Pub Date : 2017-04-08DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.79
F. Heidari, M. H. Sarailoo, Vahid Ghasemi, A. Nadimi
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is one of the most destructive pests attacking stored grain products all over the world. Serious problems assossiated with using synthetic chemical insecticides have strongly demonstrated the need for applying alternative safe compounds such as plant essential oils. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate fumigant toxicity of essential oils from the fresh fruit peel of two Citrus species namely, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and Citrus paradisi (Macfarlane) against 1 to 7-days-old adults of T. castaneum under laboratory conditions. Moreover, oviposition deterrence activity of sublethal concentrations of the oils were assessed on the female beetles. All experiments were carried out at 27 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% r. h. in darkness. Findings indicated the high fumigant toxicity of both essential oils. According to probit analysis, there was no significant differences between C. sinensis (LC50 = 7.27 μl.l air) and C. paradisi (LC50 = 7.70 μl.l air) essential oils. Also, oviposition deterrence activity of the essential oils was significantly increased as concentrations of the oils were increased from 500 to 2500 ppm. In general, the results of our study demonstrated the high efficacy of C. sinensis and C. paradisi oils against T. castaneum.
{"title":"Toxic and oviposition deterrence activities of essential oils from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and Citrus paradisi (Macfarlane) fruit peel against adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)","authors":"F. Heidari, M. H. Sarailoo, Vahid Ghasemi, A. Nadimi","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.79","url":null,"abstract":"The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is one of the most destructive pests attacking stored grain products all over the world. Serious problems assossiated with using synthetic chemical insecticides have strongly demonstrated the need for applying alternative safe compounds such as plant essential oils. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate fumigant toxicity of essential oils from the fresh fruit peel of two Citrus species namely, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and Citrus paradisi (Macfarlane) against 1 to 7-days-old adults of T. castaneum under laboratory conditions. Moreover, oviposition deterrence activity of sublethal concentrations of the oils were assessed on the female beetles. All experiments were carried out at 27 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% r. h. in darkness. Findings indicated the high fumigant toxicity of both essential oils. According to probit analysis, there was no significant differences between C. sinensis (LC50 = 7.27 μl.l air) and C. paradisi (LC50 = 7.70 μl.l air) essential oils. Also, oviposition deterrence activity of the essential oils was significantly increased as concentrations of the oils were increased from 500 to 2500 ppm. In general, the results of our study demonstrated the high efficacy of C. sinensis and C. paradisi oils against T. castaneum.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44325538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-07DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.67
E. Rabiei-Motlagh, H. Rouhani, F. Shokouhifar, M. Rastegar, Parissa Taher
قارچ Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) عامل پژمردگی آوندی و یکی از مهم ترین عوامل بیماری زای گیاهی در ایران است. تاکنون چهار ژن مقاومت تک ژنی در گوجه فرنگی شناسایی شده اند که در تعیین نژاد این بیمارگر به کار گرفته می شوند. در مقابل ژن های غیربیماری-زایی Avr1، Avr2و Avr3 در نژادهای FOL شناسایی شده اند که در این بین Avr2 فقط در فرم اختصاصی FOL حضور دارد. از این رو سه ژن فوق می توانند نشانگرهای مناسبی جهت تشخیص فرم تخصصی و هویت نژادی در این عامل بیماری زا باشند. این فرضیه در جدایه هایی از کشورهای مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفته، ولیکن تاکنون در جدایه های ایرانی بررسی نشده است. هم چنین مطالعات قبلی نشان داده اند که یک جهش نقطه ای در Avr3 می تواند سبب افزایش توان بیماری زایی FOL در ارقام حساس گوجه فرنگی گردد. در این تحقیق به منظور شناسایی فرم تخصصی و هویت نژادی، ژن های Avr در مجموعه ای از جدایه های ایرانی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که این روش سنجش ملکولی در تفکیک جدایه های غیربیماری زا از جدایه های بیماری زا با توان بیماری زایی پایین بسیار موثر است. هم چنین براساس نتایج حاصل اکثر جدایه های مورد بررسی دارای ژنوتیپ غیربیماری زایی مشابه با نژاد یک بودند. علاوه براین به منظور بررسی این نکته که آیا تنوع آللی در Avr3 می تواند جدایه هایی با توان بیماری زایی مختلف را از یک دیگر تفکیک نماید، ژن فوق در جدایه هایی با توان بیماری زایی بالا و پایین تعیین توالی گردید. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که در جدایه-های ایرانی ارتباطی میان توان بیماری زایی آن ها و تنوع آللی در Avr3 وجود ندارد.
