Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2376-0354.20.12.276
May Alowi, Yusuf Kani
Purpose: The role of pharmaceutical companies’ promotional tools in the prescribing decision of physicians comprises five commonly-used promotional tools: sales promotions; advertising; public relations; direct marketing; and personal selling. The purpose of this paper was to examine the existing literature on promotional tools and then explore which medical practitioners’ demographic factors influence the relationship between the various promotional tools and physicians’ prescription behaviour. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of the literature was carried out across online databases from 2008 to 2018, and 41 reviewed articles were identified. The influence of promotional tools on physician prescribing decisions was identified in the articles. Findings: There have been numerous studies on the effect of promotional tools on physician prescription decision. They demonstrated that promotional tools strongly influence physicians’ prescribing decision, but a few others found only minor or no relation. To resolve this ambiguity, there is a need to precisely understand how promotional tools affect prescribing decisions of physicians, under different contexts and conditions. Research limitations/implications: The study recommends further studies on the influence of each factor on physician prescribing behaviour and an evaluation of the proposed model and moderating variables. Originality/value: This paper provides a significant step towards recognizing the relationship between promotional tools and prescribing behaviour. This research contributes to the debate on the ways prescribing behaviour can be affected.
{"title":"Impact of Pharmaceutical Companies??? Promotional Tools on Physicians??? Prescription Pattern","authors":"May Alowi, Yusuf Kani","doi":"10.35248/2376-0354.20.12.276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2376-0354.20.12.276","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The role of pharmaceutical companies’ promotional tools in the prescribing decision of physicians comprises five commonly-used promotional tools: sales promotions; advertising; public relations; direct marketing; and personal selling. The purpose of this paper was to examine the existing literature on promotional tools and then explore which medical practitioners’ demographic factors influence the relationship between the various promotional tools and physicians’ prescription behaviour. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of the literature was carried out across online databases from 2008 to 2018, and 41 reviewed articles were identified. The influence of promotional tools on physician prescribing decisions was identified in the articles. Findings: There have been numerous studies on the effect of promotional tools on physician prescription decision. They demonstrated that promotional tools strongly influence physicians’ prescribing decision, but a few others found only minor or no relation. To resolve this ambiguity, there is a need to precisely understand how promotional tools affect prescribing decisions of physicians, under different contexts and conditions. Research limitations/implications: The study recommends further studies on the influence of each factor on physician prescribing behaviour and an evaluation of the proposed model and moderating variables. Originality/value: This paper provides a significant step towards recognizing the relationship between promotional tools and prescribing behaviour. This research contributes to the debate on the ways prescribing behaviour can be affected.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87591253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35248/2376-0354.20.12.270
Tayyaba Nazir, Lubna Shakir, Zaka-ur-Rahman, K. Najam, A. Choudhary, Nasira Saeed, Haroon-urRasheed, Anam Nazir, S. Aslam, Arshia Batool Khanum
The hepatoprotective effects of a Foeniculum vulgare extract was determined in male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The Foeniculum vulgare extract was used in different doses in Paracetamol induced toxicity in rabbits. Foeniculum vulgare seeds were obtained from market and identified by Punjab University. Extract was prepared by maceration method. Foeniculum vulgare seeds 100 gm were weighed after grinding then added in flask. 80% ethanol solution was added four times more than the weight of Foeniculum vulgare powder and then kept for 4 days on shaker and filtered through Whatman filter paper. Solvent extract was evaporated at temperature of 25°C. Extract powder was obtained. Powder extract 250 mg/kg/BW and 500 mg/kg/BW was filled in capsule of 2 & 0 size respectively. 16 rabbits, with an average age of 3-4 months, were taken. They were provided standard diet and water. Animals were kept at light/dark cycle (12/12 h) at a temperature (25 ± 2°C) and relative humidity (60 ± 5%). Animals were kept at Laboratory environment for one week. Study designed animal were divided randomly into 4 group, having 4 animal in each group. Group A served as positive control, given no medicine. Group B was intoxicated with a single dose of Paracetamol (Par-cm) 2 g/kg per oral (P.O.) using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 1% as a vehicle. Group C received Foeniculum vulgare seeds hydroalcoholic extract (250 mg/Kg) P.O. daily for 9 days, followed by a single dose of Paracetamol 2 g/kg P.O. on 9th day using carboxymethyl cellulose 1% as a vehicle. Group D was pretreated with Foeniculum vulgare seeds hydroalcoholic extract (500 mg /Kg) P.O. for 9 days, and then a single dose of Paracetamol 2 g/kg P.O. on 9th day using carboxymethyl cellulose 1% as a vehicle. Animals were slaughtered after 24 hours of the last treatment. Blood and liver sample were collected from all controlled and treated rabbits for Liver Function Tests and Histopathological studies. Serum Liver enzymes AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) and bilirubin were used as indicators to monitor the status of the liver either healthy or damaged. Serum liver enzymes and bilirubin level increased in Group B as compared to Group A. The values of indicators were almost decreased in Group C and Group D. Histopathological studies were used for further confirmation of biochemical analysis. Histopathological study of Group A showed a normal hepatic cell structure. While Group B showed sinusoids congestion and ballooning degeneration. These parameters were found mild and moderate in Group C and Group D. These histopathological findings also supported the biochemical results. Thus the study concluded that the Foeniculum vulgare extract was effective against Paracetamol induced toxicity in rabbits.
