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Spotting Portfolio Greenwashing in Environmental Funds 识别环保基金中的 "洗绿 "投资组合
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05783-z
Rabab Abouarab, Tapas Mishra, Simon Wolfe

This paper examines greenwashing practices in environmental funds. We utilize a unique data set of US equity mutual fund holdings between 2012 and 2021 to calculate the funds’ carbon footprints. Using a difference-in-differences analysis, we find that, following their commitments to sustainability, environmental funds fail to reduce their carbon footprints relative to a matched group of conventional funds. We also find, using an event study, a significant increase in the flows of environmental funds in response to these commitments. The combination of the failure to reduce carbon footprints and the surge in inflows provides evidence of greenwashing by environmental funds, raising concerns about their fiduciary duty. Our findings also show that greenwashers tend to initially have low flows and high portfolio carbon emissions suggesting that they announce their commitments to sustainability just to attract investors.

本文探讨了环保基金的 "洗绿 "行为。我们利用 2012 年至 2021 年期间美国股票共同基金持股的独特数据集来计算基金的碳足迹。通过差异分析,我们发现环保基金在做出可持续发展承诺后,与匹配的传统基金相比,未能减少碳足迹。通过事件研究,我们还发现,环保基金的资金流因这些承诺而显著增加。未能减少碳足迹与资金流入激增的结合,提供了环保基金 "洗绿 "的证据,引起了人们对其信托责任的担忧。我们的研究结果还表明,"洗绿 "基金最初的资金流量往往较低,而投资组合的碳排放量却很高,这表明它们宣布可持续发展承诺只是为了吸引投资者。
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引用次数: 0
Should They Go, or May They Stay: Companies in Aggressor States 是走,还是留?侵略国的公司
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05790-0
Rolf Brühl

In response to Russia’s war of aggression and the accompanying human rights violations in Ukraine, several scholars have called for all multinational companies to divest and leave the country; otherwise, they become accomplices to the aggressor. This article reconstructs the arguments in favor of this general call. The first contribution of this article is to extend complicity theory to the context of crimes of aggression and atrocities to promote this demand. Although this extension of complicity theory ensures internal coherence, the call for a general divestment of all companies is tantamount to comprehensive economic sanctions. In contrast, recent developments in sanction theory as part of just war theory suggest that targeted sanctions are the legitimate sanctions that states prefer. Therefore, the second contribution is to evaluate sanctions morally and analyze and discuss the moral implications of three categories of goods and services (sanctioned, essential, and nonessential). This discussion shows no moral justification for a general call for all companies to leave an aggressor state. Companies have moral obligations to comply with legitimate sanctions, moral duties concerning essential goods, and moral permissions concerning nonessential goods.

针对俄罗斯在乌克兰发动的侵略战争以及随之而来的侵犯人权行为,一些学者呼吁所有跨国公司撤资并离开乌克兰;否则,它们就会成为侵略者的帮凶。本文重新构建了支持这一普遍呼吁的论点。本文的第一个贡献是将共谋理论扩展到侵略罪和暴行的范畴,以推动这一要求。虽然共谋理论的这一扩展确保了内部的一致性,但呼吁所有公司普遍撤资无异于全面经济制裁。与此相反,作为正义战争理论一部分的制裁理论的最新发展表明,有针对性的制裁才是国家所青睐的合法制裁。因此,第二个贡献是对制裁进行道德评价,并分析和讨论三类商品和服务(受制裁的、必要的和非必要的)的道德影响。这一讨论表明,普遍呼吁所有公司离开侵略国在道义上是站不住脚的。公司在道德上有义务遵守合法制裁,在道德上有责任提供必需品,在道德上有权利提供非必需品。
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引用次数: 0
Refugee Entrepreneurship: Resolving Multi-contextuality and Differential Exclusion 难民创业:解决多重语境和差异排斥问题
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05769-x
Ugur Yetkin, Deniz Tunçalp

