Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21065/1920-4159.1000260
A. Blasko, J. Tam, Ahmad Iah, S. Gunasekera, I. Oshchepkova, A. Galin, A. Vazhentsev, Tashlitsky, D. Adams
A total of 60 peaks generated by forced degradation of three active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were used for the column selection in the development of a stability indicating HPLC-UV analytical method using LC-UV and LC-MS peak tracking. Two mobile phase additives and two organic modifiers were evaluated while screening a list of carefully chosen chromatography columns. The column screening was utilized and the best column selected based on total number of resolved peaks, resolutions, peak widths, and peak shapes. 0.1% TFA in ACN/water was used for the initial screening and optimization of the gradient profile. Three different concentrations of TFA in ACN/water were also evaluated. The optimum TFA concentration, 0.10% (8.77 mM), was considered as optimum for further gradient optimization based on the resolution of critical pairs. After the selection of column, mobile phase and mobile phase modifier (TFA) selection, optimization of the gradient was achieved by a combination of automated chemometric peak tracking and software-based decisions in AutoChrom MS. The correct peak retention equations (i.e., retention time vs. mobile phase ratio) were generated by using first one-step gradients with a wide range of % B followed by optimization in multi-steps gradients. It was found that extrapolation, using quadratic retention models, can lead to large errors in retention time (tR) predictions, especially for poorly-retained components. We present the challenges in resolving the critical resolution pairs, including those with the same m/z, the overestimation and the prediction errors of the software, and why the peaks model (i.e., accuracy of predicted versus experimental) fail at the extremes of the gradient. By using this approach we were able to generate a suitable stability indicating chromatographic method for an extremely challenging sample comprising of three active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and related degradation products with a wide range of hydrophobicity. The APIs were in-house compounds, their identity are blinded in this paper and are not relevant for purpose of the study. There were good matches between the predicted and experimental retention times of the tracked peaks. The peak model was used for the generation of an assay/potency method using the computational tool only.
{"title":"A Four-Dimensional (4D) Stability Indicating Analytical Method Optimization and Potency Assay Prediction Using MS and UV Peak Tracking","authors":"A. Blasko, J. Tam, Ahmad Iah, S. Gunasekera, I. Oshchepkova, A. Galin, A. Vazhentsev, Tashlitsky, D. Adams","doi":"10.21065/1920-4159.1000260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/1920-4159.1000260","url":null,"abstract":"A total of 60 peaks generated by forced degradation of three active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were used for the column selection in the development of a stability indicating HPLC-UV analytical method using LC-UV and LC-MS peak tracking. Two mobile phase additives and two organic modifiers were evaluated while screening a list of carefully chosen chromatography columns. The column screening was utilized and the best column selected based on total number of resolved peaks, resolutions, peak widths, and peak shapes. 0.1% TFA in ACN/water was used for the initial screening and optimization of the gradient profile. Three different concentrations of TFA in ACN/water were also evaluated. The optimum TFA concentration, 0.10% (8.77 mM), was considered as optimum for further gradient optimization based on the resolution of critical pairs. After the selection of column, mobile phase and mobile phase modifier (TFA) selection, optimization of the gradient was achieved by a combination of automated chemometric peak tracking and software-based decisions in AutoChrom MS. The correct peak retention equations (i.e., retention time vs. mobile phase ratio) were generated by using first one-step gradients with a wide range of % B followed by optimization in multi-steps gradients. It was found that extrapolation, using quadratic retention models, can lead to large errors in retention time (tR) predictions, especially for poorly-retained components. We present the challenges in resolving the critical resolution pairs, including those with the same m/z, the overestimation and the prediction errors of the software, and why the peaks model (i.e., accuracy of predicted versus experimental) fail at the extremes of the gradient. By using this approach we were able to generate a suitable stability indicating chromatographic method for an extremely challenging sample comprising of three active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and related degradation products with a wide range of hydrophobicity. The APIs were in-house compounds, their identity are blinded in this paper and are not relevant for purpose of the study. There were good matches between the predicted and experimental retention times of the tracked peaks. The peak model was used for the generation of an assay/potency method using the computational tool only.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74922172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.264
W. Aboulthana, H. H. Sayed
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing science of producing and utilizing the nano-sized particles. It was necessary to develop another non-toxic and environmentally friendly procedure for production of nanoparticles by mean of green technology to avoid production of the hazardous chemicals (sodium borohydride, sodium citrate, ascorbate, elemental hydrogen, Tollen’s reagent, N,N-dimethyl formamide and poly (ethylene glycol) block copolymers) produced during the chemical preparation. The metal nanoparticles (MNPs) (silver, gold, platinum, copper and zinc oxide) were biosynthesized through the reaction with plant extract by bio-reduction mechanism. Among all noble MNPs, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are non-toxic and gained boundless interests due to their characteristic properties in addition to their significant antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. The UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) are considered as the most widely used techniques for characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. Incorporation of the AgNPs into the plant extracts enhanced the antioxidant properties due to increasing the total polyphenolic compounds which exhibit more antioxidant potentials and possesses significant cytotoxicity and free radical scavenging activity than the crude ones. It was revealed that deposition of the nanoparticles was greatest in liver followed by blood, spleen, kidney, lungs, brain, reproductive organs, thymus and heart. Removal of the nanoparticles from the body through renal clearance is considered as a multifaceted process. The review concluded that it is necessary for undergoing further studies to evaluate the deleterious effects that may be occurred as a result of administration of the nanoparticulated extracts.
