Pub Date : 2018-02-10DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000160
Severyanova La, Plotnikov Dv
We studied the effects of ACTH4-7 (the N-terminal fragment of the corresponding pituitary hormone molecule) on the pain-induced aggressive-defensive behavior in the foot-shock model in rats. The peptide was administered intraperitoneally in the saline at the doses 17, 50, 150 and 450 mcg/kg 12 min before the unavoidable painful stimulation of a pair of rats in an electrified camera. The analgesic and anti-aggressogenic effects of the peptide were found. These effects were significally enhanced after administration of the peptides synthesized by means of binding of the amino acids chain Pro-Gly-Pro to one or both ends of ACTH4-7 molecule. The data obtained increase the possibility of searching and using drugs to correct aggression.
{"title":"Influence of Various Compounds with Glyprolines on Acth-4-7 Effects in Pain-Induced Aggressive-Defensive Behavior in Rats","authors":"Severyanova La, Plotnikov Dv","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000160","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the effects of ACTH4-7 (the N-terminal fragment of the corresponding pituitary hormone molecule) on the pain-induced aggressive-defensive behavior in the foot-shock model in rats. The peptide was administered intraperitoneally in the saline at the doses 17, 50, 150 and 450 mcg/kg 12 min before the unavoidable painful stimulation of a pair of rats in an electrified camera. The analgesic and anti-aggressogenic effects of the peptide were found. These effects were significally enhanced after administration of the peptides synthesized by means of binding of the amino acids chain Pro-Gly-Pro to one or both ends of ACTH4-7 molecule. The data obtained increase the possibility of searching and using drugs to correct aggression.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87118950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000E123
R. Dhaked
An infectious disease outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) in Kozhikode and Malappuram districts in Kerala (India) has left at least 17 people dead of 18 cases brought the world's attention in May 2018. The most cases of this outbreak are of family members or health workers caring for individuals. NiV is a zoonotic virus whose natural host is the fruit bat (Pteropus bat species) and its outbreak was first reported in 1998-99 when virus moved to pig farmers from pigs in Malaysia and Singapore, infecting 276 and resulting in 106 deaths. Later in 2004 the Philippines NiV outbreak claimed 9 deaths out of 17 reported cases. In India, the NiV infection was first reported in 2001 followed in 2007 claiming 50 lives at the death rate of 70% in both the outbreaks. Annual outbreaks occur in Bangladesh since it was recognized in 2001 through consumption of the contaminated sap of date palm trees by infected bats and there were 199 deaths from 261 cases with case fatality ratio >76% till 2015. A total of six hundred cases have been reported between 1998 and 2015 of NiV infection by WHO in the south and east Asia. There is no specific treatment or vaccine available against NiV infection and only supportive care is offered to affected individuals. The virus has reported from Pteropus bats and other bat species from countries like Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Madagascar, Cambodia, and Ghana. While WHO reports the risk of geographical spread of Nipah outbreaks to be low, the wide distribution and extensive migration of fruit bats species raise concerns about the pandemic of NiV with devastating zoonotic potential. Since NiV infection is contagious with a very high mortality rate it is listed as category a biological warfare agents requiring biosafety laboratories of containment level 4 for handling limiting the interest in NiV research. The high end infrastructure requirement further hinders the research and development in the field of diagnosis and therapeutics in the low income affected countries [1-3].
