.4%, respectively) in a cell-based inflammasome model. In addition, non-cannabinoids including 11, 13, 20, 25, 29, and 32 also showed selective inhibition of interleukin-1β production (by 23.7, 22.5, 25.6, 78.0, 24.1, 46.6, and 25.4%, respectively) in THP-1 cells.

Conclusion: The phytochemical constituent of a hemp roots extract was characterized and compounds from hemp roots exerted promising anti-inflammatory effects.

目的:虽然大麻地上部分的化学成分已被广泛研究,但大麻根的植物化学成分尚未很好地表征。在此,我们研究了工业大麻(大麻sativa L.)根的化学成分,并评估了从工业大麻根提取物中分离的植物化学物质的抗炎活性。方法:以大麻根乙酸乙酯提取物为原料,采用色谱柱组合分离植物化学成分。通过核磁共振和质谱分析对分离物的化学结构进行了鉴定。从大麻根植物化学物质的抗炎作用进行了评估,在抗炎体试验使用人类单核细胞THP-1细胞。结果:对大麻根提取物进行植物化学研究,鉴定出32种结构多样的化合物,包括6种大麻素(1-6)、3种植物甾醇(26-28)、4种三萜(22-25)、5种木脂素(17-21)、10种羟基化合物(7-16)、3种脂肪酸(29-31)和1种不饱和链烃(32)。其中化合物14 ~ 21、23、27和32为首次从大麻中分离得到。在基于细胞的炎性体模型中,大麻素(1-5)降低了细胞因子肿瘤坏死α的水平(分别降低38.2%、58.4%、47.7%、52.2和56.1%),2和5也降低了白细胞介素-1β的产生(分别降低42.2%和92.4%)。此外,包括11、13、20、25、29和32在内的非大麻素也显示出对THP-1细胞中白细胞介素-1β产生的选择性抑制(分别为23.7%、22.5%、25.6%、78.0、24.1%、46.6%和25.4%)。结论:对大麻根提取物的植物化学成分进行了表征,大麻根中化合物具有良好的抗炎作用。
{"title":"Chemical constituents of industrial hemp roots and their anti-inflammatory activities.","authors":"Shijie Huang,&nbsp;Huifang Li,&nbsp;Jun Xu,&nbsp;Huihao Zhou,&nbsp;Navindra P Seeram,&nbsp;Hang Ma,&nbsp;Qiong Gu","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00168-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00168-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Although the chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Cannabis have been extensively studied, phytochemicals of Cannabis roots are not well characterized. Herein, we investigated the chemical constituents of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) roots and evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of phytochemicals isolated from the hemp roots extract.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An ethyl acetate extract of hemp roots was subjected to a combination of chromatographic columns to isolate phytochemicals. The chemical structures of the isolates were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses (by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry). The anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals from hemp roots were evaluated in an anti-inflammasome assay using human monocyte THP-1 cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Phytochemical investigation of hemp roots extract led to the identification of 32 structurally diverse compounds including six cannabinoids (1-6), three phytosterols (26-28), four triterpenoids (22-25), five lignans (17-21), and 10 hydroxyl contained compounds (7-16), three fatty acids (29-31), and an unsaturated chain hydrocarbon (32). Compounds 14-21, 23, 27, and 32 were identified from the Cannabis species for the first time. Cannabinoids (1-5) reduced the level of cytokine tumor necrosis-alpha (by 38.2, 58.4, 47.7, 52.2, and 56.1%, respectively) and 2 and 5 also decreased the interleukin-1β production (by 42.2 and 92.4%, respectively) in a cell-based inflammasome model. In addition, non-cannabinoids including 11, 13, 20, 25, 29, and 32 also showed selective inhibition of interleukin-1β production (by 23.7, 22.5, 25.6, 78.0, 24.1, 46.6, and 25.4%, respectively) in THP-1 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The phytochemical constituent of a hemp roots extract was characterized and compounds from hemp roots exerted promising anti-inflammatory effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9841654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9939582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Ghana's preparedness to exploit the medicinal value of industrial hemp. 加纳准备开发工业大麻的药用价值。
Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00167-4
Richard Quansah Amissah

Background: Interest in industrial hemp is increasing steadily, as can be seen by the growing number of countries that have either decriminalized industrial hemp or are contemplating its decriminalization. In line with this trend, Ghana recently decriminalized the cultivation of industrial hemp (the cannabis variety with low Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and high cannabidiol (CBD) content), resulting in the need for research into its benefits to Ghanaians. This article examines cannabis (including industrial hemp) production, facilities for industrial hemp exploitation, and the potential benefits of industrial hemp in Ghana.

