Pub Date : 2012-04-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S4-005
M. El-Shabrawi, M. Schaalan, F. Hassanin
Bioterrorism is the threat of deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be intentionally changed to increase their virulence, ability to cause disease, resistance to current medicines and dissemination into the environment. These noxious biological agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food.
{"title":"Pediatric Preparedness for Bioterrorism: A New Horizon in Developing Countries","authors":"M. El-Shabrawi, M. Schaalan, F. Hassanin","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S4-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S4-005","url":null,"abstract":"Bioterrorism is the threat of deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs (agents) used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants. These agents are typically found in nature, but it is possible that they could be intentionally changed to increase their virulence, ability to cause disease, resistance to current medicines and dissemination into the environment. These noxious biological agents can be spread through the air, through water, or in food.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89730699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-18DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S4-004
L. Shulman, Y. Manor, D. Sofer, E. Mendelson
Early recognition and rapid response are crucial for control of infectious diseases introduced by bio-error, bio-terror or Mother Nature. Early recognition requires surveillance. Surveillance includes methods for identifying the presence of infectious agents or the symptoms caused by the presence of such agents. Overlapping of different surveillance strategies improves the chances for success. Results from enteric virus surveillance of acute viral gastroenteritis in sentinel children wards and outbreaks and environmental surveillance for polio and non-polio enteroviruses in Israel are presented to exemplify surveillance for infectious disease agents and for use as yardsticks for evaluating response to intervention and to introduction of new vaccination programs and for their potential for evaluating acute gastroenteris syndromic surveillance.
{"title":"Bioterrorism and Surveillance for Infectious Diseases - Lessons from Poliovirus and Enteric Virus Surveillance","authors":"L. Shulman, Y. Manor, D. Sofer, E. Mendelson","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S4-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S4-004","url":null,"abstract":"Early recognition and rapid response are crucial for control of infectious diseases introduced by bio-error, bio-terror or Mother Nature. Early recognition requires surveillance. Surveillance includes methods for identifying the presence of infectious agents or the symptoms caused by the presence of such agents. Overlapping of different surveillance strategies improves the chances for success. Results from enteric virus surveillance of acute viral gastroenteritis in sentinel children wards and outbreaks and environmental surveillance for polio and non-polio enteroviruses in Israel are presented to exemplify surveillance for infectious disease agents and for use as yardsticks for evaluating response to intervention and to introduction of new vaccination programs and for their potential for evaluating acute gastroenteris syndromic surveillance.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76867931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-02-16DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S4-003
Shan Chen, Mingtao Zeng
Bacillus anthracis a Category A agent with the potential to be used in a large-scale bioterrorism attack. The current vaccine, known as Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), consists of a culture filtrate from an attenuated strain adsorbed to aluminum salts as an adjuvant. Although considered to be safe and effective, it is difficult to produce large amounts within a short time frame. Thus, there exists a need to produce a new-generation vaccine against anthrax that can be produced quickly. In order for the new candidate vaccines to be effective, they must elicit a high titer of antibodies against protective antigen (PA). PA neutralization minimizes host susceptibility to anthrax toxemia. In addition, eliciting antibodies against additional virulence factors, such as capsule antigens of B. anthracis, may enhance clearance of pathogen from host. This review will discuss the history of bioterrorism and current vaccine development against anthrax. To date, there have been advances in vaccine design that utilize manipulated spores, modified protein subunits, conjugated vaccines and viral delivery vehicles. Utilizing one or more of these advances may provide a new, better vaccine against anthrax.
{"title":"Anthrax Bioterrorism and Current Vaccines","authors":"Shan Chen, Mingtao Zeng","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S4-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S4-003","url":null,"abstract":"Bacillus anthracis a Category A agent with the potential to be used in a large-scale bioterrorism attack. The current vaccine, known as Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), consists of a culture filtrate from an attenuated strain adsorbed to aluminum salts as an adjuvant. Although considered to be safe and effective, it is difficult to produce large amounts within a short time frame. Thus, there exists a need to produce a new-generation vaccine against anthrax that can be produced quickly. In order for the new candidate vaccines to be effective, they must elicit a high titer of antibodies against protective antigen (PA). PA neutralization minimizes host susceptibility to anthrax toxemia. In addition, eliciting antibodies against additional virulence factors, such as capsule antigens of B. anthracis, may enhance clearance of pathogen from host. This review will discuss the history of bioterrorism and current vaccine development against anthrax. To date, there have been advances in vaccine design that utilize manipulated spores, modified protein subunits, conjugated vaccines and viral delivery vehicles. Utilizing one or more of these advances may provide a new, better vaccine against anthrax.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87321241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S1.006
T. Trevan
{"title":"Challenges of emerging biothreats and future prospects: The case of synthetic biology","authors":"T. Trevan","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S1.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"222 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74948669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S12-001
G. Oladosu, A. Rose, Bumsoo Lee
The foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus has high agro-terrorism potential because it is contagious, can be easily transmitted via inanimate objects and can be spread by wind. An outbreak of FMD in developed countries results in massive slaughtering of animals (for disease control) and disruptions in meat supply chains and trade, with potentially large economic losses. Although the United States has been FMD-free since 1929, the potential of FMD as a deliberate terrorist weapon calls for estimates of the physical and economic damage that could result from an outbreak. This paper estimates the economic impacts of three alternative scenarios of potential FMD attacks using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the US economy. The three scenarios range from a small outbreak successfully contained within a state to a large multi-state attack resulting in slaughtering of 30 percent of the national livestock. Overall, the value of total output losses in our simulations range between $37 billion (0.15% of 2006 baseline economic output) and $228 billion (0.92%). Major impacts stem from the supply constraint on livestock due to massive animal slaughtering. As expected, the economic losses are heavily concentrated in agriculture and food manufacturing sectors, with losses ranging from $23 billion to $61 billion in the two industries.
