{"title":"Biosecurity and Biodefense: Lessons from Ebola Virus Outbreak","authors":"P. Lebea","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E112","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright: 2014. Omics Publishing Group. This is an open-access article. Published in Journal of Bioterrorism & Biodefense, vol.2014, pp 2157-2526","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89019058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000129
Syra S. Madad
The threat of bioterrorism has heightened over the past few years, given the history of asymmetric warfare. This threat posed by biological weapons is especially challenging, given the unique characteristics of these agents coupled with the dearth of knowledge in this particular subject by health care first responders. As the history of biowarfare has shown, exposure to even minute quantities of a biological agent can be fatal. As such, health care first responders will encounter the brunt of these cases. Therefore, it is imperative that health care first responders who provide emergency medical services be knowledgeable on the detection, diagnoses and response to biological agents so as to minimize adverse health effects and prevent fatalities. Information contained in this article includes overall awareness of select agents of bioterrorism and brief clinical characteristics of the most common and most likely bioterrorism agents known as Tier 1 select agents with the purpose of better preparing health care first responders in the event of a potential bioterrorism attack.
{"title":"Bioterrorism: an emerging global health threat.","authors":"Syra S. Madad","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000129","url":null,"abstract":"The threat of bioterrorism has heightened over the past few years, given the history of asymmetric warfare. This threat posed by biological weapons is especially challenging, given the unique characteristics of these agents coupled with the dearth of knowledge in this particular subject by health care first responders. As the history of biowarfare has shown, exposure to even minute quantities of a biological agent can be fatal. As such, health care first responders will encounter the brunt of these cases. Therefore, it is imperative that health care first responders who provide emergency medical services be knowledgeable on the detection, diagnoses and response to biological agents so as to minimize adverse health effects and prevent fatalities. Information contained in this article includes overall awareness of select agents of bioterrorism and brief clinical characteristics of the most common and most likely bioterrorism agents known as Tier 1 select agents with the purpose of better preparing health care first responders in the event of a potential bioterrorism attack.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86799112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000E113
M. Balali-Mood, M. Moshiri
Mahdi Balali-Mood*1 and Mohammad Moshiri2,3 1Director, Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran 3Health insurance research office, Armed forces insurance organization of Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author: Mahdi Balali-Mood, Director, Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences ,Mashhad , Iran; Tel: + 98-511-8819301, 98-9151157000; Fax:+ 98-511-8002467/8591057; E-mail: Mahdi.Balali-Mood@ncl.ac.uk
{"title":"Problems of Clinical Diagnosis and Management of a Deliberate Biological Born Disease","authors":"M. Balali-Mood, M. Moshiri","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E113","url":null,"abstract":"Mahdi Balali-Mood*1 and Mohammad Moshiri2,3 1Director, Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran 3Health insurance research office, Armed forces insurance organization of Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author: Mahdi Balali-Mood, Director, Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences ,Mashhad , Iran; Tel: + 98-511-8819301, 98-9151157000; Fax:+ 98-511-8002467/8591057; E-mail: Mahdi.Balali-Mood@ncl.ac.uk","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87444441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000E110
N. Burgis
{"title":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense: Past, Present and Future","authors":"N. Burgis","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E110","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77354687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000E114
L. Massimo
We are currently facing a new problem in western countries, i.e., how to preserve the cultural and personal identity of immigrants and at the same time guarantee security to our inhabitants and citizens. This is a huge field involving both a broad number of different cultures and situations, and the additional difficulties which are caused by terrorism. Although cultural values are essential, it is extremely important to avoid ambiguity. While worldwide birth registration provides children with civil rights, including health care, social services, and education, security also increases thanks to personal identification [1-4]. Extreme poverty adds further risks. Education is one important aspect in preventing criminal acts and terrorism, because it is easier for criminal associations and terrorism to recruit people on the fringe of poverty and social isolation. In the currently existing melting pot, names lack constancy and reliability as a basis for identification.
