Journal of cell science最新文献

Our changing climate poses increasingly severe threats to human and environmental health. Scientific research is essential for understanding and mitigating these effects, but how can cell biologists support this goal? In this Essay, Journal of Cell Science has invited cell biologists from across disciplines and career stages to share their perspectives on how cell biology can address climate-related questions. Their research ranges from practical innovations to fundamental functional studies. How can we re-route metabolic pathways to reduce industrial emissions? What can plankton-microbe interactions tell us about the impact of marine pollution? How can an in-depth understanding of cellular processes help us design more resilient crops to address specific challenges faced in West African countries? Could developments in stem cell biology help safeguard biodiversity? What can we learn from the way deep-sea squid adapt to changing environments on the cellular level? These examples illustrate an increasing drive to apply broad insights and techniques from the world of cell biology to this urgent, global challenge.

Actin microfilaments (F-actin) serve as tracks for myosin-driven organelle movement in plants. To understand how the F-actin network supports organelle movement, we examined the motility of peroxisomes as a common proxy for overall organelle motility in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using mutants of three villin (VLN) genes encoding major actin-bundling proteins that are actively expressed in vegetative tissues, we found that the vln4 mutation exacerbated the growth and subcellular F-actin defects in the vln2 vln3 double mutant. Compared to wild-type cells, the double and triple vln mutants exhibited progressive reduction of stable F-actin bundles and rapid remodeling of the fine filaments into a dynamic mesh. The defective F-actin organization caused significantly reduced mean speed and displacement distance of peroxisomes, although both rapid and slow movements were observed. Correlation analysis grouped complex heterogeneous peroxisome movement patterns into clusters reflecting distinct movement patterns. The vln2 vln3 vln4 triple mutant had significantly fewer peroxisomes with long-range and linear movement but produced an actin mesh network sufficient to retain basal peroxisome function. Our results provide insights into how VLN-dependent F-actin organization is coupled with the complex patterns of actomyosin-mediated organelle movement.

Throughout the life cycle of the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei, its single flagellum remains laterally attached to the cell body by FLA and FLABP proteins, even as the parasite differentiates from the bloodstream form (BSF), found in the mammalian host, to the procyclic form (PCF), in the insect midgut. This differentiation is accompanied by changes in the dominant surface coat protein, from the variable surface glycoprotein to procyclins. There are stage-specific variants of the FLA and FLABP proteins, with FLA2 and FLA2BP found in BSFs, and FLA1 and FLA1BP in PCFs. Yet, how these proteins maintain flagellum attachment during the differentiation from BSFs to PCFs and the accompanying change in surface coat environment is unknown. Here, we used a double-induction system to test whether FLA2 and FLA2BP can maintain flagellum attachment in cells expressing procyclins. Whereas FLA2 compensated for the loss of FLA1, FLA2BP was mislocalised in PCFs and could not compensate for the loss of FLA1BP. Interestingly, when FLA2 was expressed alongside FLA2BP, FLA2BP localised to the flagellum attachment zone and flagellum attachment was maintained. Thus, we conclude that FLA2 and FLA2BP, together, will maintain flagellum attachment as the surface coat environment changes during BSF to PCF differentiation.

Chromera velia is a photosynthetic, free-living alga closely related to the apicomplexan parasites, a phylum of intracellular pathogens responsible for many devastating diseases, including malaria, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis. With molecular and cellular landmarks clearly related to but distinguishable from those found in apicomplexan parasites, Chromera provides an opportunity to investigate the evolutionary origin of the structures and processes needed for intracellular parasitism. However, tools for defining localization and functions of gene products do not exist for Chromera, which creates a major bottleneck for exploring its biology. Here we report two major advances in exploring the cell biology of this free-living relative of a large group of intracellular parasites: (1) successful cell transformation and (2) the implementation of expansion microscopy. The initial analysis enabled by these tools generated new insights into subcellular organization in different life stages of Chromera. These new developments boost the potential of Chromera as a model system for understanding the evolution of parasitism in apicomplexans.

The first step to probing any potential interaction between two biomolecules is to determine their spatial association. In other words, if two biomolecules localize similarly within a cell, then it is plausible they could interact. Traditionally, this is quantified through various colocalization metrics. These measures infer this association by estimating the degree to which fluorescent signals from each biomolecule overlap or correlate. However, these metrics are, at best, proxies, and they depend strongly on various experimental choices. Here, we define a new strategy that leverages multispectral imaging and phasor analysis, termed the phasor mixing coefficient (PMC). The PMC measures the precise mixing of fluorescent signals in each pixel. We demonstrate how the PMC captures complex biological subtlety by offering two distinct values, a global measure of overall color mixing and the homogeneity thereof. We additionally show that the PMC exhibits less sensitivity to signal-to-noise ratio, intensity threshold and background signal compared to canonical methods. Moreover, this method provides a means to visualize color mixing at each pixel. We show that the PMC offers users a nuanced and robust metric to quantify biological association.