{"title":"Emergence of Nipah Virus: Need More R&D and Public Health Infrastructure","authors":"R. Dhaked","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000E123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000E123","url":null,"abstract":"An infectious disease outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) in Kozhikode and Malappuram districts in Kerala (India) has left at least 17 people dead of 18 cases brought the world's attention in May 2018. The most cases of this outbreak are of family members or health workers caring for individuals. NiV is a zoonotic virus whose natural host is the fruit bat (Pteropus bat species) and its outbreak was first reported in 1998-99 when virus moved to pig farmers from pigs in Malaysia and Singapore, infecting 276 and resulting in 106 deaths. Later in 2004 the Philippines NiV outbreak claimed 9 deaths out of 17 reported cases. In India, the NiV infection was first reported in 2001 followed in 2007 claiming 50 lives at the death rate of 70% in both the outbreaks. Annual outbreaks occur in Bangladesh since it was recognized in 2001 through consumption of the contaminated sap of date palm trees by infected bats and there were 199 deaths from 261 cases with case fatality ratio >76% till 2015. A total of six hundred cases have been reported between 1998 and 2015 of NiV infection by WHO in the south and east Asia. There is no specific treatment or vaccine available against NiV infection and only supportive care is offered to affected individuals. The virus has reported from Pteropus bats and other bat species from countries like Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Madagascar, Cambodia, and Ghana. While WHO reports the risk of geographical spread of Nipah outbreaks to be low, the wide distribution and extensive migration of fruit bats species raise concerns about the pandemic of NiV with devastating zoonotic potential. Since NiV infection is contagious with a very high mortality rate it is listed as category a biological warfare agents requiring biosafety laboratories of containment level 4 for handling limiting the interest in NiV research. The high end infrastructure requirement further hinders the research and development in the field of diagnosis and therapeutics in the low income affected countries [1-3].","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89875047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000161
K. SamiaAhmed
Background: Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) causes certain type of hemorrhagic fever. In Egypt, during September 2017, RVFV was detected in samples from imported cattle (country of origin: the Sudan). Samples were collected from imported cattle from different localities in Cairo during October, November, December 2017.Material and methods: RVFV isolation in Swiss mice (6 days old) was by intra-peritoneal inoculation (I/P) with tissue homogenates, positive results were seen in second passages. Detection of RVFV antigen in samples was done by Agar Gel Precipitation test (AGPT) and the Immunofluorescence Technique (IF). However; reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied and showed negative results for both samples and positive control Egyptian strain (Menya /Sheep/258) indicating non indicative information (false negative). IF tests were applied on paraffin sections and tissues impressions.Results: The pathological investigations showed chronic infection in the form of necrotic foci (necrogranulomas) and IF test was showing RVFV antigen in hepatocytes, lymphocytes, Kupffer cells (histiocytes of liver), polymorphnuclear cells and in macrophages. RVFV is necrotizing virus that use histiocytes to produce its destructive effects on infected tissues (hepatocytes eating virus), it has its specific and unique pathologic profile inside hepatic tissues. The infected cells produce the virus in large number which leaves cells in groups of millions of viral particles enclosed in certain type of capsule or membrane. The severity of RVFV infections of the liver indicates the virulence status of the virus.Conclusion: The pathologic changes indicate chronic disease. This study proves that RVFV causes chronic diseases and carriers are present in the endemic areas.
{"title":"Rift Valley Fever in Chronic Carrier and Liver Manifestations","authors":"K. SamiaAhmed","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) causes certain type of hemorrhagic fever. In Egypt, during September 2017, RVFV was detected in samples from imported cattle (country of origin: the Sudan). Samples were collected from imported cattle from different localities in Cairo during October, November, December 2017.Material and methods: RVFV isolation in Swiss mice (6 days old) was by intra-peritoneal inoculation (I/P) with tissue homogenates, positive results were seen in second passages. Detection of RVFV antigen in samples was done by Agar Gel Precipitation test (AGPT) and the Immunofluorescence Technique (IF). However; reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied and showed negative results for both samples and positive control Egyptian strain (Menya /Sheep/258) indicating non indicative information (false negative). IF tests were applied on paraffin sections and tissues impressions.Results: The pathological investigations showed chronic infection in the form of necrotic foci (necrogranulomas) and IF test was showing RVFV antigen in hepatocytes, lymphocytes, Kupffer cells (histiocytes of liver), polymorphnuclear cells and in macrophages. RVFV is necrotizing virus that use histiocytes to produce its destructive effects on infected tissues (hepatocytes eating virus), it has its specific and unique pathologic profile inside hepatic tissues. The infected cells produce the virus in large number which leaves cells in groups of millions of viral particles enclosed in certain type of capsule or membrane. The severity of RVFV infections of the liver indicates the virulence status of the virus.Conclusion: The pathologic changes indicate chronic disease. This study proves that RVFV causes chronic diseases and carriers are present in the endemic areas.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"64 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74230949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000157
Rongxing Guo
As the earth is becoming increasingly fragile, the unilateral mechanisms of solving most, if not all, border-related problems are bound to be ineffective. In the third edition of “Cross-Border Resource Management”, various multidisciplinary methodologies and techniques are presented, with case studies of both traditional and new challenges of cross-border peace, vulnerability and development throughout the world.