This study examines the multi-contextual dynamics of refugee entrepreneurship through the lens of embeddedness. It attempts to explain the interplay of inclusion and exclusion within a host society. For this purpose, the study qualitatively analyses the narratives of 39 Syrian refugee entrepreneurs and four critical informants in Türkiye. Our findings reveal a diverse set of refugee entrepreneurs, categorized into survival, ethnic-targeting, and integrating entrepreneurs, based on their motivations and level of embeddedness. Interestingly, as refugee entrepreneurs become more embedded in the host country, they experience increased exclusion due to various societal factors. To navigate these challenges, entrepreneurs continually negotiate their societal position using innovative strategies to combat exclusion. Our study incorporates social, political, institutional, and spatial contexts across host, home, and third countries. Thus, it extends the embeddedness literature by highlighting refugee entrepreneurs' multi-layered and multi-locational embeddedness. Our findings also emphasise the significant role of political embeddedness, which Research often overlooks. Differentially excluding refugee entrepreneurs from society and their counter-strategies are closely tied to their limited political embeddedness. Finally, we discuss the ethical and policy implications of promoting the inclusion of refugee entrepreneurs and contributing to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. We argue that clear integration policies, removal of institutional barriers, and international cooperation are necessary.

本研究从 "嵌入性 "的视角审视了难民创业的多重背景动态。它试图解释东道国社会中包容与排斥的相互作用。为此,本研究对图尔基耶的 39 名叙利亚难民企业家和四名关键信息提供者的叙述进行了定性分析。我们的研究结果表明,难民企业家多种多样,根据他们的动机和嵌入程度,可分为生存型企业家、种族目标型企业家和融入型企业家。有趣的是,随着难民创业者在东道国的嵌入程度越来越高,他们因各种社会因素而受到的排斥也越来越多。为了应对这些挑战,创业者们不断利用创新策略与社会地位进行谈判,以消除排斥。我们的研究结合了东道国、母国和第三国的社会、政治、制度和空间背景。因此,本研究通过强调难民企业家的多层次和多地点嵌入性,扩展了嵌入性文献。我们的研究结果还强调了政治嵌入性的重要作用,而这一点往往被研究忽视。社会对难民创业者的不同排斥及其反策略与他们有限的政治嵌入性密切相关。最后,我们讨论了促进难民企业家融入社会和推动联合国可持续发展目标的伦理和政策影响。我们认为,明确的融合政策、消除制度障碍和国际合作是必要的。
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引用次数: 0
Against the Sale of Homeopathy (and Other Ineffective Medicines) 反对销售顺势疗法(及其他无效药物)
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05792-y
Jeffrey Moriarty

Consumers spend billions of dollars per year on homeopathic products. But there is powerful evidence that these products don’t work, i.e., they are not medically effective. Should homeopathic products be for sale? I give reason for thinking that the answer is ‘no.’ It has been suggested that the sale of homeopathic products involves deception. This might be so in some cases, but the problem is simpler: it is that these products don’t do what people buy them to do. More precisely, homeopathic products don’t meet the “desire-satisfaction condition,” according to which products for sale in markets should satisfy the desires that people buy them to satisfy. I defend my view against objections, and conclude by acknowledging some of the practical difficulties of banning products people want to buy.

消费者每年在顺势疗法产品上花费数十亿美元。但有强有力的证据表明,这些产品不起作用,即没有医疗效果。顺势疗法产品应该出售吗?我有理由认为答案是'不'。有人认为,顺势疗法产品的销售涉及欺骗。在某些情况下可能是这样,但问题更简单:这些产品并没有达到人们购买它们的目的。更确切地说,顺势疗法产品不符合 "欲望-满足条件",根据这一条件,市场上销售的产品应该满足人们购买它们来满足的欲望。我针对反对意见为自己的观点辩护,最后承认禁止人们想要购买的产品存在一些实际困难。
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引用次数: 0
Iron Cage for Indigenous Entrepreneurs? Understanding the Movement and Impact of External Ideas on Indigenous Entrepreneurship in Ecuador 土著企业家的铁笼?了解外来思想在厄瓜多尔土著创业中的动向和影响
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05781-1
Bryan Solorzano Bajaña

