Pub Date : 2015-05-06DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000135
E. Silvestri, Sarah D. Perkins, R. Lordo, W. Kovacik, T. Nichols, Charlena Yoder Bowling, D. Griffin, F. Schaefer
The fate and transport of Bacillus anthracis spores in indoor and outdoor environments is not well understood. The Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation exercise evaluated decontamination technologies in a twostory building experimentally contaminated with Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii spores. The Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation project provided a means to evaluate the potential for the spores dispersed inside the building to migrate to the outside as well as to investigate a new method for processing soils contaminated with Bacillus spores. Duplicate sterile sand samples were placed within the tent covering the building, but outside the building itself, near entrances, exits, and high-traffic areas to assess migration and deposition of newly disseminated spores. The sand samples were utilized during three stages of the decontamination study: before spore dissemination, after spore dissemination, and after decontamination of the building. In addition, two sets of sand samples placed within the building provided positive controls. Results from two different building decontamination approaches were studied. Results were tabulated as presence or absence rather than as a quantitative figure. There was no significant association among positive samples and the location of the samples around the building. There was a significant association between the different stages of each decontamination study and the number of detectable samples. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for spores to migrate out of a contaminated building and the importance of considering migration when assessing the scope of a contamination incident
{"title":"Observations on the Migration of Bacillus Spores Outside a Contaminated Facility During a Decontamination Efficacy Study","authors":"E. Silvestri, Sarah D. Perkins, R. Lordo, W. Kovacik, T. Nichols, Charlena Yoder Bowling, D. Griffin, F. Schaefer","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000135","url":null,"abstract":"The fate and transport of Bacillus anthracis spores in indoor and outdoor environments is not well understood. The Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation exercise evaluated decontamination technologies in a twostory building experimentally contaminated with Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii spores. The Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation project provided a means to evaluate the potential for the spores dispersed inside the building to migrate to the outside as well as to investigate a new method for processing soils contaminated with Bacillus spores. Duplicate sterile sand samples were placed within the tent covering the building, but outside the building itself, near entrances, exits, and high-traffic areas to assess migration and deposition of newly disseminated spores. The sand samples were utilized during three stages of the decontamination study: before spore dissemination, after spore dissemination, and after decontamination of the building. In addition, two sets of sand samples placed within the building provided positive controls. Results from two different building decontamination approaches were studied. Results were tabulated as presence or absence rather than as a quantitative figure. There was no significant association among positive samples and the location of the samples around the building. There was a significant association between the different stages of each decontamination study and the number of detectable samples. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for spores to migrate out of a contaminated building and the importance of considering migration when assessing the scope of a contamination incident","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"150 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72842414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-06DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000127
A. Khalil, Z. Shinwari
The economy of Pakistan is primarily dependent on its agricultural resources. Due to the lack of research regarding threat analysis of germ warfare in Pakistan, it is imperative for the agriculturists to understand the potential hazards associated with an attack on the cash crops that contributes heavily to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Alarming terrorist activities such as 9/11 and many innovative terrorist strategies like Improved Explosive Devices (IED) in different countries, especially in Pakistan, has increased the potential of bioterrorism. Hence there is urgent need of security risk analysis and preparedness. State of the art research labs are not important for the effective production of biological weapons but certainly innovative strategies are required to effectively implement and counter a bioterrorist plan. Bioweapon infection to some staple crops such as wheat and maize can induce a significant loss that can take years to diffuse. This paper is concerned with the vulnerability of certain important crops in Pakistan that can be exposed as soft targets to certain bioterrorists and discusses the preemptive measures that should be undertaken immediately to prevent any sort of nefarious act of bioterrorism.
