The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sorbitol on the quality ofbacterial cellulose-based biodegradable plastic from pineapple skin waste. Various concentrations of sorbitol as the plasticizer were added into a fermentation medium in the synthesis of bacterial cellulose-sorbitolcomposite (BCSC). The BCSCobtainedwas purified by soaking it into a cycled water-NaOH-water. The purified BCSC wasthen compressed using a hot press with the pressure of 300 psi to obtain BCS plastic. The BCS plasticwas characterized in the aspect of physical properties (water content,the degree of swelling), mechanical properties (tensile strength,elongation, elasticity), molecular structure (functional groups, thedegree of crystallinity), and biodegradability. The results showed that the percentage ofwater content anddegree of swelling of theBCS plastic increased with the addition of sorbitol concentrations. The maximum tensile strength was obtained with the addition of 10.5% sorbitol (%v/v). The degrability of the BCS plastic was up to 59% until the 9th day. TheFTIR results showed that functional groups appeared in the BCS plastic were similar to those of the BC. The degree of crystallinity of the BCSplastic decreased with the increasing concentration of sorbitol.
{"title":"Bacterial Cellulose-BasedBiodegradable Plasticfrom Pineapple (Ananassativus) Skin Waste: The Effectof Sorbitol On The QualityOf The Biodegradableplastic","authors":"A. Putra","doi":"10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.835","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of sorbitol on the quality ofbacterial cellulose-based biodegradable plastic from pineapple skin waste. Various concentrations of sorbitol as the plasticizer were added into a fermentation medium in the synthesis of bacterial cellulose-sorbitolcomposite (BCSC). The BCSCobtainedwas purified by soaking it into a cycled water-NaOH-water. The purified BCSC wasthen compressed using a hot press with the pressure of 300 psi to obtain BCS plastic. The BCS plasticwas characterized in the aspect of physical properties (water content,the degree of swelling), mechanical properties (tensile strength,elongation, elasticity), molecular structure (functional groups, thedegree of crystallinity), and biodegradability. The results showed that the percentage ofwater content anddegree of swelling of theBCS plastic increased with the addition of sorbitol concentrations. The maximum tensile strength was obtained with the addition of 10.5% sorbitol (%v/v). The degrability of the BCS plastic was up to 59% until the 9th day. TheFTIR results showed that functional groups appeared in the BCS plastic were similar to those of the BC. The degree of crystallinity of the BCSplastic decreased with the increasing concentration of sorbitol.","PeriodicalId":15309,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Natural Resources","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85277803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eugenol derivative compound 4-allyl-6-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxy phenol was synthesized through Mannich reaction, methylation, dan nucleophilic substitution. Mannich reaction was carried out by reacting eugenol, formaldehyde 37%, and dimethylamine 40 % in reflux condition with n-heptane solvent at temperature 98o-100oC for 10 hours produced 4-allyl-6-(dimethylamino)methyl-2-methoxy phenol with yield of 83 %. The formation of dimethylaminomethyl group supported by C-N stretching vibration at 1246,16 cm-1 and ion molecule peak at 221 in GC-MS analysis. Methylation of 4-allyl-6-(dimethylamino)methyl-2-methoxy phenol was carried out with methyl iodide in ethanol solvent produced 6-((N-iodo-N-methyl-N-methyl-N-methylamino) methyl)-4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol in solid form, which then purified by recrystallization with 78,15 % yield. 4-allyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy phenol was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 6-((N-iodo-N-methyl-N-methyl-N-methylamino)methyl)-4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol with sodium hydroxide in reflux condition then purified by coloum chromatography gave liquid compound with yield of 65,05%. The formation of hydroxymethyl group supported by OH vibration at 3433,9 cm-1 and ion molecule peak at 194 in GC-MS analysis show the relative molecular mass of synthesized product.