{"title":"Hepatoprotective Activity of Foeniculum vulgare Against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rabbit","authors":"Tayyaba Nazir, Lubna Shakir, Zaka-ur-Rahman, K. Najam, A. Choudhary, Nasira Saeed, Haroon-urRasheed, Anam Nazir, S. Aslam, Arshia Batool Khanum","doi":"10.35248/2376-0354.20.12.270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2376-0354.20.12.270","url":null,"abstract":"The hepatoprotective effects of a Foeniculum vulgare extract was determined in male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The Foeniculum vulgare extract was used in different doses in Paracetamol induced toxicity in rabbits. Foeniculum vulgare seeds were obtained from market and identified by Punjab University. Extract was prepared by maceration method. Foeniculum vulgare seeds 100 gm were weighed after grinding then added in flask. 80% ethanol solution was added four times more than the weight of Foeniculum vulgare powder and then kept for 4 days on shaker and filtered through Whatman filter paper. Solvent extract was evaporated at temperature of 25°C. Extract powder was obtained. Powder extract 250 mg/kg/BW and 500 mg/kg/BW was filled in capsule of 2 & 0 size respectively. 16 rabbits, with an average age of 3-4 months, were taken. They were provided standard diet and water. Animals were kept at light/dark cycle (12/12 h) at a temperature (25 ± 2°C) and relative humidity (60 ± 5%). Animals were kept at Laboratory environment for one week. Study designed animal were divided randomly into 4 group, having 4 animal in each group. Group A served as positive control, given no medicine. Group B was intoxicated with a single dose of Paracetamol (Par-cm) 2 g/kg per oral (P.O.) using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 1% as a vehicle. Group C received Foeniculum vulgare seeds hydroalcoholic extract (250 mg/Kg) P.O. daily for 9 days, followed by a single dose of Paracetamol 2 g/kg P.O. on 9th day using carboxymethyl cellulose 1% as a vehicle. Group D was pretreated with Foeniculum vulgare seeds hydroalcoholic extract (500 mg /Kg) P.O. for 9 days, and then a single dose of Paracetamol 2 g/kg P.O. on 9th day using carboxymethyl cellulose 1% as a vehicle. Animals were slaughtered after 24 hours of the last treatment. Blood and liver sample were collected from all controlled and treated rabbits for Liver Function Tests and Histopathological studies. Serum Liver enzymes AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) and bilirubin were used as indicators to monitor the status of the liver either healthy or damaged. Serum liver enzymes and bilirubin level increased in Group B as compared to Group A. The values of indicators were almost decreased in Group C and Group D. Histopathological studies were used for further confirmation of biochemical analysis. Histopathological study of Group A showed a normal hepatic cell structure. While Group B showed sinusoids congestion and ballooning degeneration. These parameters were found mild and moderate in Group C and Group D. These histopathological findings also supported the biochemical results. Thus the study concluded that the Foeniculum vulgare extract was effective against Paracetamol induced toxicity in rabbits.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88426759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.19.11.269
Jesse M. Thomas, Narayanaganesh Balasubramanian
We have demonstrated the use of untargeted metabolomics- a high-throughput analysis to probe the small molecule landscape of natural products based traditional medicine. The approach provides a global perspective on the quality of such natural medicine and the depth of secondary metabolites present in them. We utilized Eclipta prostrata L. as an example to demonstrate the utility of LC-MS and GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics. The mentioned research utilized three different preparations and successfully demonstrated the small molecule landscape differences in these samples. Preliminary statistical analysis using R-based web programs, indicated the samples grouped well indicating batch-to-batch consistency. Heatmaps generated from LC-MS and GC-MS data indicated the difference in abundance of various small molecules across the samples.