{"title":"Threats of Agricultural Bioterrorism to an Agro Dependent Economy; What Should be Done?","authors":"A. Khalil, Z. Shinwari","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000127","url":null,"abstract":"The economy of Pakistan is primarily dependent on its agricultural resources. Due to the lack of research regarding threat analysis of germ warfare in Pakistan, it is imperative for the agriculturists to understand the potential hazards associated with an attack on the cash crops that contributes heavily to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Alarming terrorist activities such as 9/11 and many innovative terrorist strategies like Improved Explosive Devices (IED) in different countries, especially in Pakistan, has increased the potential of bioterrorism. Hence there is urgent need of security risk analysis and preparedness. State of the art research labs are not important for the effective production of biological weapons but certainly innovative strategies are required to effectively implement and counter a bioterrorist plan. Bioweapon infection to some staple crops such as wheat and maize can induce a significant loss that can take years to diffuse. This paper is concerned with the vulnerability of certain important crops in Pakistan that can be exposed as soft targets to certain bioterrorists and discusses the preemptive measures that should be undertaken immediately to prevent any sort of nefarious act of bioterrorism.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84874653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000E119
V. Wiwanitkit
Atypical influenza is the present global consideration. Within the few years, many new atypical influenza infections emerge around the world and become the important public health issue. The possible trend for bioterrorism of the new influenza is hereby discussed.
{"title":"New Atypical Influenza: Possible Trend for Bioterrorism","authors":"V. Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E119","url":null,"abstract":"Atypical influenza is the present global consideration. Within the few years, many new atypical influenza infections emerge around the world and become the important public health issue. The possible trend for bioterrorism of the new influenza is hereby discussed.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75360874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-27DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000134
E. Melnick
A natural epidemic is a disease that suddenly affects many individuals in a short time period, spreading from person to person in a locality where thedisease is not usually prevalent. The sudden outbreak of an epidemic is usually modeled as a random variable because it cannot be anticipated. Epidemics introduced by bioterrorists are planned events by intelligent adversaries, who might also introduce other terrorists’ activities that dependon the responses of the defenders. Since these events are not random, models maybe helpful for anticipating terrorist attacks. Since defendingagainst such attacks does not fit into the classical modeling paradigmbecause there is a scarcity of data, the defender must respond quickly, the attacker can also adapt new strategies in response to the actions of thedefender, new modeling strategies are required to improve the strategies of the defender. In this article, a Stackelberg model combined with fault trees is proposed for determining sequential optimal defense strategies for thedefender by identifying minimal cut sets of events that would most likely lead to a successful terrorist attack. Further, if the model can be formulated as a sequence of Markovian state changes based on default trees, a dynamic programming problem with the Bellman equation reduces the solution from evaluating a complex model to evaluating a sequence of simple problems
{"title":"Quantitative Decision Tools for the Management and Analysis of the Risk from Terrorist Attacks","authors":"E. Melnick","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000134","url":null,"abstract":"A natural epidemic is a disease that suddenly affects many individuals in a short time period, spreading from person to person in a locality where thedisease is not usually prevalent. The sudden outbreak of an epidemic is usually modeled as a random variable because it cannot be anticipated. Epidemics introduced by bioterrorists are planned events by intelligent adversaries, who might also introduce other terrorists’ activities that dependon the responses of the defenders. Since these events are not random, models maybe helpful for anticipating terrorist attacks. Since defendingagainst such attacks does not fit into the classical modeling paradigmbecause there is a scarcity of data, the defender must respond quickly, the attacker can also adapt new strategies in response to the actions of thedefender, new modeling strategies are required to improve the strategies of the defender. In this article, a Stackelberg model combined with fault trees is proposed for determining sequential optimal defense strategies for thedefender by identifying minimal cut sets of events that would most likely lead to a successful terrorist attack. Further, if the model can be formulated as a sequence of Markovian state changes based on default trees, a dynamic programming problem with the Bellman equation reduces the solution from evaluating a complex model to evaluating a sequence of simple problems","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90242041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-14DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.S14-E101
V. Wiwanitkit
Within the past decade, there are several new emerging zoonotic diseases (such as H5N1 bird flu). Those new emerging zoonotic diseases become the important issue for medical society. Since the disease is new and cross species, the diagnosis and management of the new emerging zoonotic disease is usually difficulty. In general situation, attempting to control of new disease needs a great effort. However, in a more complex situation, the bioterrorism, the situation can be worse [1].