{"title":"Molecular identification of formae specialis and racial identity in Iranian strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici: detection of avirulence genes","authors":"E. Rabiei-Motlagh, H. Rouhani, F. Shokouhifar, M. Rastegar, Parissa Taher","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.67","url":null,"abstract":"قارچ Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) عامل پژمردگی آوندی و یکی از مهم ترین عوامل بیماری زای گیاهی در ایران است. تاکنون چهار ژن مقاومت تک ژنی در گوجه فرنگی شناسایی شده اند که در تعیین نژاد این بیمارگر به کار گرفته می شوند. در مقابل ژن های غیربیماری-زایی Avr1، Avr2و Avr3 در نژادهای FOL شناسایی شده اند که در این بین Avr2 فقط در فرم اختصاصی FOL حضور دارد. از این رو سه ژن فوق می توانند نشانگرهای مناسبی جهت تشخیص فرم تخصصی و هویت نژادی در این عامل بیماری زا باشند. این فرضیه در جدایه هایی از کشورهای مختلف مورد بررسی قرار گرفته، ولیکن تاکنون در جدایه های ایرانی بررسی نشده است. هم چنین مطالعات قبلی نشان داده اند که یک جهش نقطه ای در Avr3 می تواند سبب افزایش توان بیماری زایی FOL در ارقام حساس گوجه فرنگی گردد. در این تحقیق به منظور شناسایی فرم تخصصی و هویت نژادی، ژن های Avr در مجموعه ای از جدایه های ایرانی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که این روش سنجش ملکولی در تفکیک جدایه های غیربیماری زا از جدایه های بیماری زا با توان بیماری زایی پایین بسیار موثر است. هم چنین براساس نتایج حاصل اکثر جدایه های مورد بررسی دارای ژنوتیپ غیربیماری زایی مشابه با نژاد یک بودند. علاوه براین به منظور بررسی این نکته که آیا تنوع آللی در Avr3 می تواند جدایه هایی با توان بیماری زایی مختلف را از یک دیگر تفکیک نماید، ژن فوق در جدایه هایی با توان بیماری زایی بالا و پایین تعیین توالی گردید. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که در جدایه-های ایرانی ارتباطی میان توان بیماری زایی آن ها و تنوع آللی در Avr3 وجود ندارد.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"67-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47820988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-06DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.53
M. Rezaie, A. Saboori, V. Baniameri
Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is a predatory mite that can control spider mites. The effect of seven strawberry cultivars (including: ‘Marak’, ‘Yalova’, ‘Aliso’, ‘Gaviota’, ‘Sequoia’, ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’) on the growth and development of N. californicus was studied in the laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16L: 8D photoperiod). There was significant difference in the number of trichomes on the leaves of strawberry cultivars. Life table parameters were analyzed based on age stage, two sex life table. Egg incubation and protonymphal duration were significantly different when the predator was reared on different cultivars. There was no significant difference of total longevity among different cultivars. The longest preoviposition period was observed on ‘Aliso’ (1.70 days). The fecundity rate on ‘Gaviota’ and ‘Sequioa’ (6.90 and 8.91 eggs, respectively) was lower than other cultivars tested. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.20 day) and fecundity rates (13.29 eggs) were on ‘Chandler’, which might be due to the higher nutritional quality of Tetranychus urticae Koch reared on it or its low density of trichomes. Among the seven strawberry cultivars ‘Sequoia’, ‘Gaviota’ and ‘Yalova’ were recognized unsuitable for development and reproduction of N. californicus.