{"title":"Metabolic Profiling of Eclipta prostrata L.: Potentials of Untargeted Metabolomics in Traditional Medicine","authors":"Jesse M. Thomas, Narayanaganesh Balasubramanian","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.19.11.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.19.11.269","url":null,"abstract":"We have demonstrated the use of untargeted metabolomics- a high-throughput analysis to probe the small molecule landscape of natural products based traditional medicine. The approach provides a global perspective on the quality of such natural medicine and the depth of secondary metabolites present in them. We utilized Eclipta prostrata L. as an example to demonstrate the utility of LC-MS and GC-MS based untargeted metabolomics. The mentioned research utilized three different preparations and successfully demonstrated the small molecule landscape differences in these samples. Preliminary statistical analysis using R-based web programs, indicated the samples grouped well indicating batch-to-batch consistency. Heatmaps generated from LC-MS and GC-MS data indicated the difference in abundance of various small molecules across the samples.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"80 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74169653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.19.11.268
N. Al-Somai
Theophylline is a drug that has been used for asthma disease, for more than 80 years. It has been used for its bronchodilator effects; however, dosing was critical because of it is narrow therapeutic index which may lead to failure in treatment of toxicity. This case illustrates the important of individualization of the theophylline based on the patient medical history. Pharmacist intervention and knowledge in the drug disease interaction, considering the pharmacokinetics data, would be valuable for the success of the treatment.
{"title":"Pharmaceutical forms and Drug-disease Interaction: An Old-new Case of Applying Pharmaceutical Knowledge","authors":"N. Al-Somai","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.19.11.268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.19.11.268","url":null,"abstract":"Theophylline is a drug that has been used for asthma disease, for more than 80 years. It has been used for its bronchodilator effects; however, dosing was critical because of it is narrow therapeutic index which may lead to failure in treatment of toxicity. This case illustrates the important of individualization of the theophylline based on the patient medical history. Pharmacist intervention and knowledge in the drug disease interaction, considering the pharmacokinetics data, would be valuable for the success of the treatment.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"s1-12 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85970275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the current work was to elucidate whether the nanoencapsulation of meloxicam would allow its exertion of anticancer activity on colon cancer cells despite lacking COX-2 expression.
{"title":"POTENTIATION OF THE CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF MELOXICAM AGAINST COX-2 NEGATIVE COLON CANCER CELLS BY NANOPARTICULATE ENCAPSULATION","authors":"Areeg Awadallah","doi":"10.21065/19204159/11.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/19204159/11.09","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the current work was to elucidate whether the nanoencapsulation of meloxicam would allow its exertion of anticancer activity on colon cancer cells despite lacking COX-2 expression.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79301258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-18DOI: 10.21065/1920-4159.1000265
Zahid Mahmood, S. Muhammad, N. Arshad, M. A. Tahir, Qurashi Mz, Muhammad Usman
A highly specific, easy to perform and cost effective color test for benzodiazepines class has been developed. This colour test produced green colour with eight benzodiazepines i.e. nitrazepam, temazepam, diazepam, bromazepam, clonazepam, estazolam, lormetazolam and alprazolam, whereas developed color was absent in other controlled or pharmaceutical substances tested during study. In this color test, one drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to test substrate. Then two drops of cobalt thiocyante reagent were added in subsequently which resulted in an immediate appearance of green color. So this test can be very helpful as a presumptive screening tool for benzodiazepines testing in suspected illicit samples and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, this test can be further employed for diazepam quantitation using ultraviolet spectroscopy at 364 nm wavelength and showed linear detector response. A regression co-efficient value of 0.9996 was achieved using developed method and was effectively useful for diazepam quantitation in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
{"title":"A New Colorimetric Identification of Benzodiazepines: Using Cobalt Thiocyanate as Reagent","authors":"Zahid Mahmood, S. Muhammad, N. Arshad, M. A. Tahir, Qurashi Mz, Muhammad Usman","doi":"10.21065/1920-4159.1000265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/1920-4159.1000265","url":null,"abstract":"A highly specific, easy to perform and cost effective color test for benzodiazepines class has been developed. This colour test produced green colour with eight benzodiazepines i.e. nitrazepam, temazepam, diazepam, bromazepam, clonazepam, estazolam, lormetazolam and alprazolam, whereas developed color was absent in other controlled or pharmaceutical substances tested during study. In this color test, one drop of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to test substrate. Then two drops of cobalt thiocyante reagent were added in subsequently which resulted in an immediate appearance of green color. So this test can be very helpful as a presumptive screening tool for benzodiazepines testing in suspected illicit samples and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, this test can be further employed for diazepam quantitation using ultraviolet spectroscopy at 364 nm wavelength and showed linear detector response. A regression co-efficient value of 0.9996 was achieved using developed method and was effectively useful for diazepam quantitation in pharmaceutical dosage forms.