Rapid and accurate quantification of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) and tylosin tartrate (TYZ) in veterinary formulations is crucial for ensuring product quality and therapeutic efficacy. This study introduces a green and cost-effective analytical method that combines the simplicity of UV spectrophotometry with the optimization power of nature-inspired algorithms for the simultaneous determination of CIP and TYZ in a tablet veterinary formulation. Fourteen nature-inspired algorithms were comparatively assessed using root average squared error (RASE), average absolute error (AAE), and the coefficient of determination (R2). The Corona virus optimization (CVO) algorithm and the Bat algorithm demonstrated superior performance for CIP and TYZ, respectively. The CVO algorithm, optimized for CIP, exhibited RASE, AAE, and R2 values of 0.37, 0.27, and 0.998, respectively, for the calibration set, while the bat algorithm, tailored for TYZ, yielded RASE, AAE, and R2 values of 0.54, 0.41, and 0.984. Test sets yielded RASE, AAE, and R2 values of 0.55, 0.46, and 0.991 for CIP and 0.20, 0.15, and 0.995 for TYZ, respectively, confirming the algorithms predictive ability. Validation was performed using the accuracy profile approach. The limits of detection (LODs) were determined to be 0.86 μg mL−1 for CIP and 0.36 μg mL−1 for TYZ, while the limits of quantification (LOQs) were calculated as 2.88 μg mL−1 for CIP and 1.21 μg mL−1 for TYZ. The method environmental impact was comprehensively assessed using The Green Solvent Selection Tool (GSST), The National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), a modified Eco-Scale, the Modified GAPI (MoGAPI), and a complementary whiteness evaluation via the RGBfast algorithm, confirming its eco-friendly profile. The proposed method demonstrated superior greenness, as reflected in its elevated GSST scores and favorable NEMI assessment. Specifically, the method achieved a modified Eco-Scale score of 84, a MoGAPI score of 81, and a whiteness index of 61, as determined by the RGBfast algorithm. These results confirm the method environmentally sustainable profile, reinforcing its suitability for green analytical applications. This novel approach offers significant advantages in terms of cost, speed, and environmental sustainability compared to conventional chromatographic techniques, paving the way for more efficient and greener analytical methods in pharmaceutical quality control. Furthermore, this study highlights the innovative integration of UV spectroscopy with nature-inspired algorithms, demonstrating significant advancements over conventional UV methodologies for pharmaceutical analysis.
The 14th Winter Symposium on Chemometrics (WSC14) was held in Tsaghkadzor (Armenia) from 26 February to 1 March 2024. The WSC is a biannual international meeting series started in Russia in 2002. Since that time WSC became an important event that is well known among other chemometric meetings for its friendly and relaxed atmosphere, rich social program and consistently high quality of scientific presentations. The scope of WSC meetings covers all relevant topics in modern chemometrics, both in theoretical developments and practical applications. In 2024, the conference was held under the auspices of the Armenian Academy of Sciences. Thirty-six participants from eight countries took part in the meeting, and the scientific program contained six lectures, 16 talks and 17 poster presentations. The invited lectures were delivered by Prof. Douglas N. Rutledge (France), Prof. Stefan Tsakovski (Bulgaria), Prof. Hadi Parastar (Iran) and Prof. Xihui Bian (China). Key lectures were presented by Dr. Alexey Pomerantsev and Dr. Oxana Rodionova. The variety of presentation topics included applications of near infrared spectrometry, hyperspectral imaging, QSPR, aquaphotomics, multiblock data analysis, machine learning, and deep learning.
The conference venue was located in a spectacular place near the Tsakhkadzor ski resort and as a part of the sportive program the participants were able to enjoy skiing in beautiful Armenian mountains. Traditional evening gatherings, so called “scores and loadings,” were conducted every conference evening with guitar playing, signing and informal discussions on all possible topics, either highly scientific or deeply prosaic. The last day of the conference was devoted to the guided tours to Sevan Lake with ancient Sevanavank monastery and to Yerevan city—the capital of hospitable Armenia.
The WSC meetings are always very friendly to young scientists, offering Best young scientist award—this year the prize was the registration for CAC-2024 (Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry) in Argentina. The respected jury of senior chemometricians decided to award Dr. Ekaterina Boichenko for her talk “Near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: a promising combination for real-time and nondestructive classification of urinary stones.” Three best poster prizes were awarded to Anastasia Sholokhova, Dr. Maria Khaydukova, and Dr. Larisa Lvova. If the feedback from participants is to be believed, all in all it was an enjoyable event. The place and the time for WSC15 will be announced soon.
Organizing committee of the 14th WSC.
As an example for the potential use of multi-block chemometric methods to provide improved unsupervised characterization of compositionally complex materials through the integration of multi-modal spectrometric data sets, we analysed spectral data derived from five field instruments (one XRF, two NIR, and two FT-Raman), collected on 76 bedrock samples of diverse composition. These data were analysed by single- and multi- block latent variable models, based on principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). For the single-block approach, PCA and PLS models were generated; whilst hierarchical partial least squares (HPLS) regression was applied for the multi-block modelling. We also tested whether dimensionality reduction resulted in a more computationally efficient muti-block HPLS model with enhanced model interpretability and geological characterization power using the variable influence on projection (VIP) feature selection method.