{"title":"Life table parameters of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) on different strawberry cultivars in the laboratory conditions","authors":"M. Rezaie, A. Saboori, V. Baniameri","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.53","url":null,"abstract":"Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is a predatory mite that can control spider mites. The effect of seven strawberry cultivars (including: ‘Marak’, ‘Yalova’, ‘Aliso’, ‘Gaviota’, ‘Sequoia’, ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Chandler’) on the growth and development of N. californicus was studied in the laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16L: 8D photoperiod). There was significant difference in the number of trichomes on the leaves of strawberry cultivars. Life table parameters were analyzed based on age stage, two sex life table. Egg incubation and protonymphal duration were significantly different when the predator was reared on different cultivars. There was no significant difference of total longevity among different cultivars. The longest preoviposition period was observed on ‘Aliso’ (1.70 days). The fecundity rate on ‘Gaviota’ and ‘Sequioa’ (6.90 and 8.91 eggs, respectively) was lower than other cultivars tested. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (0.20 day) and fecundity rates (13.29 eggs) were on ‘Chandler’, which might be due to the higher nutritional quality of Tetranychus urticae Koch reared on it or its low density of trichomes. Among the seven strawberry cultivars ‘Sequoia’, ‘Gaviota’ and ‘Yalova’ were recognized unsuitable for development and reproduction of N. californicus.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"53-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44886920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-22DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.45
M. D. Akinbuluma, F. K. Ewete, E. O. Yeye
Three different solvents namely; hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol were used in partitioning the extracts obtained from Piper guineense seeds and solvent extracts were investigated for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. Extracts were further evaluated on adult maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais. Experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions at 27 ± 2 C ambient temperatures and 65 ± 5% relative humidity and was arranged in a completely randomised design in four replicates. Parameters assessed, including contact toxicity, repellent effects as well as effect of solvent extracts on the germination of maize seeds. Results obtained showed that the solvent extracts contained all the secondary metabolites tested except flavonoids and steroids. As well, all the solvent extracts were lethal and possessed high repellent action against S. zeamais, with ethanol fraction being the most potent. There was no significant difference in the germination of seeds treated with the solvent extracts as well as the ethanol control. The results obtained from this study reveal P. guineese as a potential candidate for bio insecticide and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
{"title":"Phytochemical investigations of Piper guineense seed extract and their effects on Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on stored maize","authors":"M. D. Akinbuluma, F. K. Ewete, E. O. Yeye","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.45","url":null,"abstract":"Three different solvents namely; hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol were used in partitioning the extracts obtained from Piper guineense seeds and solvent extracts were investigated for the presence or absence of secondary metabolites. Extracts were further evaluated on adult maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais. Experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions at 27 ± 2 C ambient temperatures and 65 ± 5% relative humidity and was arranged in a completely randomised design in four replicates. Parameters assessed, including contact toxicity, repellent effects as well as effect of solvent extracts on the germination of maize seeds. Results obtained showed that the solvent extracts contained all the secondary metabolites tested except flavonoids and steroids. As well, all the solvent extracts were lethal and possessed high repellent action against S. zeamais, with ethanol fraction being the most potent. There was no significant difference in the germination of seeds treated with the solvent extracts as well as the ethanol control. The results obtained from this study reveal P. guineese as a potential candidate for bio insecticide and could serve as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"45-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48201541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-26DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.35
K. Chehri, S. Hasani
Wild grasses are the most important primary feedstuffs which are susceptible to contamination with toxigenic fungi belonging to Aspergillus spp. In order to explore diversity of Aspergillus species associated with the inflorescences of gramineous weeds, infected inflorescences were collected from wild grasses in western parts of Iran. Fifty-six Aspergillus isolates were obtained from all diseased spikes and based on morphological features identified as 4 species i.e. Aspergillus niger (26) followed by Aspergillus flavus (24), Aspergillus fumigatus (4), and Aspergillus japonicus (2). The identification of A. flavus was confirmed using species specific primers of AFLA-F/AFLA-R by producing amplicons about 413 bp. In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) contamination of wild grasses was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Natural occurrence of AFs could be detected in 24 samples ranging from 0.63134.86 μg/kg. The highest AFT levels were detected in samples from Ravansar, Bisetoon, Mahidasht, and Sarpol Zehab (up to 50 μg/kg), which is more than the recommended limits by European Union standard and National Standard of Iran (20 μg/kg for animal feed).