{"title":"Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: Can it be the Case of Bioterrorism","authors":"V. Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.S14-E101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.S14-E101","url":null,"abstract":"Within the past decade, there are several new emerging zoonotic diseases (such as H5N1 bird flu). Those new emerging zoonotic diseases become the important issue for medical society. Since the disease is new and cross species, the diagnosis and management of the new emerging zoonotic disease is usually difficulty. In general situation, attempting to control of new disease needs a great effort. However, in a more complex situation, the bioterrorism, the situation can be worse [1].","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73377696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-27DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000132
A. Khalil, Faouzia Tanveer, Z. Shinwari
Bioterror threats worldwide call for significant security measures such as legal reforms to ensure preparedness to the possible use of biological materials as deadly weapons. Pakistan as a terrorism stricken nation is already confronted with threats from various terrorist groups thus possibility of bio-terrorism in the country in near future cannot be denied. This review focuses on possible bio-threats to the country, existing policy frameworks by the government of Pakistan and national bodies or organizations working for the cause of biosecurity in the country. It also emphasizes the need to establish effective strategies related to bio-defense for country’s preparedness to the threats posed by potential bio-weapons. The review concludes that in addition to development of strong bioresponse mechanisms, important steps must be taken in terms of bio-defense related R&D, capacity building and policy measures.
{"title":"Pakistans Bio-Preparedness With Regard To Biosecurity, Biodefense Strategies and Policy Measures","authors":"A. Khalil, Faouzia Tanveer, Z. Shinwari","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000132","url":null,"abstract":"Bioterror threats worldwide call for significant security measures such as legal reforms to ensure preparedness to the possible use of biological materials as deadly weapons. Pakistan as a terrorism stricken nation is already confronted with threats from various terrorist groups thus possibility of bio-terrorism in the country in near future cannot be denied. This review focuses on possible bio-threats to the country, existing policy frameworks by the government of Pakistan and national bodies or organizations working for the cause of biosecurity in the country. It also emphasizes the need to establish effective strategies related to bio-defense for country’s preparedness to the threats posed by potential bio-weapons. The review concludes that in addition to development of strong bioresponse mechanisms, important steps must be taken in terms of bio-defense related R&D, capacity building and policy measures.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91513372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-06DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000130
P. Landon, N. Bergman, J. S. Goodrich, J. Osborn, J. PatrickFitch
The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) plays a central role in the US Biodefense community, and its unique mission has driven NBACC to make dual use research of concern (DURC) review a focus since inception. Review of research results prior to external release began in 2007 and an institution-level review of all projects that considers DURC was implemented beginning in 2011. The DURC review process at NBACC has evolved through four approaches—each with advantages and disadvantages—that are all consistent with the recently issued U.S. Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern. The current NBACC review process emphasizes Principal Investigator (PI) ownership and accountability, builds transparency in DURC review, and is specifically tailored to NBACC in order to reinforce an institutional culture of responsibility. This paper summarizes NBACC’s evolutionary process for effective DURC review.
{"title":"Institutional Review of Dual Use Research of Concern to Support a Culture of Responsibility","authors":"P. Landon, N. Bergman, J. S. Goodrich, J. Osborn, J. PatrickFitch","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000130","url":null,"abstract":"The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) plays a central role in the US Biodefense community, and its unique mission has driven NBACC to make dual use research of concern (DURC) review a focus since inception. Review of research results prior to external release began in 2007 and an institution-level review of all projects that considers DURC was implemented beginning in 2011. The DURC review process at NBACC has evolved through four approaches—each with advantages and disadvantages—that are all consistent with the recently issued U.S. Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern. The current NBACC review process emphasizes Principal Investigator (PI) ownership and accountability, builds transparency in DURC review, and is specifically tailored to NBACC in order to reinforce an institutional culture of responsibility. This paper summarizes NBACC’s evolutionary process for effective DURC review.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82026117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-02DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000E118
A. Nikkhah
Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000e118 J Bioterror Biodef ISSN:2157-2526 JBTBD an open access journal The objective of this editorial article is to raise a postmodern concern on public health programs as for untimely intake of concentrated foods. This communication also warns the public health policy-makers and medical-nutritional programmers of inadequate education on timely food intake as an effective biodefense strategy.