{"title":"Children's Safety and Security","authors":"L. Massimo","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E114","url":null,"abstract":"We are currently facing a new problem in western countries, i.e., how to preserve the cultural and personal identity of immigrants and at the same time guarantee security to our inhabitants and citizens. This is a huge field involving both a broad number of different cultures and situations, and the additional difficulties which are caused by terrorism. Although cultural values are essential, it is extremely important to avoid ambiguity. While worldwide birth registration provides children with civil rights, including health care, social services, and education, security also increases thanks to personal identification [1-4]. Extreme poverty adds further risks. Education is one important aspect in preventing criminal acts and terrorism, because it is easier for criminal associations and terrorism to recruit people on the fringe of poverty and social isolation. In the currently existing melting pot, names lack constancy and reliability as a basis for identification.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89844037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000E111
V. Wiwanitkit
The emerging infectious disease is the unwanted situation in public health. However, there are several new emerging infectious diseases within the past decade. The consideration on the worldwide outbreak of the new emerging infectious disease is set. An interesting point is the trend of bioterrorism using the new emerging infectious pathogen. This topic will be further discussed in this editorial.
{"title":"Emerging Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism","authors":"V. Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E111","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging infectious disease is the unwanted situation in public health. However, there are several new emerging infectious diseases within the past decade. The consideration on the worldwide outbreak of the new emerging infectious disease is set. An interesting point is the trend of bioterrorism using the new emerging infectious pathogen. This topic will be further discussed in this editorial.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"257 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77423652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-02DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000e116
R. Dhaked
{"title":"Re-Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease: Lessons to be Learnt","authors":"R. Dhaked","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000e116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000e116","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"335 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80621189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000126
Y. Sugishita, Y. Ohkusa, T. Sugawara, Naotaka Shimatani, Y. Nadaoka, Nobuyuki Kamiya, Y. Yasui, K. Taniguchi, N. Okabe
Background: When high profile events such as mass gatherings or political events are held, syndromic surveillances are enhanced to quickly detect health emergencies. Drawing on past experiences, enhanced surveillance was conducted during the Fourth Japan-China-South Korea Trilateral Summit (May 21-22, 2011). This report describes the details and results of the enhanced syndromic surveillance. Methods: Enhanced surveillance started on May 18, and ended on June 4, two weeks after the meeting, using three existing surveillance systems that operate routinely: Official Syndromic Surveillance, Ambulance Transfer Syndromic Surveillance, and Pharmacy Surveillance. The enhanced surveillance was a joint work between the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Information from the three surveillance systems was mutually exchanged and daily risk assessment on potential health emergencies such as bioterrorism and potential epidemics of infectious diseases was performed jointly. Results: During the enhanced surveillance period, the only case that required verification was one suspected measles case from the report in the Official Syndromic Surveillance. None of the cases in the Ambulance Transfer Syndromic Surveillance or the Pharmacy Surveillance required additional investigation. All three syndromic surveillance systems that were utilized for the enhanced surveillance are run routinely, and the enhancement areas were simply conducting the daily risk assessment and reporting. Therefore, the enhanced surveillance is conducted only by agreements and arrangements among members. In spite of very short notice, we were able to initiate the enhanced surveillance because the existing surveillance required no baseline or other preparation. The burden of implementation of surveillance was significantly small in comparison with the previous enhanced surveillance. Conclusions: It is possible to activate the enhanced surveillance arrangements whenever needed. We were able to make a comprehensive assessment by utilizing three syndromic surveillance systems, which we believe are useful in detecting a possible case of bioterrorism.