{"title":"Identification of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins contamination in inflorescences of wild grasses in Iran","authors":"K. Chehri, S. Hasani","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.35","url":null,"abstract":"Wild grasses are the most important primary feedstuffs which are susceptible to contamination with toxigenic fungi belonging to Aspergillus spp. In order to explore diversity of Aspergillus species associated with the inflorescences of gramineous weeds, infected inflorescences were collected from wild grasses in western parts of Iran. Fifty-six Aspergillus isolates were obtained from all diseased spikes and based on morphological features identified as 4 species i.e. Aspergillus niger (26) followed by Aspergillus flavus (24), Aspergillus fumigatus (4), and Aspergillus japonicus (2). The identification of A. flavus was confirmed using species specific primers of AFLA-F/AFLA-R by producing amplicons about 413 bp. In this study, aflatoxins (AFs) contamination of wild grasses was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Natural occurrence of AFs could be detected in 24 samples ranging from 0.63134.86 μg/kg. The highest AFT levels were detected in samples from Ravansar, Bisetoon, Mahidasht, and Sarpol Zehab (up to 50 μg/kg), which is more than the recommended limits by European Union standard and National Standard of Iran (20 μg/kg for animal feed).","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"35-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42231313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-15DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.25
D. Koolivand, N. S. Bashir, A. Rostami
{"title":"Preparation of polyclonal antibody against recombinant coat protein of Cucumber mosaic virus isolate B13","authors":"D. Koolivand, N. S. Bashir, A. Rostami","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47951997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-14DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.15
Vinod Kumar, C. Mathela
Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aerial parts of Aster indamellus Grierson, Calamintha umbrosa Benth. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pres. were analyzed by GC, GC/MS. The major acetylenic constituent (cis-lachnophyllum ester) of E. annuus was isolated and characterized by H and C-NMR spectra. Their toxicity and repellent effect against Lipaphis erysimi was tested. Oils of E. annuus and C. umbrosa exhibited higher toxicity on direct spray and by fumigation. LC50 value of E. annuus oil was 0.43 mg/ml as direct spray. By fumigation, LC50 value for E. annuus was 1.29 ml/l air, while for C. umbrosa; it was 1.00 ml/l air. With acetylenic ester, about half of L. erysimi were killed at 10 mg/ml approximately within 13.25 h, while with E. annuus oil the LT50 value was approximately 8.89 h. In conclusion, the EO of E. annuus and its acetylenic constituent have potential as biopesticide for economically important crop pests.