Astrocytes are the predominant type of glia in the central nervous system and have long-branched stem processes and perisynaptic/peripheral astrocyte processes (PAPs) contacting neurons and other glial cells. However, a common astrocyte culture method generated undesired fibroblast-like cells; thus, the roles of cytoskeletal proteins in astrocytes have not been well studied. Previously, we reported a culture method of chicken astrocytes forming structures similar to stem processes and PAPs in vivo. In the current study, we improved transfection methods retaining astrocyte morphology at low cell density, suitable for observing protein behaviors. Our cultured astrocytes had various actin-containing substructures such as filopodia, lamellipodia, and microvilli in actively moving PAP-like structures. Moreover, lasp-2 (LIM and SH3 protein 2, highly expressed in cultured astrocytes) and plasma membrane-actin linking protein ezrin (a PAP marker in brain tissues) accumulated in different actin-containing substructures. Additionally, lasp-2 and F-actin colocalized as small elliptical structures at the base of lamellipodia and filopodia of process tips, which may be cell-substrate adhesions. Our developed methods offer significant advantages for analyzing the regulation of astrocyte morphology and motility.

Tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2; also known as DOR) is a multifunctional protein involved in transcriptional coactivation, ribosomal RNA synthesis and autophagy, regulated by subcellular localization. Using CRISPR/Cas9-generated TP53INP2-knockout HeLa cells reconstituted with EGFP-TP53INP2, we show that TP53INP2 is predominantly degraded by nuclear proteasomes under basal conditions. Under stress, including starvation and various chemical stress inducers, TP53INP2 accumulates in the cytoplasm independently of ATG5, CRM1-mediated export, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation or acetylation. We identify a nuclear localization signal (NLS) overlapping a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) in the C-terminus, which mediates nuclear import and nucleolar enrichment. Deletion of this region redirects TP53INP2 to LC3B-positive puncta. A conserved nine-amino-acid cytoplasmic retention motif (CRM) in the C-terminus prevents nuclear re-entry under stress. This motif and regulation of subcellular localization is conserved in the related TP53INP1 protein. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and importin-binding assays show that nutrient starvation disrupts nuclear import of TP53INP2. Finally, we show that starvation enhances TP53INP2 translation via the m6A demethylase FTO, without altering mRNA stability. These findings uncover coordinated regulation of TP53INP2 localization and turnover by cellular stress.

Evolutionary cell biology is emerging as a vibrant discipline, integrating comparative cell biology, evolutionary theory and modern molecular approaches to understand how cells evolve and diversify. With roots dating back to the foundational work of Darwin and Haeckel in the 1800s, the field was historically eclipsed by a focus on a handful of genetically tractable model organisms. Yet, breakthroughs in genomics, imaging, experimental evolution and phylogenetics are driving the rapid growth of the field. Modern evolutionary cell biology faces four central challenges: integrating cell biology with evolutionary theory and experimental evolution to understand both adaptive and non-adaptive processes, bridging the genotype-phenotype gap, identifying and developing new model systems beyond traditional organisms to capture the full diversity of cellular mechanisms, and integrating ecological context with evolutionary processes to understand how environmental forces shape cellular phenotypes. In this Perspective, we discuss how meeting these challenges will illuminate fundamental evolutionary rules governing cellular complexity, innovation and adaptation across the tree of life, with potential applications for predicting cellular responses to future environmental challenges.

Ubiquilins are a family of extrinsic ubiquitin receptors that are thought to facilitate protein degradation by shuttling proteins to the proteasome. However, the defining characteristics of ubiquilin clients, and the steps of ubiquilin-mediated degradation, have been elusive. Previously, we showed that ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) regulates the proteasomal degradation of PEG10, a unique virus-like protein that comes in two forms: a gag protein, which is not regulated by UBQLN2, and a gag-pol protein, which is dependent on UBQLN2. Here, we refine the model of ubiquilin activity through further investigation of the UBQLN2-mediated degradation of PEG10. Gag-pol and gag proteins undergo distinct degradation processes; both forms bind to UBQLN2 independently of their ubiquitylation status, but only gag-pol protein is degraded in a UBQLN2-, ubiquitin- and proteasome-dependent fashion. Cellular gag-pol is ubiquitylated, and mutation of key lysine residues in the pol region rendered gag-pol insensitive to UBQLN2. Degradation of gag-pol was also dependent on the E3 ubiquitin ligase UBE3A, which requires UBQLN2 to regulate gag-pol levels. Together, these data clarify our understanding of UBQLN2-mediated degradation and highlight the importance of UBE3A in regulating PEG10.