{"title":"Economic Impacts of Potential Foot and Mouth Disease Agroterrorism in the USA: A General Equilibrium Analysis","authors":"G. Oladosu, A. Rose, Bumsoo Lee","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S12-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S12-001","url":null,"abstract":"The foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus has high agro-terrorism potential because it is contagious, can be easily transmitted via inanimate objects and can be spread by wind. An outbreak of FMD in developed countries results in massive slaughtering of animals (for disease control) and disruptions in meat supply chains and trade, with potentially large economic losses. Although the United States has been FMD-free since 1929, the potential of FMD as a deliberate terrorist weapon calls for estimates of the physical and economic damage that could result from an outbreak. This paper estimates the economic impacts of three alternative scenarios of potential FMD attacks using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the US economy. The three scenarios range from a small outbreak successfully contained within a state to a large multi-state attack resulting in slaughtering of 30 percent of the national livestock. Overall, the value of total output losses in our simulations range between $37 billion (0.15% of 2006 baseline economic output) and $228 billion (0.92%). Major impacts stem from the supply constraint on livestock due to massive animal slaughtering. As expected, the economic losses are heavily concentrated in agriculture and food manufacturing sectors, with losses ranging from $23 billion to $61 billion in the two industries.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"60 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87670435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000112
Arun Kumar, T. Nishanth, Ravi Teja, Sathish Kumar
Terrorism refers to the use or threat of force or violence against people or their property. The challenges of countering biological threats faced by the international community in the twenty-first century are broader and deeper in purpose the incidents connected with this series of events reveals certain important challenges and obstacles for the coordination and communication of public and private sector emergency responses to the possible terrorist bioweapon attacks. They do not only refer potential threat of States developing biological weapons but also to prevent the pathogens released into the environment and the accidental infection to the laboratory workers.
{"title":"Biothreats - bacterial warfare agents.","authors":"Arun Kumar, T. Nishanth, Ravi Teja, Sathish Kumar","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000112","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism refers to the use or threat of force or violence against people or their property. The challenges of countering biological threats faced by the international community in the twenty-first century are broader and deeper in purpose the incidents connected with this series of events reveals certain important challenges and obstacles for the coordination and communication of public and private sector emergency responses to the possible terrorist bioweapon attacks. They do not only refer potential threat of States developing biological weapons but also to prevent the pathogens released into the environment and the accidental infection to the laboratory workers.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85046412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S12-003
D. Cox, M. Salvato, J. Zapata
very difficult to identify the causative agent, as most VHFs have similar presentations. Even if there were anti-viral agents available, they would be unlikely to be effective against all agents, as the viruses are from different families. However, a common factor with all of these viruses is their ability to evade the innate immune system and compromise platelet function. Thus, platelets are a potential drug target in the treatment of VHFs. Therefore, the study of the role of platelets in the VHF pathogenesis may lead to the identification of new drug targets that will not only inhibit viral replication, but will also improve the antiviral immune response, preventing the onset of the hemorrhagic disease. While targeting the platelet may not inhibit viral replication, it may provide time for the immune system to clear the virus, and thereby, preventing the onset of hemorrhagic fever.
{"title":"The Role of Platelets in Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers","authors":"D. Cox, M. Salvato, J. Zapata","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S12-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S12-003","url":null,"abstract":"very difficult to identify the causative agent, as most VHFs have similar presentations. Even if there were anti-viral agents available, they would be unlikely to be effective against all agents, as the viruses are from different families. However, a common factor with all of these viruses is their ability to evade the innate immune system and compromise platelet function. Thus, platelets are a potential drug target in the treatment of VHFs. Therefore, the study of the role of platelets in the VHF pathogenesis may lead to the identification of new drug targets that will not only inhibit viral replication, but will also improve the antiviral immune response, preventing the onset of the hemorrhagic disease. While targeting the platelet may not inhibit viral replication, it may provide time for the immune system to clear the virus, and thereby, preventing the onset of hemorrhagic fever.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"186 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91443330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S1.007
B. Klaubert
{"title":"New trends in the detection of botulinum toxins by mass spectrometry","authors":"B. Klaubert","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S1.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S1.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83789983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S1.003
S. Hashsham
{"title":"Potential and limits of mobile health (mHealth)","authors":"S. Hashsham","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S1.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"55 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77099004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S12-002
J. Loike, R. Fischbach
The threat of a bioterrorist attack is very real and could occur in any country at any time. Today, various governmental agencies in the United States are engaged in biodefense preparedness and response. There is a great need, however, to address ethical challenges in biodefense. In this article, we present diverse bioethical issues associated with bioterrorism and propose various recommendations regarding how to address these challenges.
{"title":"Ethical Challenges in Biodefense and Bioterrorism","authors":"J. Loike, R. Fischbach","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S12-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S12-002","url":null,"abstract":"The threat of a bioterrorist attack is very real and could occur in any country at any time. Today, various governmental agencies in the United States are engaged in biodefense preparedness and response. There is a great need, however, to address ethical challenges in biodefense. In this article, we present diverse bioethical issues associated with bioterrorism and propose various recommendations regarding how to address these challenges.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74955068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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