{"title":"Toxicity and repellent effect of essential oils and a major component against Lipaphis erysimi","authors":"Vinod Kumar, C. Mathela","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"Essential oils (EOs) extracted from aerial parts of Aster indamellus Grierson, Calamintha umbrosa Benth. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pres. were analyzed by GC, GC/MS. The major acetylenic constituent (cis-lachnophyllum ester) of E. annuus was isolated and characterized by H and C-NMR spectra. Their toxicity and repellent effect against Lipaphis erysimi was tested. Oils of E. annuus and C. umbrosa exhibited higher toxicity on direct spray and by fumigation. LC50 value of E. annuus oil was 0.43 mg/ml as direct spray. By fumigation, LC50 value for E. annuus was 1.29 ml/l air, while for C. umbrosa; it was 1.00 ml/l air. With acetylenic ester, about half of L. erysimi were killed at 10 mg/ml approximately within 13.25 h, while with E. annuus oil the LT50 value was approximately 8.89 h. In conclusion, the EO of E. annuus and its acetylenic constituent have potential as biopesticide for economically important crop pests.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49276774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.1
H. Alaei, S. Molaei, S. Mahmoodi, R. Saberi-riseh
: A total of ten isolates of fungi with Rhizoctonia -like mycelia were obtained from infected roots and stems of Pistachio Pistacia vera grown in a commercial nursery in Rafsanjan, Iran, during the autumn of 2011. The infected seedlings showed symptoms of chlorosis that later turned to necrosis. All of the isolates were identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia on the basis of hyphal characteristics and nuclear number. They were tested for detection of the anastomosis group, optimum growth temperature, rDNA-ITS region traits and pathogenicity on pistachio seedlings in vitro and in vivo . The analysis of hyphal anastomosis reaction was carried out with the tester isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A, AG-Ba, AG-G and AG-F as well as multinucleate Rhizoctonia AG4 as already detected on pistachio seedlings. The optimum temperature for growth of binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. was 35 °C. In in vivo test, the symptoms of root rot were observed 30 days after inoculation and mortality happened two weeks thereafter. According to molecular characteristics and anastomosis test groups, all isolates showed greatest similarity to anastomosis group AG-F. This finding is the first report of anastomosis group F (AG-F) of binucleate Rhizoctonia , as causal agent of root and stem rot disease of pistachio in the world and Iran.
{"title":"New Anastomosis Group F (AG-F) of binucleate Rhizoctonia causing root and stem rot of Pistacia vera","authors":"H. Alaei, S. Molaei, S. Mahmoodi, R. Saberi-riseh","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":": A total of ten isolates of fungi with Rhizoctonia -like mycelia were obtained from infected roots and stems of Pistachio Pistacia vera grown in a commercial nursery in Rafsanjan, Iran, during the autumn of 2011. The infected seedlings showed symptoms of chlorosis that later turned to necrosis. All of the isolates were identified as binucleate Rhizoctonia on the basis of hyphal characteristics and nuclear number. They were tested for detection of the anastomosis group, optimum growth temperature, rDNA-ITS region traits and pathogenicity on pistachio seedlings in vitro and in vivo . The analysis of hyphal anastomosis reaction was carried out with the tester isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A, AG-Ba, AG-G and AG-F as well as multinucleate Rhizoctonia AG4 as already detected on pistachio seedlings. The optimum temperature for growth of binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. was 35 °C. In in vivo test, the symptoms of root rot were observed 30 days after inoculation and mortality happened two weeks thereafter. According to molecular characteristics and anastomosis test groups, all isolates showed greatest similarity to anastomosis group AG-F. This finding is the first report of anastomosis group F (AG-F) of binucleate Rhizoctonia , as causal agent of root and stem rot disease of pistachio in the world and Iran.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67685826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-29DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.5.4.591
M. Jafari, S. Minaei, N. Safaie, F. Torkamani-Azar, M. Sadeghi
Many environmental and physiological factors affect plant temperature. The objective of this study was to use thermal imagery to investigate robust features for early diagnosis of Botrytis cinerea infection in cut rose flowers under the postharvest application of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA). Three cases treated with different concentrations of MeJA (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 μl.l), a control (0 μl.l MeJA) and an ethanol-treated case (20 μl.l ethanol) were considered as five treatments in this study. Infrared images of MeJA-treated and non-treated flowers were captured during five consecutive days. Eight days after inoculation, disease severity in all concentrations of MeJA was significantly lower than that of control and ethanol treatments. Maximum temperature difference (MTD) index and median temperature could be used to diagnose the existence and growth of fungal pathogen, at least a day before any significant visual symptoms appear. To identify some robust features for classifying the infected and non-infected flowers, analysis of temperature frequency distribution was implemented. Laplace and normal distributions were considered as the best fitted probability distributions based on the shape of thermal histograms. Parameters of normal and Laplace probability density functions were estimated and the most effective attributes were selected. A radial-basis-function neural network with 60 neurons in the hidden layer was designed to classify and distinguish the infected flowers from the healthy ones. Results showed that the network can classify the infected and non-infected flowers with a 96.4% correct estimation rate.