{"title":"Global Biothreat and Cross-Border Resource Management: Some Findings","authors":"Rongxing Guo","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000157","url":null,"abstract":"As the earth is becoming increasingly fragile, the unilateral mechanisms of solving most, if not all, border-related problems are bound to be ineffective. In the third edition of “Cross-Border Resource Management”, various multidisciplinary methodologies and techniques are presented, with case studies of both traditional and new challenges of cross-border peace, vulnerability and development throughout the world.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87463340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000158
M. JasonEdmonds, Courtney E. Love, T. Harvey
Gamma irradiation is a technique for inactivation of biological warfare agents (BWAs). Detection of these irradiated agents by sensor technologies may be affected,; altering sensitivity compared to that of non-irradiated organisms. Here for the first time, we aim to determine if spore morphology, or other physical or chemical properties beyond viability and PCR, is altered by the gamma irradiation process. This study analyzed common detection methods to determine the effects the irradiation process has on Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) spores compared to nonirradiated spores. Liquid concentrations of 108, 106, and 104 CFU ml-1 of Btk spores and one dry powder sample of 109 CFU g-1 were exposed to varying levels of gamma irradiation. Cell viability studies showed complete inactivation for all concentrations at doses of 5.43 kGy and higher. PCR analysis indicated no loss in sensitivity with increasing doses for both wet and dry spore samples. Visual inspection of the spores through scanning electron microscopy showed a change in morphology as the dosage of irradiation increased. With The inability to distinguish whole spores from cell debris occurred in at the 10.86 kGy samples level. Similarly, fluorescence readings remained stable among all but one dose with only the 10.86 kGy sample showing an increase in fluorescence. For PCR based detection methods, no bias towards irradiated versus non-irradiated spore samples exist while optical detection technologies are likely affected by the physical changes to spore morphology and rupturing. Results from this study demonstrate that gamma irradiation of Bacillus spores causes damage to the organism which may make them unrecognizable alter how they to are perceived by detection technologies. When using irradiated analyte to evaluate performance of detection technologies, the results may be impacted by the irradiation process.