Main body: Indigenous cannabis strains in Ghana have high THC to CBD ratios suggesting the need for the government to purchase foreign hemp seeds, considering that the alternative will require significant research into decreasing the THC to CBD ratio of indigenous cannabis strains. Furthermore, there are several facilities within the country that could be leveraged for the production of medicinal hemp-based drugs, as well as the existence of a number of possible regulatory bodies in the country, suggesting the need for less capital. Research has also shown the potential for treatment of some medical conditions prevalent among Ghanaians using medicinal hemp-based products. These reasons suggest that the most feasible option may be for the government to invest in medicinal hemp.

Conclusion: Considering the challenges associated with the development of other hemp-based products, the availability of resources in the country for exploitation of medicinal hemp, and the potential benefits of hemp-based drugs to Ghanaians, investing in medicinal hemp may be the best option for the government of Ghana.

背景:人们对工业大麻的兴趣正在稳步增加,这可以从越来越多的国家看出,这些国家要么将工业大麻合法化,要么正在考虑将其合法化。根据这一趋势,加纳最近将工业大麻(低Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)和高大麻二酚(CBD)含量的大麻品种)的种植合法化,因此需要研究其对加纳人的益处。本文考察了大麻(包括工业大麻)生产,工业大麻开发设施,以及加纳工业大麻的潜在效益。主体:加纳本土大麻品种的THC和CBD比例很高,这表明政府需要购买外国大麻种子,因为替代大麻需要进行大量研究,以降低本土大麻品种的THC和CBD比例。此外,该国境内有几个设施可以用于生产药用大麻药物,而且该国可能存在一些管理机构,这表明需要较少的资本。研究还表明,使用药用大麻产品有可能治疗加纳人中普遍存在的一些疾病。这些原因表明,最可行的选择可能是政府投资药用大麻。结论:考虑到与其他大麻产品开发相关的挑战,该国药用大麻开发资源的可获得性,以及大麻药物对加纳人的潜在利益,投资药用大麻可能是加纳政府的最佳选择。
{"title":"Ghana's preparedness to exploit the medicinal value of industrial hemp.","authors":"Richard Quansah Amissah","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00167-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00167-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Interest in industrial hemp is increasing steadily, as can be seen by the growing number of countries that have either decriminalized industrial hemp or are contemplating its decriminalization. In line with this trend, Ghana recently decriminalized the cultivation of industrial hemp (the cannabis variety with low Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and high cannabidiol (CBD) content), resulting in the need for research into its benefits to Ghanaians. This article examines cannabis (including industrial hemp) production, facilities for industrial hemp exploitation, and the potential benefits of industrial hemp in Ghana.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>Indigenous cannabis strains in Ghana have high THC to CBD ratios suggesting the need for the government to purchase foreign hemp seeds, considering that the alternative will require significant research into decreasing the THC to CBD ratio of indigenous cannabis strains. Furthermore, there are several facilities within the country that could be leveraged for the production of medicinal hemp-based drugs, as well as the existence of a number of possible regulatory bodies in the country, suggesting the need for less capital. Research has also shown the potential for treatment of some medical conditions prevalent among Ghanaians using medicinal hemp-based products. These reasons suggest that the most feasible option may be for the government to invest in medicinal hemp.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Considering the challenges associated with the development of other hemp-based products, the availability of resources in the country for exploitation of medicinal hemp, and the potential benefits of hemp-based drugs to Ghanaians, investing in medicinal hemp may be the best option for the government of Ghana.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9632111/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40664884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
High-throughput methods to identify male Cannabis sativa using various genotyping methods. 利用各种基因分型方法对雄性大麻进行高通量鉴定。
Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00164-7
Anthony Torres, Christopher Pauli, Robert Givens, Jason Argyris, Keith Allen, Amparo Monfort, Reginald J Gaudino

Background: Cannabis sativa is a primarily dioecious angiosperm that exhibits sexual developmental plasticity. Developmental genes for staminate male flowers have yet to be elucidated; however, there are regions of male-associated DNA from Cannabis (MADC) that correlate with the formation of pollen producing staminate flowers. MADC2 is an example of a PCR-based genetic marker that has been shown to produce a 390-bp amplicon that correlates with the expression of male phenotypes. We demonstrate applications of a cost-effective high-throughput male genotyping assay and other genotyping applications of male identification in Cannabis sativa.