{"title":"How to use Green Technology to Enhance Antioxidant Efficiency of Plant Extracts: A Novel Strategy","authors":"W. Aboulthana, H. H. Sayed","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.264","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing science of producing and utilizing the nano-sized particles. It was necessary to develop another non-toxic and environmentally friendly procedure for production of nanoparticles by mean of green technology to avoid production of the hazardous chemicals (sodium borohydride, sodium citrate, ascorbate, elemental hydrogen, Tollen’s reagent, N,N-dimethyl formamide and poly (ethylene glycol) block copolymers) produced during the chemical preparation. The metal nanoparticles (MNPs) (silver, gold, platinum, copper and zinc oxide) were biosynthesized through the reaction with plant extract by bio-reduction mechanism. Among all noble MNPs, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are non-toxic and gained boundless interests due to their characteristic properties in addition to their significant antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects. The UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) are considered as the most widely used techniques for characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. Incorporation of the AgNPs into the plant extracts enhanced the antioxidant properties due to increasing the total polyphenolic compounds which exhibit more antioxidant potentials and possesses significant cytotoxicity and free radical scavenging activity than the crude ones. It was revealed that deposition of the nanoparticles was greatest in liver followed by blood, spleen, kidney, lungs, brain, reproductive organs, thymus and heart. Removal of the nanoparticles from the body through renal clearance is considered as a multifaceted process. The review concluded that it is necessary for undergoing further studies to evaluate the deleterious effects that may be occurred as a result of administration of the nanoparticulated extracts.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91082872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.262
Waghmode Av, Khilare Cj
To exemplify quantitative analysis of major phenolics from a brown marine macro algae Sargassum cinereum, Sargassum ilicifolium, Sargassum tenerrimum and Sargassum wightii by RP-HPLC chromatographic profile. Polyphenol content was determined and quantified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods.
{"title":"RP-HPLC Profile of Major Phenolics from Brown Marine Macro Algae","authors":"Waghmode Av, Khilare Cj","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.262","url":null,"abstract":"To exemplify quantitative analysis of major phenolics from a brown marine macro algae Sargassum cinereum, Sargassum ilicifolium, Sargassum tenerrimum and Sargassum wightii by RP-HPLC chromatographic profile. Polyphenol content was determined and quantified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"63 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84357027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.258
S. Mirshahi, A. Tajani, A. Haghighizadeh, Alireza Karimpour, O. Rajabi
This study is concerned about prediction of dissolution rate of Insoluble drugs from solid dispersion (SD) polymer matrixes by an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) as the SD with different molecular weights were provided and dissolution rate of indomethacin (IND) was obtained experimentally. A USP dissolution method was used to monitor the dissolution profiles of matrixes. The numbers of rules were trained in a systematic procedure using the experimental data. Comparison of IND dissolution rate from different matrixes, Area under the Curve (AUC) of absorbance vs. time diagrams in the first 25 min for 72 different samples was determined. Results show a high correlation between observed and predicted data (r2=0.85). The calculated root mean square error for the results of the ANFIS model is equal to 1.02. The index of area AUC in the first 25 min is more repeatable. It seems that the model has practical value and different ratios of polymer for the desired dissolution rate can be predicted or having different polymer ratios in the matrix can predict the dissolution rate of IND. this method can be suggested for other pharmaceuticals formulations to save time and money to achieve the best formula.