This study examines the dynamics of how ideas about entrepreneurship are transmitted from Public Organizations (POs) and Non-Public Organizations (NPOs) to Indigenous entrepreneurs, using a case study in Ecuador based on 29 interviews and field observations. Employing the concept of Institutional Translation, a three-stage translation process model was developed, encompassing the conveyance of ideas about entrepreneurship from POs and NPOs, the response by Indigenous entrepreneurs, and the evaluation of translation outcomes. This process occurs within a high institutional distance context, reflecting significant cultural and social disparities between these actors, complicating the translation process. The findings indicate that POs and NPOs do not differentiate Indigenous entrepreneurs from others and fail to consider essential cultural components, such as traditional knowledge, when conveying ideas about entrepreneurship. Conversely, Indigenous entrepreneurs exhibit diverse levels of adoption and rejection of these ideas, highlighting their agency and resilience in protecting and continuing to use their traditional knowledge in their entrepreneurial activities despite external pressures. This research makes three contributions: it advances the field of Indigenous entrepreneurship by theorizing the complex process of transferring ideas about entrepreneurship from external actors to Indigenous entrepreneurs; it enhances business ethics discourse on the critical role of cultural differences by examining the ethical challenges arising from the interaction; and it addresses overlooked aspects within Institutional Translation by exploring a high institutional distance context where cultural disparities complicate the translation process.

本研究以厄瓜多尔的一个案例研究为基础,通过 29 次访谈和实地观察,探讨了创业理念如何从公共组织 (PO) 和非公共组织 (NPO) 传递给土著创业者的动态过程。运用 "机构翻译 "的概念,建立了一个三阶段翻译过程模型,包括公共组织和非营利组织对创业理念的传达、土著企业家的回应以及对翻译成果的评估。这一过程发生在机构距离较远的情况下,反映出这些参与者之间存在巨大的文化和社会差异,从而使翻译过程复杂化。研究结果表明,参与组织和非参与组织没有将土著创业者与其他人区分开来,在传达创业理念时也没有考虑到传统知识等基本文化因素。相反,土著创业者对这些观点的采纳和拒绝程度各不相同,这凸显了他们不顾外部压力,在创业活动中保护和继续使用传统知识的能动性和韧性。本研究有三方面的贡献:通过理论化外部参与者向土著创业者传递创业理念的复杂过程,推动了土著创业领域的发展;通过研究互动过程中产生的伦理挑战,加强了关于文化差异的关键作用的商业伦理讨论;通过探索文化差异使翻译过程复杂化的高制度距离背景,解决了制度翻译中被忽视的方面。
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引用次数: 0
Social Impact Assessment of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives: Evaluating the Social Return on Investment of an Inclusion Offer 企业社会责任倡议的社会影响评估:评估包容计划的社会投资回报率
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05786-w
Nicolas Scelles, Yuhei Inoue, Seth Joseph Perkin, Maurizio Valenti

This study addresses the growing interest in the social impact assessment of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Using the benefit (value) transfer approach, this study seeks to demonstrate how the social return on investment (SROI) of a CSR inclusion initiative promoting disability sport participation can be assessed. Literature on CSR inclusion initiatives, social impact measurement, disability sport participation and disability interventions/organizations was reviewed and compared. This helped identify the stakeholders and social outcomes to include, and the assumptions for the financial proxies and beneficiary percentages. Based on data provided by the Rugby Football League in England, an application to Inclusion Rugby League— a CSR inclusion initiative promoting disability sport participation—was then conducted. The SROI of Inclusion Rugby League is 3.39:1—a social return of £3.39 for £1 invested. Our research quantifies the positive social impact of a CSR inclusion initiative in monetary terms, providing insights for assessing SROI. This study informs future research on the social impact assessment of CSR initiatives, offering valuable guidance for organizations and their managers in making a case for further investments in CSR. Moreover, it encourages potential funders to engage in CSR initiatives.

企业社会责任(CSR)倡议的社会影响评估日益受到关注,本研究正是针对这一问题开展的。本研究采用利益(价值)转移方法,试图说明如何评估促进残疾人参与体育运动的企业社会责任融入倡议的社会投资回报率(SROI)。对有关企业社会责任融入倡议、社会影响衡量、残疾人体育参与和残疾人干预/组织的文献进行了回顾和比较。这有助于确定要纳入的利益相关者和社会成果,以及财务代理和受益人百分比的假设。根据英格兰橄榄球联盟提供的数据,对包容橄榄球联盟--一个促进残疾人体育参与的企业社会责任包容倡议--进行了应用。包容橄榄球联盟的 SROI 为 3.39:1,即投资 1 英镑可获得 3.39 英镑的社会回报。我们的研究以货币形式量化了企业社会责任包容倡议的积极社会影响,为评估 SROI 提供了启示。这项研究为企业社会责任倡议社会影响评估的未来研究提供了信息,为组织及其管理者进一步投资企业社会责任提供了宝贵的指导。此外,它还鼓励潜在资助者参与企业社会责任倡议。
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引用次数: 0
The Expansion of Alternative Forms of Organizing Integration: Imitation, Bricolage, and an Ethic of Care in Migrant Women’s Cooperatives 另类组织融合形式的扩展:移民妇女合作社中的模仿、混杂和关爱伦理
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05773-1
María José Zapata Campos