通过曼尼希反应、甲基化、亲核取代合成了丁香酚衍生物4-烯丙基-6-羟甲基-2-甲氧基苯酚。以丁香酚、甲醛37%、二甲胺40%为原料，在正庚烷溶剂回流条件下，在98 ~ 100℃下反应10小时，得到4-烯丙基-6-(二甲胺)甲基-2-甲氧基苯酚，收率为83%。在气相色谱-质谱分析中，C-N在1246、16 cm-1处的拉伸振动和离子分子峰221处支撑二甲氨基甲基的形成。用碘化甲酯在乙醇溶剂中甲基化4-烯丙基-6-(二甲氨基)甲基-2-甲氧基苯酚，得到6-(n -碘- n -甲基- n -甲基- n -甲氨基)甲基)-4-烯丙基-2-甲氧基固体苯酚，再通过重结晶纯化，收率为78.15%。以6-((n -碘- n -甲基- n -甲基- n -甲氨基)甲基)-4-烯丙基-2-甲氧基苯酚为原料，在回流条件下经亲核取代反应合成4-烯丙基-6-(羟甲基)-2-甲氧基苯酚，并经柱层析纯化，得到得率为65,05%的液相化合物。在气相色谱-质谱分析中，OH振动在3433,9 cm-1处支撑形成的羟基甲基和离子分子峰在194处显示了合成产物的相对分子质量。
{"title":"Synthesis Of 4-Alil-6- (Hydroxymethyl) -2-Methody Phenol Compounds from Eugenol Through Mannich Reaction Followed Methylation with Methyl Iodide and Subtitution Using NaOH","authors":"Sabarmin Perangin-angin","doi":"10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.838","url":null,"abstract":"Eugenol derivative compound 4-allyl-6-hydroxymethyl-2-methoxy phenol was synthesized through Mannich reaction, methylation, dan nucleophilic substitution. Mannich reaction was carried out by reacting eugenol, formaldehyde 37%, and dimethylamine 40 % in reflux condition with n-heptane solvent at temperature 98o-100oC for 10 hours produced 4-allyl-6-(dimethylamino)methyl-2-methoxy phenol with yield of 83 %. The formation of dimethylaminomethyl group supported by C-N stretching vibration at 1246,16 cm-1 and ion molecule peak at 221 in GC-MS analysis. Methylation of 4-allyl-6-(dimethylamino)methyl-2-methoxy phenol was carried out with methyl iodide in ethanol solvent produced 6-((N-iodo-N-methyl-N-methyl-N-methylamino) methyl)-4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol in solid form, which then purified by recrystallization with 78,15 % yield. 4-allyl-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methoxy phenol was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 6-((N-iodo-N-methyl-N-methyl-N-methylamino)methyl)-4-allyl-2-methoxy phenol with sodium hydroxide in reflux condition then purified by coloum chromatography gave liquid compound with yield of 65,05%. The formation of hydroxymethyl group supported by OH vibration at 3433,9 cm-1 and ion molecule peak at 194 in GC-MS analysis show the relative molecular mass of synthesized product.","PeriodicalId":15309,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Natural Resources","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79645977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The leaves of Erythrina has been used in Indonesia as a remedy for rheumatism, stomach-ache, asthma, dysentery, contact dermatitis, eczema and skin infections. However, there have been limited phytochemical or biological studies on the leaves of E. subumbrans and there are not studies that align with its traditional medicinal uses. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of E. subumbrans to support its topical use in the treatment of skin infections. Disc diffusion agar assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of the leaves of E. subumbrans.The ethanol extracts showed the most significant activity with MIC values of 0,5 µg/mL. against a sensitive strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Extract concentration of 0,5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml showed inhibition zone continuously as high as 1,83 mm; 3,42 mm; 5,17 mm, and 8,00 mm. The ethanol extracts of the leaves of E. subumbrans also showed significant activity against Candida albicans with MIC values of 0,5 µg/mL. Extract concentration of 0,5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml showed inhibition zone continuously as high as 4,00 mm; 4,17 mm; 5,25 mm, and 6,50 mm. Bioactive substance test showed that alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and triterpenoid were found in E. subumbrans extract indicates potential activity as antimicrobial agent. These results provide support for the customary (traditional and contemporary) use of E.subumbrans leaves for the treatment of nosocomial infections.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Dadap Serep (Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr.) Leaves Extract","authors":"Diah Tri Utami","doi":"10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.834","url":null,"abstract":"The leaves of Erythrina has been used in Indonesia as a remedy for rheumatism, stomach-ache, asthma, dysentery, contact dermatitis, eczema and skin infections. However, there have been limited phytochemical or biological studies on the leaves of E. subumbrans and there are not studies that align with its traditional medicinal uses. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of E. subumbrans to support its topical use in the treatment of skin infections. Disc diffusion agar assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of the leaves of E. subumbrans.The ethanol extracts showed the most significant activity with MIC values of 0,5 µg/mL. against a sensitive strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Extract concentration of 0,5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml showed inhibition zone continuously as high as 1,83 mm; 3,42 mm; 5,17 mm, and 8,00 mm. The ethanol extracts of the leaves of E. subumbrans also showed significant activity against Candida albicans with MIC values of 0,5 µg/mL. Extract concentration of 0,5 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml showed inhibition zone continuously as high as 4,00 mm; 4,17 mm; 5,25 mm, and 6,50 mm. Bioactive substance test showed that alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and triterpenoid were found in E. subumbrans extract indicates potential activity as antimicrobial agent. These results provide support for the customary (traditional and contemporary) use of E.subumbrans leaves for the treatment of nosocomial infections.","PeriodicalId":15309,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Natural Resources","volume":"37 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91401870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dadap serep (Erythrina Subumbrans Haks Merr) contains bioactive compounds of flavonoids, saponins, isoflavones, alkaloids, and lectins. Flavonoid compounds have a sunscreen effect. This studyaimed to determinethe value of Sun Protective Factor (SPF) using spectrophotometry method with variations in the extract concentrations, such as500 ppm,750 ppm, and 1000 ppm.The results showed that the SPF values of each concentration were11.47 ±0.583335, 17.05 ± 0.898838,21.93 ± 0.791557, respectively. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of dadap serep hastheability to become sunscreen in the maximal and ultra category.
{"title":"In Vitro Determination of SunProtective Factor (SPF) of Dadap Serep (Erythrina Subumbrans (Haks.) Merr.) Leaf Extract Using Spectrophotometric Method","authors":"Indri Maharini","doi":"10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.836","url":null,"abstract":"Dadap serep (Erythrina Subumbrans Haks Merr) contains bioactive compounds of flavonoids, saponins, isoflavones, alkaloids, and lectins. Flavonoid compounds have a sunscreen effect. This studyaimed to determinethe value of Sun Protective Factor (SPF) using spectrophotometry method with variations in the extract concentrations, such as500 ppm,750 ppm, and 1000 ppm.The results showed that the SPF values of each concentration were11.47 ±0.583335, 17.05 ± 0.898838,21.93 ± 0.791557, respectively. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of dadap serep hastheability to become sunscreen in the maximal and ultra category.","PeriodicalId":15309,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Natural Resources","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83696526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The isolation of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) rind essential oil has been done by using hydrodistillation method and paper disk diffusion test for antibacterial activity test. 2.3 gram (1.51%) of essential oil was obtained from 450 gram of dried rough lemon rind powder. Based on the analysis using GC-MS, the essential oil from rough lemon rind contains 5 chemical compounds, but only 4 of them can be interpreted. They are Limonene (71.88%), 1,4-cyclohexadiene (13.93%), β-Pinene (10.57%) and β-Ocimene (2.37%). Antibacterial activity was tested to Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli at 40% concentration (v/v) with 12.7 mm and 12.9 mm of clear zones respectively.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activities of Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) Rind Essential Oil","authors":"H. Sembiring","doi":"10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32734/jcnar.v1i1.830","url":null,"abstract":"The isolation of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush) rind essential oil has been done by using hydrodistillation method and paper disk diffusion test for antibacterial activity test. 2.3 gram (1.51%) of essential oil was obtained from 450 gram of dried rough lemon rind powder. Based on the analysis using GC-MS, the essential oil from rough lemon rind contains 5 chemical compounds, but only 4 of them can be interpreted. They are Limonene (71.88%), 1,4-cyclohexadiene (13.93%), β-Pinene (10.57%) and β-Ocimene (2.37%). Antibacterial activity was tested to Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli at 40% concentration (v/v) with 12.7 mm and 12.9 mm of clear zones respectively.","PeriodicalId":15309,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Natural Resources","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73881273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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