{"title":"A Mathematical Model Based on an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for Matrixes Including Indomethacin","authors":"S. Mirshahi, A. Tajani, A. Haghighizadeh, Alireza Karimpour, O. Rajabi","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.258","url":null,"abstract":"This study is concerned about prediction of dissolution rate of Insoluble drugs from solid dispersion (SD) polymer matrixes by an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) as the SD with different molecular weights were provided and dissolution rate of indomethacin (IND) was obtained experimentally. A USP dissolution method was used to monitor the dissolution profiles of matrixes. The numbers of rules were trained in a systematic procedure using the experimental data. Comparison of IND dissolution rate from different matrixes, Area under the Curve (AUC) of absorbance vs. time diagrams in the first 25 min for 72 different samples was determined. Results show a high correlation between observed and predicted data (r2=0.85). The calculated root mean square error for the results of the ANFIS model is equal to 1.02. The index of area AUC in the first 25 min is more repeatable. It seems that the model has practical value and different ratios of polymer for the desired dissolution rate can be predicted or having different polymer ratios in the matrix can predict the dissolution rate of IND. this method can be suggested for other pharmaceuticals formulations to save time and money to achieve the best formula.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"57 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73858472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.259
M. Sarangi, Neha Singh
The attempt has been made to compare the aqueous solubility and dissolution characteristics of Aceclofenac (ACE) enhanced by solid dispersion technique using several water soluble carriers PEG 6000, β-Cyclodextrin (β –CD) and Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC). Solid dispersions of ACE were prepared with solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions with carriers were prepared in drug: carrier (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4) ratios. The prepared dispersions were evaluated by solubility, in vitro dissolution studies and X-Ray diffraction studies (XRD). The results from XRD analysis showed that ACE might exist in an amorphous state in the solid dispersion. Considerably improved dissolution profile was obtained by PEG ratios (1:2), whereas there was no significant improvement in dissolution of ACE along with β-CD at higher carrier ratios. Na- CMC showed least dissolution improvement among all carriers. The solid dispersion prepared as AC: PEG 6000 (1:2), exhibited the fastest dissolution among all solid dispersions, was formulated into tablets using direct compression method and further compared with immediate release marketed brands of ACE. The results indicated that formulated tablets displayed better dissolution profiles as compared to existing commercial tablets.
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Solubility Enhancement of Aceclofenac by Solid Dispersion Technique Using Several Polymers","authors":"M. Sarangi, Neha Singh","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.259","url":null,"abstract":"The attempt has been made to compare the aqueous solubility and dissolution characteristics of Aceclofenac (ACE) enhanced by solid dispersion technique using several water soluble carriers PEG 6000, β-Cyclodextrin (β –CD) and Sodium Carboxy methyl cellulose (Na-CMC). Solid dispersions of ACE were prepared with solvent evaporation method. Solid dispersions with carriers were prepared in drug: carrier (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4) ratios. The prepared dispersions were evaluated by solubility, in vitro dissolution studies and X-Ray diffraction studies (XRD). The results from XRD analysis showed that ACE might exist in an amorphous state in the solid dispersion. Considerably improved dissolution profile was obtained by PEG ratios (1:2), whereas there was no significant improvement in dissolution of ACE along with β-CD at higher carrier ratios. Na- CMC showed least dissolution improvement among all carriers. The solid dispersion prepared as AC: PEG 6000 (1:2), exhibited the fastest dissolution among all solid dispersions, was formulated into tablets using direct compression method and further compared with immediate release marketed brands of ACE. The results indicated that formulated tablets displayed better dissolution profiles as compared to existing commercial tablets.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78002166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21065/1920-4159.1000263
Khan Nt, N. Jameel
Trachyspermum ammi commonly known as ajwain is widely used in traditional medical practices to cure numerous ailments related to stomach, abdomen and respiratory tract. Besides it also possess antibacterial, antifungal and anti viral properties. Trachyspermum ammi seed contains essential oils and pharmacological constituents that makes it an effective medicinal herb that is used for primary health. It is less expensive to cultivate and is locally available.