{"title":"Untimely Intake a Postmodern Public Health Bioterrorism","authors":"A. Nikkhah","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E118","url":null,"abstract":"Volume 6 • Issue 3 • 1000e118 J Bioterror Biodef ISSN:2157-2526 JBTBD an open access journal The objective of this editorial article is to raise a postmodern concern on public health programs as for untimely intake of concentrated foods. This communication also warns the public health policy-makers and medical-nutritional programmers of inadequate education on timely food intake as an effective biodefense strategy.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"2014 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86836243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000128
H. Kirunda, Maxwell Otim-Onapa
Disease diagnosis, and analysis or manipulation of both human and animal samples, expose scientists and practitioners to disease causing agents and toxins. In situations of poor awareness of biosecurity, the same samples can easily be accessed by persons with wrong intentions or misused by the same scientists or practitioners (dualuse). In Uganda information required to minimize the global challenges of biosafety and biosecurity has been largely lacking. The current study assessed the level of awareness and existence of procedures, regulations, laws and policies on biosafety and biosecurity among institutions in the different sectors, professions and regions across the country. Results showed that sector, profession and region were each a predictor for nine of the assessed variables. Among the most striking was that profession significantly influenced (χ2=49.0) the opinion that institutional measures to prevent or prohibit production, stockpiling, retention or unimpeded access to pathogenic agents and biological toxins existed. Professionals (veterinary scientists and laboratory technologists) in animal health research had reduced odds of holding this opinion (OR=0.2, 95% CI: 0.05-0.87) compared to their counterparts in public hygiene. Scientific establishments in eastern (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.17-0.7, p<0.01), northern (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.17-0.71, p<0.01) and western (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.16-0.51, p<0.01) regions were less associated with professionals trained in biosafety and biosecurity compared to central Uganda. Professionals in wildlife conservation, medical, human health research, public hygiene and crop extension services were 9.5, 7.0, 5.7, 5.4 and 4.0 times, respectively, more likely to consider Uganda’s disease monitoring system as adequate compared to those in veterinary services sector. We conclude that there is inadequate level of awareness on laboratory biosafety and biosecurity among professionals in the country. There is need for raising awareness and training of relevant professionals and formulation of measures, policies, regulations and laws to help prevent exposure to and misuse of dangerous biological agents and toxins in Uganda.
{"title":"Low Level of Awareness in Biosafety and Biosecurity among Professionals in Uganda: A Potential Risk in the Dual-Use Dilemma","authors":"H. Kirunda, Maxwell Otim-Onapa","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000128","url":null,"abstract":"Disease diagnosis, and analysis or manipulation of both human and animal samples, expose scientists and practitioners to disease causing agents and toxins. In situations of poor awareness of biosecurity, the same samples can easily be accessed by persons with wrong intentions or misused by the same scientists or practitioners (dualuse). In Uganda information required to minimize the global challenges of biosafety and biosecurity has been largely lacking. The current study assessed the level of awareness and existence of procedures, regulations, laws and policies on biosafety and biosecurity among institutions in the different sectors, professions and regions across the country. Results showed that sector, profession and region were each a predictor for nine of the assessed variables. Among the most striking was that profession significantly influenced (χ2=49.0) the opinion that institutional measures to prevent or prohibit production, stockpiling, retention or unimpeded access to pathogenic agents and biological toxins existed. Professionals (veterinary scientists and laboratory technologists) in animal health research had reduced odds of holding this opinion (OR=0.2, 95% CI: 0.05-0.87) compared to their counterparts in public hygiene. Scientific establishments in eastern (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.17-0.7, p<0.01), northern (OR=0.4, 95% CI: 0.17-0.71, p<0.01) and western (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.16-0.51, p<0.01) regions were less associated with professionals trained in biosafety and biosecurity compared to central Uganda. Professionals in wildlife conservation, medical, human health research, public hygiene and crop extension services were 9.5, 7.0, 5.7, 5.4 and 4.0 times, respectively, more likely to consider Uganda’s disease monitoring system as adequate compared to those in veterinary services sector. We conclude that there is inadequate level of awareness on laboratory biosafety and biosecurity among professionals in the country. There is need for raising awareness and training of relevant professionals and formulation of measures, policies, regulations and laws to help prevent exposure to and misuse of dangerous biological agents and toxins in Uganda.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80198617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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