Methods: In this study, we assessed data from 8200 leaf samples analyzed for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection of MADC2 in a commercial testing application offered through Steep Hill Laboratories. Through validation, collaborative research projects, and follow-up retest analysis, we observed a > 98.5% accuracy of detection of MADC2 by qPCR. We also carried out assay development for high-resolution melting analysis (HRM), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and TwistDx recombinase amplification (RPA) assays using MADC2 for male identification.

Results: We demonstrate a robust high-throughput duplex TaqMan qPCR assay for identification of male-specific genomic signatures using a novel MADC2 qPCR probe. The qPCR cycle quotient (Cq) value representative of MADC2 detection in 3156 males and the detection of tissue control cannabinoid synthesis for 8200 samples and the absence of MADC2 detection in 5047 non-males demonstrate a robust high-throughput real-time genotyping assay for Cannabis. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the viability of using nearby regions to MADC2 with novel primers as alternative assays. Finally, we also show proof of concept of several additional commercially viable sex determination methodologies for Cannabis sativa.

Discussion: In industrial applications, males are desirable for their more rapid growth and higher quality fiber quality, as well as their ability to pollinate female plants and produce grain. In medicinal applications, female cultivars are more desirable for their ability to produce large amounts of secondary metabolites, specifically the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids that have various medicinal and recreational properties. In previous studies, traditional PCR and non-high-throughput methods have been reported for the detection of male cannabis, and in our study, we present multiple methodologies that can be carried out in high-throughput commercial cannabis testing.

Conclusion: With these markers developed for high-throughput testing assays, the Cannabis industry will be able to easily screen and select for the desired sex of a given cultivar depending on the application.

背景:大麻是一种主要的雌雄异株被子植物,具有性发育可塑性。雄蕊雄花的发育基因尚未被阐明;然而,大麻雄性相关DNA (MADC)的一些区域与产生雄蕊花的花粉形成有关。MADC2是基于pcr的遗传标记的一个例子,已被证明产生与男性表型表达相关的390 bp扩增子。我们展示了一种具有成本效益的高通量男性基因分型分析和其他基因分型在大麻男性鉴定中的应用。方法:在这项研究中,我们评估了8200个叶片样本的数据,分析了实时定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)检测MADC2的商业测试应用程序,该应用程序由陡山实验室提供。通过验证、合作研究项目和后续重测分析,我们观察到qPCR检测MADC2的准确率> 98.5%。我们还利用MADC2进行了高分辨率熔化分析(HRM)、环介导等温扩增(LAMP)和TwistDx重组酶扩增(RPA)检测,用于雄性鉴定。结果:我们展示了一种强大的高通量双工TaqMan qPCR检测方法,使用一种新型MADC2 qPCR探针鉴定男性特异性基因组特征。在3156例男性样本中检测到MADC2,在8200例样本中检测到组织对照大麻素合成,在5047例非男性样本中没有检测到MADC2, qPCR周期商(Cq)值代表了大麻的高通量实时基因分型分析。此外,我们还证明了使用新引物作为替代分析的MADC2附近区域的可行性。最后,我们还展示了几个额外的商业上可行的大麻性别测定方法的概念证明。讨论:在工业应用中,雄性因其生长速度更快,纤维质量更高,以及为雌性植物授粉和生产谷物的能力而受到欢迎。在医学应用中,女性品种更可取,因为它们能够产生大量的次生代谢物,特别是大麻素,萜烯和类黄酮,具有各种药用和娱乐特性。在以往的研究中,传统的PCR和非高通量方法已经被报道用于男性大麻的检测,在我们的研究中,我们提出了多种方法,可以在高通量商业大麻检测中进行。结论:有了这些用于高通量测试分析的标记,大麻行业将能够根据应用程序轻松筛选和选择给定品种的所需性别。
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引用次数: 1
Medical cannabis, CBD wellness products and public awareness of evolving regulations in the United Kingdom. 医用大麻、CBD健康产品和公众对联合王国不断变化的法规的认识。
Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00165-6
Simon Erridge, Ross Coomber, Mikael H Sodergren

Background: In the UK, legislation and regulations governing medical cannabis and over the counter cannabidiol (CBD) wellness products have rapidly evolved since 2018. This study aimed to assess the public awareness of the availability, regulations, and barriers to access medical cannabis and over the counter CBD wellness products.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was performed through YouGov® using quota sampling methodology between March 22nd and March 31st 2021. Responses were matched and statistically weighted to UK adult population demographics, including those without internet access, and analysed according to percentage of respondents. Statistical significance was defined by p-value < 0.050.