{"title":"Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the Molecular and Physical Detection Properties of Bacillus Spores","authors":"M. JasonEdmonds, Courtney E. Love, T. Harvey","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000158","url":null,"abstract":"Gamma irradiation is a technique for inactivation of biological warfare agents (BWAs). Detection of these irradiated agents by sensor technologies may be affected,; altering sensitivity compared to that of non-irradiated organisms. Here for the first time, we aim to determine if spore morphology, or other physical or chemical properties beyond viability and PCR, is altered by the gamma irradiation process. This study analyzed common detection methods to determine the effects the irradiation process has on Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) spores compared to nonirradiated spores. Liquid concentrations of 108, 106, and 104 CFU ml-1 of Btk spores and one dry powder sample of 109 CFU g-1 were exposed to varying levels of gamma irradiation. Cell viability studies showed complete inactivation for all concentrations at doses of 5.43 kGy and higher. PCR analysis indicated no loss in sensitivity with increasing doses for both wet and dry spore samples. Visual inspection of the spores through scanning electron microscopy showed a change in morphology as the dosage of irradiation increased. With The inability to distinguish whole spores from cell debris occurred in at the 10.86 kGy samples level. Similarly, fluorescence readings remained stable among all but one dose with only the 10.86 kGy sample showing an increase in fluorescence. For PCR based detection methods, no bias towards irradiated versus non-irradiated spore samples exist while optical detection technologies are likely affected by the physical changes to spore morphology and rupturing. Results from this study demonstrate that gamma irradiation of Bacillus spores causes damage to the organism which may make them unrecognizable alter how they to are perceived by detection technologies. When using irradiated analyte to evaluate performance of detection technologies, the results may be impacted by the irradiation process.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"59 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88012442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000159
Diane DiEuliis, Charles D. Lutes, J. Giordano
The tools of synthetic biology and the life sciences are rapidly advancing, as the ability to apply classical engineering to biological systems creates increasing possibilities for innovations in health and medicine, materials science, energy and agriculture. Intrinsic to these capabilities is the mounting ‘digitization of biology’, as the genetic code and its related metadata (including translated proteins, associated functions, herein referred to as “biodata”) are amassed in order to engineer biology for specific purposes. The full spectrum of risks associated with the compilation and use of a wide range of biodata has not been fully identified or comprehensively understood. Further, divergences in traditional attitudes about security among disciplines, namely, biological sciences, engineering, information technology, and data science, complicate discussions on approaches to risk mitigation. To provide a more unified perspective and clarity, we propose that there are unique risks associated with the digitization of biology, represented by overlapping concerns of biosecurity and privacy. We discuss these in three categories of risk: 1) pathogen risks; 2) manufacturing risks, and 3) risks to individual privacy that can allow human harms. Further, we note that there is insufficient address or treatment of these risks in the formulation of ethics, policy and governance. Mitigation of risks will require characterization of all three spheres of risk, acknowledgement that they may require different solutions, and engagement of divergent disciplines and stakeholders to design solutions.
{"title":"Biodata Risks and Synthetic Biology: A Critical Juncture","authors":"Diane DiEuliis, Charles D. Lutes, J. Giordano","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000159","url":null,"abstract":"The tools of synthetic biology and the life sciences are rapidly advancing, as the ability to apply classical engineering to biological systems creates increasing possibilities for innovations in health and medicine, materials science, energy and agriculture. Intrinsic to these capabilities is the mounting ‘digitization of biology’, as the genetic code and its related metadata (including translated proteins, associated functions, herein referred to as “biodata”) are amassed in order to engineer biology for specific purposes. The full spectrum of risks associated with the compilation and use of a wide range of biodata has not been fully identified or comprehensively understood. Further, divergences in traditional attitudes about security among disciplines, namely, biological sciences, engineering, information technology, and data science, complicate discussions on approaches to risk mitigation. To provide a more unified perspective and clarity, we propose that there are unique risks associated with the digitization of biology, represented by overlapping concerns of biosecurity and privacy. We discuss these in three categories of risk: 1) pathogen risks; 2) manufacturing risks, and 3) risks to individual privacy that can allow human harms. Further, we note that there is insufficient address or treatment of these risks in the formulation of ethics, policy and governance. Mitigation of risks will require characterization of all three spheres of risk, acknowledgement that they may require different solutions, and engagement of divergent disciplines and stakeholders to design solutions.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89622128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000156
F. N. Chaudhry, M. F. Malik, M. Hussain, N. Asif
This study was conducted at University of Gujrat during 2017 to 2018 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding use of Insects as Biological Weapons was reviewed and compiled as a review paper from various published articles of international reputed journals annual/environmental reports of recognized organization and e-books. Use of entomological weapons is a wide field of research. Insects were used as biological weapons from ancient times and this concept is very old. Different insects can be used for this purpose by different ways. Insects can be used as biological weapons against crops, animals and human beings. Insects may be used as direct pests against crop or they may be used as vectors to spread diseases in animals and human beings. In both cases their effects are devastating. House Flies, Oriental Rat Flea, Colorado potato beetle, Ticks, screw worm larvae are the examples of some insects which can be used as biological weapons. Use of biological weapons in war against humans is however illegal.