{"title":"A Neutraceutical Assessment of Trachyspermum ammi","authors":"Khan Nt, N. Jameel","doi":"10.21065/1920-4159.1000263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/1920-4159.1000263","url":null,"abstract":"Trachyspermum ammi commonly known as ajwain is widely used in traditional medical practices to cure numerous ailments related to stomach, abdomen and respiratory tract. Besides it also possess antibacterial, antifungal and anti viral properties. Trachyspermum ammi seed contains essential oils and pharmacological constituents that makes it an effective medicinal herb that is used for primary health. It is less expensive to cultivate and is locally available.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78455932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.266
K. Dobhal, A. Semwal, A. Negi
Numerous kind of antioxidants or protecting agent are present in the living body like Glutathione is the master antioxidant produce by the liver and uses free radicals to purify the body. Natural plant consuming antioxidants content is growing the interest for scientific research as well as industrial purposes. Pteridophytes (fern and fern allies) have drawn attention of plants seekers and horticultures since ancient period. Plant of Pteris vittata were collected from different geographical region of Uttarakhand Garhwal. The maximum yield of plant extract was found via the ethanol solvent i.e. 5.07-9.67%. DPV extract exhibited a maximum inhibition of 89.32 relatively closed to 91.96% inhibition of Ascorbic acid at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml by DPPH radical scavenging assay method. The IC50 of the DPV extract and Ascorbic acid was found to be 0.543 and 0.495 mg/ml by same. DPV extract showed a maximum inhibition of 72.33 % relatively close to 77.42% inhibition of BHA at the concentration of 0.8 mg/ml by Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging method. The IC50 value of the DPV extract & BHA was found to be 0.279 ± 0.005 mg/ml & 0.257 ± 0.002 mg/ml by same. DPV extract showed a maximum inhibition of 84.32% relatively close to 87.96% inhibition of ascorbic acid at the concentration of 0.8 mg/ml by Nitrogen oxide scavenging method. The IC50 value of the DPV extract & BHA was found to be 0.233 ± 0.002 mg/ml to 0.218 ± 0.006 mg/ml by same.
{"title":"Geographical Variation of Antioxidant Constituent in Garhwal Region of Uttarakhand: Chinese Brake Fern (Pteris vittata)","authors":"K. Dobhal, A. Semwal, A. Negi","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.266","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous kind of antioxidants or protecting agent are present in the living body like Glutathione is the master antioxidant produce by the liver and uses free radicals to purify the body. Natural plant consuming antioxidants content is growing the interest for scientific research as well as industrial purposes. Pteridophytes (fern and fern allies) have drawn attention of plants seekers and horticultures since ancient period. Plant of Pteris vittata were collected from different geographical region of Uttarakhand Garhwal. The maximum yield of plant extract was found via the ethanol solvent i.e. 5.07-9.67%. DPV extract exhibited a maximum inhibition of 89.32 relatively closed to 91.96% inhibition of Ascorbic acid at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml by DPPH radical scavenging assay method. The IC50 of the DPV extract and Ascorbic acid was found to be 0.543 and 0.495 mg/ml by same. DPV extract showed a maximum inhibition of 72.33 % relatively close to 77.42% inhibition of BHA at the concentration of 0.8 mg/ml by Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging method. The IC50 value of the DPV extract & BHA was found to be 0.279 ± 0.005 mg/ml & 0.257 ± 0.002 mg/ml by same. DPV extract showed a maximum inhibition of 84.32% relatively close to 87.96% inhibition of ascorbic acid at the concentration of 0.8 mg/ml by Nitrogen oxide scavenging method. The IC50 value of the DPV extract & BHA was found to be 0.233 ± 0.002 mg/ml to 0.218 ± 0.006 mg/ml by same.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"22 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86724280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.267
May Alowi, Yusuf Kani
Purpose: The role of pharmaceutical companies’ promotional tools in the prescribing decision of physicians comprises five commonly-used promotional tools: sales promotions; advertising; public relations; direct marketing; and personal selling. The purpose of this paper was to examine the existing literature on promotional tools and then explore which medical practitioners’ demographic factors influence the relationship between the various promotional tools and physicians’ prescription behaviour. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of the literature was carried out across online databases from 2008 to 2018, and 41 reviewed articles were identified. The influence of promotional tools on physician prescribing decisions was identified in the articles. Findings: There have been numerous studies on the effect of promotional tools on physician prescription decision. They demonstrated that promotional tools strongly influence physicians’ prescribing decision, but a few others found only minor or no relation. To resolve this ambiguity, there is a need to precisely understand how promotional tools affect prescribing decisions of physicians, under different contexts and conditions. Research limitations/implications: The study recommends further studies on the influence of each factor on physician prescribing behaviour and an evaluation of the proposed model and moderating variables. Originality/value: This paper provides a significant step towards recognizing the relationship between promotional tools and prescribing behaviour. This research contributes to the debate on the ways prescribing behaviour can be affected.