Results: Ten thousand six hundred eighty-four participants completed the survey. 5,494 (51.4%) respondents believed that medical cannabis is legal in the UK. 684 (6.4%) participants consumed CBD for wellness reasons, 286 (2.7%) were prescribed CBD for a medical reason and 222 (2.1%) consumed CBD for another reason. 10,076 (94.3%) respondents were unaware of April 2021 regulations meaning that all over the counter CBD wellness products in the UK must conform to European Novel Foods Regulations. The most frequently reported main barriers to accessing medical cannabis were its association with recreational cannabis (n = 2,686; 25.1%), being unsure if it was legal (n = 2,276; 21.3%) and being unsure what medical conditions its can be used for (n = 1,863; 17.4%).

Conclusion: A large proportion of respondents are unaware of the legislation and regulations surrounding medical cannabis and over the counter CBD wellness products. Lack of knowledge may present a barrier to safe access to either product.

背景:在英国,自2018年以来,有关医用大麻和非处方大麻二酚(CBD)健康产品的立法和法规迅速发展。本研究旨在评估公众对获取医用大麻和非处方CBD健康产品的可用性、法规和障碍的认识。方法:在2021年3月22日至3月31日期间,通过YouGov®采用配额抽样方法进行横断面调查研究。调查结果与英国成年人口统计数据进行了匹配和统计加权,包括那些没有互联网接入的人,并根据受访者的百分比进行了分析。以p值< 0.050定义统计学显著性。结果:一万六千八十四名参与者完成了调查。5494名(51.4%)受访者认为医用大麻在英国是合法的。684名(6.4%)参与者因健康原因服用CBD, 286名(2.7%)参与者因医疗原因服用CBD, 222名(2.1%)参与者因其他原因服用CBD。10076名(94.3%)受访者不知道2021年4月的法规,这意味着英国所有非处方CBD健康产品都必须符合欧洲新食品法规。最常报告的获取医用大麻的主要障碍是其与娱乐性大麻的关联(n = 2 686;25.1%),不确定是否合法(n = 2276;21.3%),不确定它可以用于哪些医疗条件(n = 1,863;17.4%)。结论:很大一部分受访者不了解有关医用大麻和非处方CBD健康产品的立法和法规。缺乏知识可能成为安全使用这两种产品的障碍。
{"title":"Medical cannabis, CBD wellness products and public awareness of evolving regulations in the United Kingdom.","authors":"Simon Erridge,&nbsp;Ross Coomber,&nbsp;Mikael H Sodergren","doi":"10.1186/s42238-022-00165-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-022-00165-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the UK, legislation and regulations governing medical cannabis and over the counter cannabidiol (CBD) wellness products have rapidly evolved since 2018. This study aimed to assess the public awareness of the availability, regulations, and barriers to access medical cannabis and over the counter CBD wellness products.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey study was performed through YouGov® using quota sampling methodology between March 22nd and March 31st 2021. Responses were matched and statistically weighted to UK adult population demographics, including those without internet access, and analysed according to percentage of respondents. Statistical significance was defined by p-value < 0.050.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten thousand six hundred eighty-four participants completed the survey. 5,494 (51.4%) respondents believed that medical cannabis is legal in the UK. 684 (6.4%) participants consumed CBD for wellness reasons, 286 (2.7%) were prescribed CBD for a medical reason and 222 (2.1%) consumed CBD for another reason. 10,076 (94.3%) respondents were unaware of April 2021 regulations meaning that all over the counter CBD wellness products in the UK must conform to European Novel Foods Regulations. The most frequently reported main barriers to accessing medical cannabis were its association with recreational cannabis (n = 2,686; 25.1%), being unsure if it was legal (n = 2,276; 21.3%) and being unsure what medical conditions its can be used for (n = 1,863; 17.4%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A large proportion of respondents are unaware of the legislation and regulations surrounding medical cannabis and over the counter CBD wellness products. Lack of knowledge may present a barrier to safe access to either product.</p>","PeriodicalId":15172,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cannabis Research","volume":" ","pages":"56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9617440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40456595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Cannabis Research
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