The results showed differences in the characterization power of the five spectrometer data sets for the bedrock samples based on their mineral composition and geological properties; moreover, some spectroscopic techniques under-performed for distinguishing samples by composition. The multi-block HPLS and its VIP-strengthened model yielded a more complete unsupervised geological aggrupation of the samples in a single parsimonious model. We conclude that multi-block HPLS models are effective at combining multi-modal spectrometric data to provide a more comprehensive characterization of compositionally complex samples, and VIP can reduce HPLS model complexity, while increasing its data interpretability. These approaches have been applied here to a geological data set, but are amenable to a broad range of applications across chemical and biomedical disciplines.
We present algorithms that substantially accelerate partition-based cross-validation for machine learning models that require matrix products and . Our algorithms have applications in model selection for, for example, principal component analysis (PCA), principal component regression (PCR), ridge regression (RR), ordinary least squares (OLS), and partial least squares (PLS). Our algorithms support all combinations of column-wise centering and scaling of and , and we demonstrate in our accompanying implementation that this adds only a manageable, practical constant over efficient variants without preprocessing. We prove the correctness of our algorithms under a fold-based partitioning scheme and show that the running time is independent of the number of folds; that is, they have the same time complexity as that of computing and
In this work, we compared the chromatographic properties of 27 homemade monomer- and polymer-modified stationary phases synthesized via the Ugi reaction for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC). These stationary phases along with the unmodified substrate were characterized by retention factors of 33 polar biologically active compounds belonging to various classes (nucleobases/nucleosides, sugars, carboxylic acids, and water-soluble vitamins). Additionally, the widely used Tanaka HILIC test was performed. The experimental data from both characterization approaches were processed using several chemometric techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and K-means algorithm. It was initially expected that polymer-modified phases would differ significantly from monomer-modified ones due to their mixed-mode properties. It was confirmed by the clear separation of these two types of stationary phases on the PCA score plot obtained for binary logarithms of selectivities (calculated from all 33 retention factors). Dissimilarities observed among some monomer-modified stationary phases resulted in insights into Ugi reaction conditions suitable for obtaining adsorbents with distinct chromatographic properties. Each class of test compounds required specific mobile phase composition to achieve reasonable chromatographic characteristics, such as retention times and peak shapes. To exclude the long-lasting re-equilibration stage associated with mobile phase changes, a smaller set of only three test compounds was proposed, yielding nearly the same clustering results as the complete dataset. This simplified procedure can facilitate the rapid characterization of newly synthesized stationary phases and allow for comparison with previously studied phases.
In multivariate curve resolution (MCR), Borgen plots represent the regions of feasible pure component profiles underlying spectral mixture data. A Borgen plot can be constructed geometrically in the low-dimensional - and -spaces if the so-called outer polygon (representing nonnegativity constraints) and the inner polygon (i.e., the convex hull of the data representing points) are given. This paper asks whether it is possible to construct spectral data from the data representing points spanning the polygons and thus reconstruct the data from the associated Borgen plot. A partially positive answer is given.
Conformal predictions transform a measurable, heuristic notion of uncertainty into statistically valid confidence intervals such that, for a future sample, the true class prediction will be included in the conformal prediction set at a predetermined confidence. In a Bayesian perspective, common estimates of uncertainty in multivariate classification, namely p-values, only provide the probability that the data fits the presumed class model, P(D|M). Conformal predictions, on the other hand, address the more meaningful probability that a model fits the data, P(M|D). Herein, two methods to perform inductive conformal predictions are investigated—the traditional Split Conformal Prediction that uses an external calibration set and a novel Bagged Conformal Prediction, closely related to Cross Conformal Predictions, that utilizes bagging to calibrate the heuristic notions of uncertainty. Methods for preprocessing the conformal prediction scores to improve performance are discussed and investigated. These conformal prediction strategies are applied to identifying four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from hyperspectral Raman imaging data. In addition to assigning meaningful confidence intervals on the model results, we herein demonstrate how conformal predictions can add additional diagnostics for model quality and method stability.
Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire (A. tsao-ko) is an important medicinal plant and flavoring spice. A. tsao-ko dried at different drying temperatures has different nutritional and medicinal values, leading to the phenomenon of substandard products in the market from time to time. In this study, attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) data were pre-processed with SD, normalization, EWMA, SNV to compare their effects on the recognition ability of SVM, RF, XGBoost, and CatBoost models. Meanwhile, full-band and local-band 2DCOS profiles were obtained to characterize the differences in chemical features of A. tsao-ko dried by different drying temperatures and classified in conjunction with the ResNet model. The results show that although traditional machine learning can obtain better classification results, the classification efficiency is very unsatisfactory, and the correct classification rate is improved to 97% after derivative (SD) preprocessing. The 2DCOS atlas is able to visualize the feature information in the samples, which is further combined with the ResNet model to obtain 100% classification correctness with excellent generalization ability and convergence effect. The above study was able to provide new ideas for quality evaluation of A. tsao-ko.
The paper discusses methods of using chemometrics methods for processing the output data of sensors with polycomposite coatings for analyzing the gas phase of raw milk and obtaining analytical information about its total microbiological contamination, the content of yeast and mold, and the presence of pathogenic microorganisms. To predict microbiological indicators of milk quality, the partial least squares regression and quadratic discriminant analysis were used. The initial data matrix included both an optimized set of sensor output data and calculated parameters at various data fusion levels. It is shown that multidimensional patterns of sensor output data differ depending on the task. A model for predicting the microbiological contamination of milk (QMAFAnM) with an error of 0.342 log CFU was obtained. It was shown that the sensitivity of classification of milk samples by the presence or absence of pathogenic microorganisms using discriminant analysis is 67%, and the specificity is 100% when using the calculated parameters of the sensor array. The proposed approaches can be applicable for processing data from various types of sensors when analyzing real objects with complex compositions.
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