This paper examines how alternative forms of organising integration in resource-scarce environments expand across settings, by considering the role of local embeddedness and an ethic of care in enabling this expansion. It builds on theories of imitation in organization studies in combination with theories of ethics of care and bricolage applied to welfare and migration studies. The paper is informed by the case of Yalla Trappan, a work cooperative of immigrant women in the city of Malmö, Sweden, and the attempts to diffuse this organization and its methods to other cities in the country. The findings indicate that the expansion of alternative forms of integration into resource-scarce contexts is enabled by simultaneous practices of imitation and bricolage, ingrained in an ethic of care. The article shows, first, how many important practices were developed by imitating accounts of the original ideas, through a broadcasting mode of imitation. Next, it explains why the local translation of these practices in resource-scarce contexts, consisting of ‘bricolage work’ based on material, market, institutional, human, and cultural elements, was necessary. The conclusion is that the expansion of novel forms of integration requires imitation, but of a kind that involves the bricolage of local translations. Such bricolage is always collective (which does not diminish the importance of individual agency), multi-spatial and not just local, and wrapped in an ethic of care, rather than in an economic logic. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings with the ethics of migration.

本文探讨了在资源稀缺的环境中,组织整合的替代形式如何在不同环境中扩展,并考虑了本地嵌入性和关爱伦理在促成这种扩展中的作用。本文以组织研究中的模仿理论为基础,结合应用于福利和移民研究中的关爱伦理和混搭理论。本文以瑞典马尔默市的移民妇女工作合作社 Yalla Trappan 为案例,并试图将该组织及其方法推广到该国其他城市。研究结果表明,在资源匮乏的情况下,通过同时采取根植于关爱伦理中的模仿和借鉴做法,可以将替代性的融合形式扩展到其他地方。文章首先展示了许多重要的实践是如何通过广播模仿模式,通过模仿原始思想的描述而发展起来的。其次,文章解释了为什么在资源匮乏的环境中,这些实践的本地化是必要的,其中包括基于物质、市场、制度、人力和文化要素的 "模仿工作"。结论是,新形式一体化的扩展需要模仿,但模仿的类型涉及当地翻译的 "摹仿"。这种 "混合 "总是集体性的(这并不降低个人能动性的重要性),是多空间的,而不仅仅是地方性的,是以关怀伦理而不是经济逻辑为内核的。文章最后讨论了这些发现对移民伦理的影响。
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引用次数: 0
‘I Can Only Do My Best and Leave the Rest to God”: Religious/Spiritual Coping Strategies of African Nurses in the UK 我只能尽我所能,其余的交给上帝":英国非洲护士的宗教/精神应对策略
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05775-z
Florence Karaba

Research on racism in the workplace has long focused on organizational remedies for this moral problem. Given the acknowledged inadequacies of organizational solutions such as anti-racism training, attention is now turning to how immigrants manage their individual experiences of racism in a western context. Employing an agentic lens, this article describes a qualitative study of 43 African nurses in the UK in which their capacity for withstanding workplace racism is examined. It investigates how participants draw upon a range of religious coping strategies to make sense of and respond to racism. The data indicate that African nurses rely on specific coping strategies at different points in time and across various contexts, adapting their coping approaches to accommodate their personal growth and individual experiences. This underscores the versatility, context-dependency, and temporal aspects of religious coping among immigrants. The study’s findings are particularly interesting given the limited role that religion plays in western organizations.