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"93 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80248828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The philosophy of patient care is a wide and complicated topic of literature. That is elaborated by different health institution to harmonize their local clinical activities. Undoubtedly, that is working successfully to satisfy patients, fulfill the requirement of clinicians and cover maximum mutual benefits within officially allocated budget. However, patient care has different comprehension in different demographic and socio-political setting. But, in general, the meaning, understanding and composition of clinical and pharmaceutical patient care may be same all over world. The pharmacists, clinicians and administration adopt, exercise and emphasize on certain parts depending upon the type of challenges, kind of patients and available health care facilities. Thus, the health care is an emerging field that always remained under consideration. The local and international experts like to work, contribute and improve it to enhance the public health. Even some time judiciary, parliament and local intelligentsia focus and emphasize to address some particular health related problems. So, we may need to elaborate the comprehension to satisfy the literature and logical need of health and medicine including identification of problems, designing treatment protocol and handling the complication of therapy. That may potentially improve the overall outcomes and maximize the patient’s benefit. After twenty five years the definition of pharmaceutical care is still unsatisfactory. The confusion remained about what this term comprises and how to distinguish it from other terms. The board of the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) felt essential to rephrase pharmaceutical care and to answer the question: "What is Pharmaceutical Care ". The patient care is not perfectly incorporated into the health care system in most part of the world. However, pharmacy practice has shown positive attitudes toward patient care provision. Thus, an advanced working should focus to improve the understanding the concept of patient care and overcome barriers.
{"title":"PHARMACY HEALTH SYSTEM IN CANADA: AN ADOPTABLE MODEL FOR ADVANCED CLINICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL CARE","authors":"Taha Nazir, Nida Taha","doi":"10.21065/19204159/10.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/19204159/10.06","url":null,"abstract":"The philosophy of patient care is a wide and complicated topic of literature. That is elaborated by different health institution to harmonize their local clinical activities. Undoubtedly, that is working successfully to satisfy patients, fulfill the requirement of clinicians and cover maximum mutual benefits within officially allocated budget. However, patient care has different comprehension in different demographic and socio-political setting. But, in general, the meaning, understanding and composition of clinical and pharmaceutical patient care may be same all over world. The pharmacists, clinicians and administration adopt, exercise and emphasize on certain parts depending upon the type of challenges, kind of patients and available health care facilities. Thus, the health care is an emerging field that always remained under consideration. The local and international experts like to work, contribute and improve it to enhance the public health. Even some time judiciary, parliament and local intelligentsia focus and emphasize to address some particular health related problems. So, we may need to elaborate the comprehension to satisfy the literature and logical need of health and medicine including identification of problems, designing treatment protocol and handling the complication of therapy. That may potentially improve the overall outcomes and maximize the patient’s benefit. After twenty five years the definition of pharmaceutical care is still unsatisfactory. The confusion remained about what this term comprises and how to distinguish it from other terms. The board of the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) felt essential to rephrase pharmaceutical care and to answer the question: \"What is Pharmaceutical Care \". The patient care is not perfectly incorporated into the health care system in most part of the world. However, pharmacy practice has shown positive attitudes toward patient care provision. Thus, an advanced working should focus to improve the understanding the concept of patient care and overcome barriers.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83207057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-28DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.261
Didarul Islam, T. Mohiuddin, Asheful Latif, Md. Mynul Hassan, M. Hasan, Papia Haque
Dissolution is one of the most important characteristics of a drug directly effect on the drug absorption and bioavailability. The dissolution of Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol from oral dosage forms at different dissolution media: Acetate, HCl, Water and Phosphate have been studied by using an RP-HPLC method. Dissolution of Levonorgestrel after 60 min in acetate, HCl, water and phosphate were 98, 95, 97 and 98% respectively. For Ethinylestradiol dissolution after 60 min at indicated media were 91, 82, 92 and 93% respectively. From that point HCl media has been rejected. Difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factor of test sample has been calculated comparing with Microgynon 30 mg Tablet (reference dose) and dissimilarity was found in water and phosphate media and can reject both of them. Only acetate media has been found the best option among four dissolution media for simultaneous determination of Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol COCs. By using acetate buffer a complete analytical dissolution method has been validated accurding to FDA, ICH and USP category 1 requirement. It was found that this method was permeated all validation parameter. This acetate buffer has successfully been used for determination of both active from Levonorgestrel/Ethinylestradiol tablet that was manufactured by five different companies.