{"title":"Enhanced Syndromic Surveillance for the Fourth Japan-China-South Korea Trilateral Summit 2011","authors":"Y. Sugishita, Y. Ohkusa, T. Sugawara, Naotaka Shimatani, Y. Nadaoka, Nobuyuki Kamiya, Y. Yasui, K. Taniguchi, N. Okabe","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000126","url":null,"abstract":"Background: When high profile events such as mass gatherings or political events are held, syndromic surveillances are enhanced to quickly detect health emergencies. Drawing on past experiences, enhanced surveillance was conducted during the Fourth Japan-China-South Korea Trilateral Summit (May 21-22, 2011). This report describes the details and results of the enhanced syndromic surveillance. Methods: Enhanced surveillance started on May 18, and ended on June 4, two weeks after the meeting, using three existing surveillance systems that operate routinely: Official Syndromic Surveillance, Ambulance Transfer Syndromic Surveillance, and Pharmacy Surveillance. The enhanced surveillance was a joint work between the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the National Institute of Infectious Diseases. Information from the three surveillance systems was mutually exchanged and daily risk assessment on potential health emergencies such as bioterrorism and potential epidemics of infectious diseases was performed jointly. Results: During the enhanced surveillance period, the only case that required verification was one suspected measles case from the report in the Official Syndromic Surveillance. None of the cases in the Ambulance Transfer Syndromic Surveillance or the Pharmacy Surveillance required additional investigation. All three syndromic surveillance systems that were utilized for the enhanced surveillance are run routinely, and the enhancement areas were simply conducting the daily risk assessment and reporting. Therefore, the enhanced surveillance is conducted only by agreements and arrangements among members. In spite of very short notice, we were able to initiate the enhanced surveillance because the existing surveillance required no baseline or other preparation. The burden of implementation of surveillance was significantly small in comparison with the previous enhanced surveillance. Conclusions: It is possible to activate the enhanced surveillance arrangements whenever needed. We were able to make a comprehensive assessment by utilizing three syndromic surveillance systems, which we believe are useful in detecting a possible case of bioterrorism.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"35 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82561422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-11-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000125
S. Caskey, B. Ezell, R. Dillon-Merrill
The Global Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Threat Potential model is designed to provide a systematic and defensible technical prioritization of countries based the relative threat potential of each country. Threat potential is defined as the potential for a non-state actor (or terrorist organization) to exploit resources from within the country that support the development of a weapon of mass destruction or effect. This is accomplished by assessing the potential for successful acquisition of materials, expertise, and equipment, which are needed in the building of a weapon; and, the presence of a terrorist organization or organizations in the country aiming to develop such a weapon.
{"title":"Global Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Threat Potential Prioritization Model","authors":"S. Caskey, B. Ezell, R. Dillon-Merrill","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000125","url":null,"abstract":"The Global Chemical, Biological, and Nuclear Threat Potential model is designed to provide a systematic and defensible technical prioritization of countries based the relative threat potential of each country. Threat potential is defined as the potential for a non-state actor (or terrorist organization) to exploit resources from within the country that support the development of a weapon of mass destruction or effect. This is accomplished by assessing the potential for successful acquisition of materials, expertise, and equipment, which are needed in the building of a weapon; and, the presence of a terrorist organization or organizations in the country aiming to develop such a weapon.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89233864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-18DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000124
S. Adhikari
Background: Kala-azar (KA; visceral leishmanasis) is a debilitating and devastating disease, which targets the poor. KA first emerged in Nepal in 1980 and Government of Nepal (GON) has acknowledged the disastrous effects of the disease on domestic economic growth and community development through the explicit identification of KA as a health problem. Objective: The paper has twofold objectives: to describe the policies and plans with regard to KA in Nepal and to assess their overall effectiveness. Methods: The assessment is primarily based on secondary information. The data were collected from various policies and plans, reports, records in government offices, and published and unpublished documents among others. Data collected from various sources were triangulated and analyzed to produce mid-term assessment of elimination KA. Assessment and conclusions: The existing KA policies and plans of the GON have rightly targeted the major areas of intervention of KA treatment, prevention and control – such as surveillance and early detection, provision of free drugs for KA treatment, demand side financing, insecticide sprays, health education and information among others. Outcomes of the intervention are improving, but in slow rate. Coordination among the KA affected countries is found rather weak. The existing policy is not sufficient to reduce the imported KA cases.
{"title":"Kala-Azar Policy and Programmes in Nepal: An Assessment","authors":"S. Adhikari","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000124","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Kala-azar (KA; visceral leishmanasis) is a debilitating and devastating disease, which targets the poor. KA first emerged in Nepal in 1980 and Government of Nepal (GON) has acknowledged the disastrous effects of the disease on domestic economic growth and community development through the explicit identification of KA as a health problem. Objective: The paper has twofold objectives: to describe the policies and plans with regard to KA in Nepal and to assess their overall effectiveness. Methods: The assessment is primarily based on secondary information. The data were collected from various policies and plans, reports, records in government offices, and published and unpublished documents among others. Data collected from various sources were triangulated and analyzed to produce mid-term assessment of elimination KA. \u0000Assessment and conclusions: The existing KA policies and plans of the GON have rightly targeted the major areas of intervention of KA treatment, prevention and control – such as surveillance and early detection, provision of free drugs for KA treatment, demand side financing, insecticide sprays, health education and information among others. Outcomes of the intervention are improving, but in slow rate. Coordination among the KA affected countries is found rather weak. The existing policy is not sufficient to reduce the imported KA cases.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85762697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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