{"title":"Impact of Pharmaceutical Companies’ Promotional Tools on Physicians’ Prescription Patterns: A Systematic Review","authors":"May Alowi, Yusuf Kani","doi":"10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/1920-4159.18.10.267","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The role of pharmaceutical companies’ promotional tools in the prescribing decision of physicians comprises five commonly-used promotional tools: sales promotions; advertising; public relations; direct marketing; and personal selling. The purpose of this paper was to examine the existing literature on promotional tools and then explore which medical practitioners’ demographic factors influence the relationship between the various promotional tools and physicians’ prescription behaviour. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of the literature was carried out across online databases from 2008 to 2018, and 41 reviewed articles were identified. The influence of promotional tools on physician prescribing decisions was identified in the articles. Findings: There have been numerous studies on the effect of promotional tools on physician prescription decision. They demonstrated that promotional tools strongly influence physicians’ prescribing decision, but a few others found only minor or no relation. To resolve this ambiguity, there is a need to precisely understand how promotional tools affect prescribing decisions of physicians, under different contexts and conditions. Research limitations/implications: The study recommends further studies on the influence of each factor on physician prescribing behaviour and an evaluation of the proposed model and moderating variables. Originality/value: This paper provides a significant step towards recognizing the relationship between promotional tools and prescribing behaviour. This research contributes to the debate on the ways prescribing behaviour can be affected.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"129 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77069608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regenerative medicine is based on stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into special type of body cells, and hence, they were proven clinically successful in organ transplantation, as well as in the functional treatment of several diseases (1).
{"title":"NANOPATTERNING: IMPLICATIONS IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE","authors":"M. Nasr","doi":"10.21065/19204159.9.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/19204159.9.31","url":null,"abstract":"Regenerative medicine is based on stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate into special type of body cells, and hence, they were proven clinically successful in organ transplantation, as well as in the functional treatment of several diseases (1).","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82076240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rezanur Rahman, T. Islam, H. M. Faruquee, S. Akhter, Md. Anwarul Haque
There is a tremendous unmet need to discover more potent and safe drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reduced cholinergic activity and oxidative stress have been recognized as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, inhibition of cholinesterase and oxidation are the two promising strategies in the development of a drug for AD. This study determined the anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, anti-butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, DPPH free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of Glycomis pentaphylla (Rutaceae). The objective of this study is to measure G. pentaphylla anti-AChE, anti-BChE, DPPH free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, antibacterial potentials to find out the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) against different pathogenic bacteria. G. pentaphylla leaf extract (GPEx) is exploited in the presented research to estimate its anticholinesterase, antioxidant potentials, and antibacterial properties. The cholinesterase inhibitory properties was quantified by modified Ellman method, and antioxidant potentials were evaluated by the assay of radical scavenging, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined using agar well diffusion method. The methanolic extract exhibited significant dual acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) effect. The IC50 values of AChE and BChE were 325.1±0.91, and 42.14±3.31 μg/ml. Furthermore, the extract showed radical scavenging ability, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect. The IC50 values of the extract for DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay were 95.6±0.68, 198.0±1.39, and 288.7±0.91 μg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of significant total phenolics and flavonoids contents. Additionally, the extract showed good effect with the zone of inhibition ranging 12–16 mm in diameter against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. The tested sample reflects potential antioxidative and anticholinesterase inhibitory potentiality which may warrant its effectiveness in the treatment of AD along with good antibacterial properties.
{"title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant, Cholinesterase Inhibitory Properties, and Antibacterial Potentials of Glycomis Pentaphylla Leaf Extract Relevant to the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease","authors":"Rezanur Rahman, T. Islam, H. M. Faruquee, S. Akhter, Md. Anwarul Haque","doi":"10.21065/19204159.9.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21065/19204159.9.17","url":null,"abstract":"There is a tremendous unmet need to discover more potent and safe drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reduced cholinergic activity and oxidative stress have been recognized as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, inhibition of cholinesterase and oxidation are the two promising strategies in the development of a drug for AD. This study determined the anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, anti-butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, DPPH free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of Glycomis pentaphylla (Rutaceae). The objective of this study is to measure G. pentaphylla anti-AChE, anti-BChE, DPPH free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, antibacterial potentials to find out the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) against different pathogenic bacteria. G. pentaphylla leaf extract (GPEx) is exploited in the presented research to estimate its anticholinesterase, antioxidant potentials, and antibacterial properties. The cholinesterase inhibitory properties was quantified by modified Ellman method, and antioxidant potentials were evaluated by the assay of radical scavenging, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were determined using agar well diffusion method. The methanolic extract exhibited significant dual acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) effect. The IC50 values of AChE and BChE were 325.1±0.91, and 42.14±3.31 μg/ml. Furthermore, the extract showed radical scavenging ability, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect. The IC50 values of the extract for DPPH and hydroxyl free radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay were 95.6±0.68, 198.0±1.39, and 288.7±0.91 μg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of significant total phenolics and flavonoids contents. Additionally, the extract showed good effect with the zone of inhibition ranging 12–16 mm in diameter against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus. The tested sample reflects potential antioxidative and anticholinesterase inhibitory potentiality which may warrant its effectiveness in the treatment of AD along with good antibacterial properties.","PeriodicalId":15238,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Pharmacy","volume":"48 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88913633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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