{"title":"Insects as Biological Weapons","authors":"F. N. Chaudhry, M. F. Malik, M. Hussain, N. Asif","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000156","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted at University of Gujrat during 2017 to 2018 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding use of Insects as Biological Weapons was reviewed and compiled as a review paper from various published articles of international reputed journals annual/environmental reports of recognized organization and e-books. Use of entomological weapons is a wide field of research. Insects were used as biological weapons from ancient times and this concept is very old. Different insects can be used for this purpose by different ways. Insects can be used as biological weapons against crops, animals and human beings. Insects may be used as direct pests against crop or they may be used as vectors to spread diseases in animals and human beings. In both cases their effects are devastating. House Flies, Oriental Rat Flea, Colorado potato beetle, Ticks, screw worm larvae are the examples of some insects which can be used as biological weapons. Use of biological weapons in war against humans is however illegal.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"58 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90972649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000163
Aidan D McCarty
On September 18, 2001, anonymous letters laced with anthrax spores were dropped in a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey, en route to multiple national news organizations. A second mailing in early October had refined the spores into an easily-inhalable powder and targeted two U.S. senators [1]. The most recent bioterror attack in U.S. history had begun, and spurred a national frenzy in the wake of 9/11 [2,3]. In all, just 17 people were hospitalized and only 5 died, [4] but the event instigated an order-of-magnitude increase in biodefense spending and transformed the entire biodefense landscape over the following 15 years. [5,6]. The 2001 anthrax attacks inspired a rapid scaling in American biodefense through the Bio Watch program, stockpiling of smallpox vaccine, Project Bio Shield, and massive increases in bio agents research; however, increased spending and scale have failed to yield sufficient protection [7].
{"title":"Changes in U.S. Biosecurity Following the 2001 Anthrax Attacks","authors":"Aidan D McCarty","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000163","url":null,"abstract":"On September 18, 2001, anonymous letters laced with anthrax spores were dropped in a mailbox in Trenton, New Jersey, en route to multiple national news organizations. A second mailing in early October had refined the spores into an easily-inhalable powder and targeted two U.S. senators [1]. The most recent bioterror attack in U.S. history had begun, and spurred a national frenzy in the wake of 9/11 [2,3]. In all, just 17 people were hospitalized and only 5 died, [4] but the event instigated an order-of-magnitude increase in biodefense spending and transformed the entire biodefense landscape over the following 15 years. [5,6]. The 2001 anthrax attacks inspired a rapid scaling in American biodefense through the Bio Watch program, stockpiling of smallpox vaccine, Project Bio Shield, and massive increases in bio agents research; however, increased spending and scale have failed to yield sufficient protection [7].","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"48 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78233077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000162
H. Moghaddasi, L. ShikrizadehArani, A. Zarghi
Background and objectives: Bioterrorism Information System has been widely used under different titles for real-time detection, control and evaluation of bioterrorism attacks in various countries. Appling such system, based on various characteristics, leads to reduction of epidemiological effects and reduction of its etiologic factors in the community whose benefits are real-time health response and increasing national security. The effects of such a system depend on its features. This study aims to investigate the features of Bioterrorism Information System. Method: To accomplish this review study, 150 articles including the key words of Sentinel Surveillance, Biosurveillance, Disease Outbreaks, Bioterrorism and Information Systems were originally derived from the ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. 150 articles dated 1980-2017 were found of which 79 were analytically identified as the main ones according to the content. Results: Based on this study, the features of Bioterrorism Information System were classified into five main categories: collection, processing, distribution of data, legal requirements, and Security requirements. Conclusion: Identifying the features of the Bioterrorism Information System is an important step in its designing. If the Bioterrorism Information System is properly designed and its features are considered in terms of collection, processing, distribution, security and legal requirements, it will more effectively detect bioterrorism attacks.