{"title":"Classification using radial-basis neural networks based on thermographic assessment of Botrytis cinerea infected cut rose flowers treated with methyl jasmonate","authors":"M. Jafari, S. Minaei, N. Safaie, F. Torkamani-Azar, M. Sadeghi","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.5.4.591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.5.4.591","url":null,"abstract":"Many environmental and physiological factors affect plant temperature. The objective of this study was to use thermal imagery to investigate robust features for early diagnosis of Botrytis cinerea infection in cut rose flowers under the postharvest application of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA). Three cases treated with different concentrations of MeJA (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 μl.l), a control (0 μl.l MeJA) and an ethanol-treated case (20 μl.l ethanol) were considered as five treatments in this study. Infrared images of MeJA-treated and non-treated flowers were captured during five consecutive days. Eight days after inoculation, disease severity in all concentrations of MeJA was significantly lower than that of control and ethanol treatments. Maximum temperature difference (MTD) index and median temperature could be used to diagnose the existence and growth of fungal pathogen, at least a day before any significant visual symptoms appear. To identify some robust features for classifying the infected and non-infected flowers, analysis of temperature frequency distribution was implemented. Laplace and normal distributions were considered as the best fitted probability distributions based on the shape of thermal histograms. Parameters of normal and Laplace probability density functions were estimated and the most effective attributes were selected. A radial-basis-function neural network with 60 neurons in the hidden layer was designed to classify and distinguish the infected flowers from the healthy ones. Results showed that the network can classify the infected and non-infected flowers with a 96.4% correct estimation rate.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"5 1","pages":"591-602"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67685346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-12-01DOI: 10.18869/MODARES.JCP.5.4.649
S. Avasthi, A. Gautam, R. Bhadauria
This paper deals with the study of a leaf spot disease observed on Aloe vera leaves in various nurseries and botanical gardens during the routine surveys of two consecutive years of 2010 and 2011. The symptoms appeared in the form of circular to oval, brown to black, sunken spots on abaxial surface of leaves. The disease was observed only in January to February during the survey. Colonies on PDA were velvety, dark olivaceous to greenish black in colour. The identification of the pathogen was done phenotypically using disease symptoms and microscopic characteristics. Further investigation identified it as Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penzig which was also confirmed at Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), IARI, New Delhi, India. According to the literature, this is the first report of Cladosporium sphaerospermum as causal agent of leaf spot disease on A. vera from India.
{"title":"First report of Cladosporium sphaerospermum causing leaf spot disease of Aloe vera in India","authors":"S. Avasthi, A. Gautam, R. Bhadauria","doi":"10.18869/MODARES.JCP.5.4.649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18869/MODARES.JCP.5.4.649","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the study of a leaf spot disease observed on Aloe vera leaves in various nurseries and botanical gardens during the routine surveys of two consecutive years of 2010 and 2011. The symptoms appeared in the form of circular to oval, brown to black, sunken spots on abaxial surface of leaves. The disease was observed only in January to February during the survey. Colonies on PDA were velvety, dark olivaceous to greenish black in colour. The identification of the pathogen was done phenotypically using disease symptoms and microscopic characteristics. Further investigation identified it as Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penzig which was also confirmed at Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC), IARI, New Delhi, India. According to the literature, this is the first report of Cladosporium sphaerospermum as causal agent of leaf spot disease on A. vera from India.","PeriodicalId":15396,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Crop Protection","volume":"5 1","pages":"649-654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67685774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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