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Dissolution Profile and Its Validation for Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol Combined Oral Doses Form Tablet","authors":"Didarul Islam, T. Mohiuddin, Asheful Latif, Md. Mynul Hassan, M. Hasan, Papia Haque","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.261","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolution is one of the most important characteristics of a drug directly effect on the drug absorption and bioavailability. The dissolution of Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol from oral dosage forms at different dissolution media: Acetate, HCl, Water and Phosphate have been studied by using an RP-HPLC method. Dissolution of Levonorgestrel after 60 min in acetate, HCl, water and phosphate were 98, 95, 97 and 98% respectively. For Ethinylestradiol dissolution after 60 min at indicated media were 91, 82, 92 and 93% respectively. From that point HCl media has been rejected. Difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factor of test sample has been calculated comparing with Microgynon 30 mg Tablet (reference dose) and dissimilarity was found in water and phosphate media and can reject both of them. Only acetate media has been found the best option among four dissolution media for simultaneous determination of Levonorgestrel and Ethinylestradiol COCs. By using acetate buffer a complete analytical dissolution method has been validated accurding to FDA, ICH and USP category 1 requirement. It was found that this method was permeated all validation parameter. This acetate buffer has successfully been used for determination of both active from Levonorgestrel/Ethinylestradiol tablet that was manufactured by five different companies.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"115 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80610950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past decade, depot systems for tissue engineering, cell therapy, biomedical research, and therapeutic proteins, have been extensively investigated. Hydrogels offer an interesting platform for sustained delivery of biologicals as these can be readily formulated with limited impact on their integrity and stability. Their high-water content and porous structures make them especially suitable for loading with therapeutic proteins However, relatively rapid release of the hydrophilic compounds (period of hours to days) and limited drug loading capacity (<10%) present major challenges. Cleavable cross-linker or hydrogels that respond to an external trigger such as ultrasound have been suggested as suitable alternatives. However, scale-up and cost-effective manufacturing using safe and established excipients remains a challenge and hydrogels for biologicals are at present scarcely developed beyond the clinical evaluation phases. While some commercial products are available the future of hydrogels for biologicals depends on the medical needs, the general benefit/risk balance, and overall costs.
{"title":"CALIBRATING HYDROGELS FOR DELIVERY OF BIOLOGICS","authors":"K. Pathak","doi":"10.21065/19204159.10.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/19204159.10.1","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, depot systems for tissue engineering, cell therapy, biomedical research, and therapeutic proteins, have been extensively investigated. Hydrogels offer an interesting platform for sustained delivery of biologicals as these can be readily formulated with limited impact on their integrity and stability. Their high-water content and porous structures make them especially suitable for loading with therapeutic proteins However, relatively rapid release of the hydrophilic compounds (period of hours to days) and limited drug loading capacity (<10%) present major challenges. Cleavable cross-linker or hydrogels that respond to an external trigger such as ultrasound have been suggested as suitable alternatives. However, scale-up and cost-effective manufacturing using safe and established excipients remains a challenge and hydrogels for biologicals are at present scarcely developed beyond the clinical evaluation phases. While some commercial products are available the future of hydrogels for biologicals depends on the medical needs, the general benefit/risk balance, and overall costs.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80887062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/1920-4159.1000256
M. Sabir
Prescriptions have an essential influence of medicinal services conveyance. Notwithstanding, they are costly products and record for a critical extent of general wellbeing use in many nations. Nonsensical utilization of meds is a noteworthy test confronting numerous wellbeing frameworks over the world. Such malpractices create an improper use of the medicines that lead towards the misuse of the drugs. The rational use of medicine is important in such a way that it helps in achieving the optimize health goals. This article also includes the role of pharmacist, WHO and government in order to promote the rational prescribing and help save the society from the drawbacks of the irrational use of medicines.
{"title":"Role of WHO: Government and Pharmacist in Promoting Rational Drug Use","authors":"M. Sabir","doi":"10.4172/1920-4159.1000256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1920-4159.1000256","url":null,"abstract":"Prescriptions have an essential influence of medicinal services conveyance. Notwithstanding, they are costly products and record for a critical extent of general wellbeing use in many nations. Nonsensical utilization of meds is a noteworthy test confronting numerous wellbeing frameworks over the world. Such malpractices create an improper use of the medicines that lead towards the misuse of the drugs. The rational use of medicine is important in such a way that it helps in achieving the optimize health goals. This article also includes the role of pharmacist, WHO and government in order to promote the rational prescribing and help save the society from the drawbacks of the irrational use of medicines.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88063248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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