长期以来,有关工作场所种族主义的研究主要集中在针对这一道德问题的组织补救措施上。鉴于反种族主义培训等组织解决方案的不足已得到公认,人们现在开始关注移民如何管理他们在西方环境中的种族主义个人经历。本文采用代理视角,描述了对英国 43 名非洲裔护士的定性研究,其中考察了他们抵御工作场所种族主义的能力。文章调查了参与者如何利用一系列宗教应对策略来理解和应对种族主义。数据表明,非裔护士在不同的时间点和不同的环境中依赖于特定的应对策略,根据个人成长和个人经历调整应对方法。这凸显了移民宗教应对方式的多变性、环境依赖性和时间性。鉴于宗教在西方组织中所起的作用有限,本研究的发现尤其令人感兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
‘Migration Under the Glow of Privilege’—Unpacking Privilege and Its Effect on the Migration Experience 特权光芒下的移民"--解读特权及其对移民经历的影响
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05774-0
Kamini Gupta, Hari Bapuji

Economic migration is a significant and growing development around the world but has produced unequal outcomes and experiences for marginalized groups. To theoretically explain such inequalities, we argue that integration experiences of immigrants in the host country differ based on the privilege that their demographic category bestows on them (or not). We elucidate our arguments by unpacking the concept of ‘privilege’ to theorize two key sources of privilege—locational and historical—and explain them using the global economic divide (Global North vs. Global South) and local social divides (race and caste). We propose that locational and historical privilege manifest as various types of capital that immigrants carry into their host countries. We juxtapose these two sources of privilege and its levels (low vs. high) to develop a typology of immigrants—Marginalized, Peripheral, Assimilated, and Wanted—that captures differences in migrants’ integration experiences. By shining a light on the systematic differences between immigrants based on privilege, our research brings additional nuance to the scholarship on immigrant workers and inclusive organizations; and broadens avenues to make human resource practices more ethical by taking these differences into account.

经济移民是全球范围内一项重要且日益增长的发展,但却给边缘化群体带来了不平等的结果和经历。为了从理论上解释这种不平等现象,我们认为,移民在东道国的融入经历因其人口类别赋予他们的特权(或没有赋予他们的特权)而有所不同。我们通过解读 "特权 "概念来阐明我们的论点,从理论上提出特权的两个关键来源--地域特权和历史特权,并利用全球经济鸿沟(全球北方与全球南方)和地方社会鸿沟(种族和种姓)来解释它们。我们提出,地域和历史特权表现为移民带入东道国的各类资本。我们将这两种特权来源及其水平(低与高)并列起来,形成了一种移民类型学--边缘化移民、边缘移民、同化移民和被通缉移民--它捕捉到了移民融入社会经历中的差异。通过揭示移民之间基于特权的系统性差异,我们的研究为有关移民工人和包容性组织的学术研究带来了更多的细微差别;并通过将这些差异考虑在内,拓宽了使人力资源实践更具道德性的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Greenwashing or Striving to Persist: An Alternative Explanation of a Loose Coupling Between Corporate Environmental Commitments and Outcomes 是 "洗绿 "还是 "坚持不懈"?企业环境承诺与结果之间松散耦合的另一种解释
IF 6.1 1区 哲学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10551-024-05778-w
Robert Kudłak

In response to increasing concerns about environmental degradation, companies started to introduce actions that portrayed their attentiveness to these issues. This commitment, however, hardly translates into actual improvements in corporate environmental performance and outcomes, which leads to accusations of greenwashing. In this conceptual paper, I use the idea of loose coupling to offer an alternative explanation of the disconnection between corporate environmental commitments and outcomes. Whilst companies are often perceived as rational and well-integrated bureaucracies, they, in fact, consist of subassemblies that are simultaneously coupled and responsive yet hold a certain degree of separateness and independence. Such loose coupling isolates an organisation from the external environment and gives the external stimuli only limited access to the system, allowing an organisation to persist. Such an understanding of organisations indicates that greenwashing might result from loose coupling caused by causal indeterminacy as well as a fragmented external and internal environment.

为了应对日益严重的环境退化问题,公司开始采取各种行动,以表明其对这些问题的关注。然而,这种承诺很难转化为企业环境绩效和结果的实际改善,这导致了对绿色清洗的指责。在这篇概念性论文中,我利用松散耦合的概念,为企业环境承诺与结果之间的脱节提供了另一种解释。公司通常被认为是理性和整合良好的官僚机构,但事实上,它们是由同时具有耦合性和响应性但又保持一定程度的分离性和独立性的子组件组成的。这种松散的耦合将组织与外部环境隔离开来,使外部刺激只能有限地进入系统,从而使组织得以持续存在。对组织的这种理解表明,因果关系的不确定性以及外部和内部环境的割裂可能会导致松散耦合。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Business Ethics
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