背景与目的:生物恐怖主义信息系统在不同国家被广泛应用于生物恐怖袭击的实时检测、控制和评估。根据不同特点，应用该系统可以减少社区流行病学影响，减少其病因，其好处是实时卫生响应和增加国家安全。这样一个系统的效果取决于它的特点。本研究旨在探讨生物恐怖信息系统的特点。方法:为完成本综述研究，从ProQuest、PubMed、Web of Science、Scopus和谷歌Scholar等数据库中检索关键词为Sentinel Surveillance、Biosurveillance、Disease outbreak、Bioterrorism和Information Systems的文献150篇。从1980年至2017年的150篇文章中，根据内容分析确定了79篇为主要文章。结果:在本研究的基础上，将生物恐怖主义信息系统的特征分为五大类:数据的收集、处理、分发、法律要求和安全要求。结论:识别生物恐怖信息系统的特征是设计生物恐怖信息系统的重要步骤。如果生物恐怖主义信息系统设计得当，并在收集、处理、分发、安全和法律要求等方面考虑其特点，将更有效地发现生物恐怖主义袭击。
{"title":"Features of Bioterrorism Information System","authors":"H. Moghaddasi, L. ShikrizadehArani, A. Zarghi","doi":"10.4172/2157-2526.1000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-2526.1000162","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: Bioterrorism Information System has been widely used under different titles for real-time detection, control and evaluation of bioterrorism attacks in various countries. Appling such system, based on various characteristics, leads to reduction of epidemiological effects and reduction of its etiologic factors in the community whose benefits are real-time health response and increasing national security. The effects of such a system depend on its features. This study aims to investigate the features of Bioterrorism Information System. Method: To accomplish this review study, 150 articles including the key words of Sentinel Surveillance, Biosurveillance, Disease Outbreaks, Bioterrorism and Information Systems were originally derived from the ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. 150 articles dated 1980-2017 were found of which 79 were analytically identified as the main ones according to the content. Results: Based on this study, the features of Bioterrorism Information System were classified into five main categories: collection, processing, distribution of data, legal requirements, and Security requirements. Conclusion: Identifying the features of the Bioterrorism Information System is an important step in its designing. If the Bioterrorism Information System is properly designed and its features are considered in terms of collection, processing, distribution, security and legal requirements, it will more effectively detect bioterrorism attacks.","PeriodicalId":15179,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bioterrorism and Biodefense","volume":"53 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73074395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-07DOI: 10.4172/2157-2526.1000155
N. Kim, D. Chang, G. Hur, T. Lee, Jai-Myung Yang, Sungho Shin
The adverse reactions of the current live smallpox vaccine, and potential use of smallpox as a bioterrorism weapon, have highlighted the need to develop a new effective vaccine for this infectious disease. In the present study, a DNA vaccine vector was produced, which was optimized for expression of the vaccinia virus L1 antigen in a mouse model. Plasmid-encoded IgM-tL1R, which contains a truncated L1R gene fused to an IgM signal sequence, was constructed and expressed under the regulation of an SV40 enhancer. The expressed recombinant tL1 proteins were successfully secreted into the culture media. The DNA vaccine was administered to mice by electroporation, and animals were subsequently challenged with the lethal dose of vaccinia virus. We observed that immunization with IgM-tL1R induced robust neutralizing antibody responses and provided complete protection against a vaccinia virus infection. Isotyping studies revealed a lower IgG1/IgG2a ratio following vaccination with IgM-tL1R, suggesting the stimulation of Th1 immune responses. Our results propose that an optimized DNA vaccine, IgM-tL1R, can be effective in eliciting an anti-vaccinia virus immune response and provide protection against lethal orthopoxvirus challenge.
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